{"id":55193,"date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:17","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:17","slug":"abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939","title":{"rendered":"Abraham Flexner: P\u00ebrdorimi i njohurive t\u00eb kota (1939)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Abraham
\n
\nA \u00ebsht\u00eb e habitshme se si n\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb mbushur me urrejtje t\u00eb pabazuar, duke rrezikuar vet\u00eb civilizimin, burra dhe gra, t\u00eb rinj dhe t\u00eb moshuar, ndahen pjes\u00ebrisht ose plot\u00ebsisht nga rrjedha e zez\u00eb e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme p\u00ebr t'u kushtuar kultivimit t\u00eb bukuris\u00eb, shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb njohurive, sh\u00ebrimit t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjeve, dhe zvog\u00eblimit t\u00eb vuajtjeve, sikur n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb t\u00eb mos ekzistojn\u00eb fanatik\u00eb q\u00eb rrisin dhimbjen, deformimin dhe mundimin? Bota gjithmon\u00eb ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb vend i trishtuar dhe i nd\u00ebrlikuar, dhe megjithat\u00eb, poet\u00ebt, artist\u00ebt dhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e kan\u00eb injoruar faktor\u00ebt q\u00eb, sikur t\u00eb merrnin v\u00ebmendjen e tyre, do t\u2019i paralizonin ata. Nga nj\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje praktike, jeta intelektuale dhe shpirt\u00ebrore, me sa duket, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aktivitet i panevojsh\u00ebm dhe njer\u00ebzit e ushtrojn\u00eb at\u00eb, sepse n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb arrijn\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb sesa n\u00eb rastin e kund\u00ebrt. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb punim, m\u00eb intereson pyetja se n\u00eb cilin moment ndjekja e k\u00ebtyre g\u00ebzimeve t\u00eb panevojshme papritmas b\u00ebhet burim i nj\u00eblloj q\u00ebllimshm\u00ebrie q\u00eb as nuk e kishim imagjinuar.<\/p>\n

Na thon\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri e p\u00ebrs\u00ebri se epoka jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb epoka materiale. Dhe ky \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00ebllimi kryesor: zgjerimi i zinxhir\u00ebve t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb pasurive materiale dhe mund\u00ebsive tok\u00ebsore. Indinjata e atyre q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb fajtor\u00eb p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb privuar nga k\u00ebto mund\u00ebsi dhe shp\u00ebrndarja e drejt\u00eb e mallrave, e \u00e7on nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm student\u00ebsh nga shkencat me t\u00eb cilat merreshin baballar\u00ebt e tyre, drejt temave gjithashtu t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe po aq aktuale q\u00eb studiojn\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje sociale, ekonomike dhe shtet\u00ebrore. Nuk kam asgj\u00eb kund\u00ebr k\u00ebsaj tendence. Bota n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn jetojm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb bota e vetme q\u00eb na \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb ndjenja. N\u00ebse nuk e p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsojm\u00eb dhe nuk e b\u00ebjm\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb, miliona njer\u00ebz do t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb largohen nga jeta n\u00eb heshtje, n\u00eb trishtim, me hidh\u00ebrim. Edhe un\u00eb shum\u00eb vite kam lutur q\u00eb shkollat tona t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsim t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb bot\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit dhe student\u00ebt e tyre jan\u00eb t\u00eb destinuar t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tyre.<\/a><\/noindex> Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mendoj, a \u00ebsht\u00eb ky drejtim b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb i fort\u00eb, dhe a do t\u00eb ket\u00eb mjaft mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb jetuar nj\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb n\u00ebse bota lirohet nga gj\u00ebrat e panevojshme q\u00eb i japin asaj r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi shpirt\u00ebrore. N\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, a \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb koncepti yn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dobishmen shum\u00eb i ngusht\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhet me mund\u00ebsit\u00eb n\u00eb ndryshim dhe t\u00eb paparashikueshme t\u00eb shpirtit njer\u00ebzor.<\/p>\n

Ky pyetje mund t\u00eb shqyrtohet nga dy k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrime: nga ai shkencor dhe nga ai humanist, ose shpirt\u00ebror. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb s\u00eb pari nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi shkencor. M\u00eb erdhi n\u00eb mendje biseda q\u00eb pata disa vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb me George Eastman mbi dobin\u00eb. Z. Eastman, nj\u00eb njeri i men\u00e7ur, i sjellsh\u00ebm dhe me vizion t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, i pajisur me shije muzikore dhe artistike, m\u00eb tha q\u00eb ai synonte t\u00eb investonte pasurin\u00eb e tij t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb promovimin e m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb subjekteve t\u00eb dobishme. Guxova t\u00eb pyes se kush e konsideronte ai si njeriun m\u00eb t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm n\u00eb fush\u00ebn shkencore globale. Ai menj\u00ebher\u00eb u p\u00ebrgjigj: \"Marconi\". Dhe un\u00eb thash\u00eb: \"Cila do qoft\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsia q\u00eb marrim nga radioja dhe sa do ta pasurojm\u00eb jet\u00ebn njer\u00ebzore me teknologjit\u00eb e tjera pa tela, kontributi i Marconit \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb fakt i vog\u00ebl\".<\/p>\n

Nuk do ta harroj kurr\u00eb fytyr\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb habitur. Ai m\u00eb k\u00ebrkoi t\u00eb shpjegoja. I thash\u00eb di\u00e7ka si: \"Zoti Eastman, shfaqja e Marconi-s ishte e pashmangshme. \u00c7mimi real p\u00ebr gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e teknologjive pa tel, n\u00ebse \u00e7mime t\u00eb tilla themelore mund t'i jepen dikujt, e meriton profesori Clerk Maxwell, i cili n\u00eb vitin 1865 b\u00ebri disa llogaritje t\u00eb paqart\u00eb dhe t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e magnetizmit dhe elektricitetit. Maxwell e paraqiti formulat e tij abstrakte n\u00eb punimin e tij shkencor, t\u00eb publikuar n\u00eb vitin 1873. N\u00eb mbledhjen e ardhshme t\u00eb Asociationit Britanik, profesori G.D.S. Smith nga Oxfordi njoftoi se \"nuk ka asnj\u00eb matematicien q\u00eb, duke kaluar n\u00ebp\u00ebr k\u00ebto vepra, nuk mund t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb se, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pun\u00eb, paraqitet nj\u00eb teori q\u00eb plot\u00ebson n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme metodat dhe mjetet e matematik\u00ebs s\u00eb past\u00ebr.\" Gjat\u00eb 15 viteve t\u00eb ardhshme, zbulime t\u00eb tjera shkencore i dhan\u00eb jet\u00eb teoris\u00eb s\u00eb Maxwell-it. Dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht, n\u00eb vitet 1887 dhe 1888, nj\u00eb problem shkencor ende aktual n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, q\u00eb kishte t\u00eb b\u00ebnte me p\u00ebrcaktimin dhe provimin e val\u00ebve elektromagnetike si bart\u00ebs t\u00eb sinjaleve pa tel, u zgjidh nga Heinrich Hertz, nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor i laboratorit Helmholtz n\u00eb Berl\u00edn. As Maxwell e as Hertz nuk e kishin imagjinuar kurr\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. Nj\u00eb mendim i till\u00eb thjesht nuk iu kujtua. Ata nuk kishin si q\u00ebllim praktik. Shpik\u00ebsi n\u00eb kuptimin juridik, natyrisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb Marconi. Por \u00e7far\u00eb shpiku ai? Vet\u00ebm detajin e fundit teknik, i cili sot \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje e vjetruar e quajtur \"coherer\", nga e cila tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb braktisur pothuajse kudo.<\/p>\n

Hertz dhe Maxwell mund t\u00eb mos kishin shpikur asgj\u00eb, por pik\u00ebrisht puna e tyre teorike t\u00eb padobishme, mbi t\u00eb cil\u00ebn u mb\u00ebshtet nj\u00eb inxhinier i zgjuar, krijoi mjete t\u00eb reja komunikimi dhe arg\u00ebtimi, duke lejuar q\u00eb njer\u00ebz me merita t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb fitonin fam\u00eb dhe t\u00eb b\u00ebnin miliona. Kush ishte m\u00eb i dobish\u00ebm? Jo Marconi, por Clerk Maxwell dhe Heinrich Hertz. Ata ishin gjenial\u00eb dhe nuk mendonin p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitimin, nd\u00ebrsa Marconi ishte nj\u00eb shpik\u00ebs i zgjuar, por mendonte vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitimin.
\nEmri i Hertzit i kujtoi zotit Eastman val\u00ebt radio dhe un\u00eb i sugjerova atij t\u00eb pyes\u00eb fizikant\u00ebt nga Universiteti i Rochestert p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb konkretisht b\u00ebn\u00eb Hertz dhe Maxwell. Por nj\u00eb gj\u00eb ai mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i sigurt\u00eb, se ata e b\u00ebn\u00eb pun\u00ebn e tyre pa menduar p\u00ebr aplikimin praktik. Dhe gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs, shumica e zbulimeve v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimisht u treguan shum\u00eb t\u00eb dobishme p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimin, u b\u00ebn\u00eb nga njer\u00ebz t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb motivuar jo nga d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm, por thjesht nga d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur kuriozitetin e tyre.
\nKuriozitet? \u2013 pyeti zotit Eastman.<\/p>\n

Po, \u2013 iu p\u00ebrgjigja un\u00eb, \u2013 kurioziteti, i cili mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb, por ndoshta edhe jo, n\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb dobishme, dhe i cili, ndoshta, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb e jasht\u00ebzakonshme e mendimit t\u00eb sot\u00ebm. Dhe kjo nuk ndodhi dje, por lind m\u00eb shum\u00eb se n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e Galileut, Baconit dhe Sir Isaac Newtonit, dhe duhet t\u00eb mbetet plot\u00ebsisht e lir\u00eb. Institucionet arsimore duhet t\u00eb kushtojn\u00eb v\u00ebmendje kultivimit t\u00eb kuriozitetit. Dhe sa m\u00eb pak ato shk\u00ebputen nga mendimet mbi urgjenc\u00ebn e aplikimit, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb ato t\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb mir\u00ebqenien e njer\u00ebzve, por gjithashtu, e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, n\u00eb k\u00ebnaqjen e interesit intelektual, i cili, mund t\u00eb thuhet, tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb forca l\u00ebviz\u00ebse e jet\u00ebs intelektuale n\u00eb bot\u00ebn moderne.<\/p>\n

II<\/h3>\n

\nT\u00eb gjitha ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb p\u00ebr Heinrich Hertz, p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si ai punoi n\u00eb heshtje dhe pa e v\u00ebn\u00eb re n\u00eb nj\u00eb qoshe t\u00eb laboratorit t\u00eb Helmholtzit n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb, jan\u00eb gjithashtu t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta p\u00ebr shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt dhe matematikan\u00ebt n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn q\u00eb jetuan disa shekuj m\u00eb par\u00eb. Bota jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e pafuqishme pa elektricitet. N\u00ebse flasim p\u00ebr zbulimin m\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt dhe me aplikim praktik premtues, ne do t\u00eb bien dakord se \u00ebsht\u00eb elektriciteti. Por kush b\u00ebri ato zbulime themelore q\u00eb \u00e7uan n\u00eb zhvillimin e t\u00eb gjitha teknikave t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb elektricitet gjat\u00eb nj\u00ebqind viteve t\u00eb ardhshme. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgjigjja do t\u00eb jet\u00eb interesante. Babai i Michael Faraday ishte sobar, nd\u00ebrsa Michael vet\u00eb ishte nx\u00ebn\u00ebs i nj\u00eb bletsari. N\u00eb vitin 1812, kur ishte 21 vje\u00e7, nj\u00eb mik i tij e \u00e7oi n\u00eb Institutin Mbret\u00ebror, ku nd\u00ebgjoj 4 leksione mbi kimi nga Humphry Davy. Ai mbajti sh\u00ebnime dhe i d\u00ebrgoi kopjet Davy-t. N\u00eb vitin pasues ai u b\u00eb ndihm\u00ebs n\u00eb laboratorin e Davy-t dhe zgjidhte probleme kimike. Dy vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb ai e shoq\u00ebroi Davy-n n\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim n\u00eb kontinent. N\u00eb vitin 1825, kur ishte 24 vje\u00e7, ai u em\u00ebrua drejtor i laboratorit t\u00eb Institutit Mbret\u00ebror, ku kaloi 54 vjet t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Shpejt, interesat e Faraday-t u zhvendos\u00ebn kah elektriciteti dhe magnetizmi, t\u00eb cil\u00ebve iu p\u00ebrkushtua pjesa tjet\u00ebr e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. M\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb, Ersted, Ampere dhe Wollaston kishin b\u00ebr\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, por t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar. Faraday e zgjidhi v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb ata i kishin l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb pazgjidhura dhe deri n\u00eb vitin 1841 ai p\u00ebrparoi n\u00eb studimin e induksionit t\u00eb rrym\u00ebs elektrike. Kat\u00ebr vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, filloi nj\u00eb epok\u00eb e dyt\u00eb po aq t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer n\u00eb karrier\u00ebn e tij, kur ai zbuloi ndikimin e magnetizmit mbi drit\u00ebn e polarizuar. Zbulimet e tij t\u00eb hershme \u00e7uan n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pafund aplikimesh praktike, ku elektriciteti ndihmoi n\u00eb uljen e ngarkes\u00ebs dhe rritjen e mund\u00ebsive n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e njeriut modern. Prandaj, zbulimet e tij t\u00eb vonshme \u00e7uan shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak n\u00eb rezultate praktike. A ndodhi ndonj\u00eb ndryshim p\u00ebr Faraday-n? Absolutisht asgj\u00eb. P\u00ebrdorimi i tij nuk e interesonte n\u00eb asnj\u00eb etap\u00eb t\u00eb karrier\u00ebs s\u00eb tij t\u00eb pakrahasueshme. Ai ishte i p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb zgjidhjen e mistereve t\u00eb universit: fillimisht nga bota e kimis\u00eb dhe m\u00eb pas nga bota e fizik\u00ebs. Ai kurr\u00eb nuk e pyeti veten p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorshm\u00ebrin\u00eb. \u00c7do aluzion p\u00ebr t\u00eb do t\u00eb kufizonte kureshtjen e tij t\u00eb pand\u00ebrprer\u00eb. N\u00eb fund, rezultatet e veprimtaris\u00eb s\u00eb tij gjet\u00ebn nj\u00eb aplikim praktik, por kjo kurr\u00eb nuk ishte nj\u00eb kriter p\u00ebr eksperimentet e tij t\u00eb vazhdueshme. <\/p>\n

Mund\u00ebsisht, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ndjenjave q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkojn\u00eb bot\u00ebn sot, ka ardhur koha t\u00eb theksohet fakti se roli q\u00eb luan shkenca n\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrimin e luft\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb veprimtari gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruese dhe t\u00eb tmerrshme, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb produkt an\u00ebsor i pavet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb paq\u00ebllimsh\u00ebm i aktivitetit shkencor. Lordi Rayleigh, presidenti i Asambles\u00eb Britanike p\u00ebr Avancimin e Shkenc\u00ebs, n\u00eb nj\u00eb fjalim t\u00eb fundit e theksoi se pik\u00ebrisht idht\u00ebsia njer\u00ebzore, dhe jo q\u00ebllimet e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin shkat\u00ebrrues t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb angazhuar n\u00eb luft\u00ebn moderne. Studimi i pafajsh\u00ebm i kimis\u00eb s\u00eb komponimeve t\u00eb karbonit, i cili ka pasur nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pafund t\u00eb aplikacioneve, zbuloi se efekti i acidit nitrik n\u00eb substanca si benzen, gliserin, celuloz\u00eb, etj., nuk solli vet\u00ebm prodhimin e ngjyruesve anilin\u00eb t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm, por gjithashtu krijimin e nitroglicerines, e cila mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb mir\u00ebn dhe p\u00ebr keq. Pak m\u00eb von\u00eb, Alfred Nobel, duke u marr\u00eb me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin problem, tregoi se duke e p\u00ebrzier nitroglicerin\u00ebn me substanca t\u00eb tjera, mund t\u00eb prodhonim eksploziv\u00eb t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht dinamitin. Fal\u00eb dinamitit, ne i kemi borxh p\u00ebrparimeve tona n\u00eb industrin\u00eb minerare, n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e tunel\u00ebve hekurudhor\u00eb q\u00eb tani perforojn\u00eb Alpet dhe zinxhir\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb malor\u00eb. Por, sigurisht, politik\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebsit dhe ushtar\u00ebt abuzuan me dinamitin. T\u00eb akuzosh shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb si t\u00eb akuzosh ata p\u00ebr t\u00ebrmetet dhe p\u00ebrmbytjet. E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb mund t\u00eb thuhet edhe p\u00ebr gazin helmuese. Plini vdiq nga inhalimi i dioksidit t\u00eb squfurit gjat\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimit t\u00eb vullkanit Vezuv, pothuajse 2000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. Dhe klori nuk u p\u00ebrftua nga shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime ushtarake. E gjith\u00eb kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr ipritin. P\u00ebrdorimi i k\u00ebtyre substancave mund t\u00eb ishte kufizuar p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime t\u00eb mira, por kur u p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsua avioni, njer\u00ebzit, zemrat e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve ishin helmuar dhe trut\u00eb e tyre ishin prishur, kuptuan se avioni, nj\u00eb shpikje e pafajshme, rezultat i p\u00ebrpjekjeve t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs pa paragjykime dhe t\u00eb gjata, mund t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet p\u00ebr shkat\u00ebrrime masive, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat askush nuk kishte \u00ebnd\u00ebrruar dhe as kishte menduar t\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim t\u00eb till\u00eb.
\nNga fusha e matematik\u00ebs s\u00eb avancuar mund t\u00eb japim pothuajse nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pakufizuar t\u00eb rasteve t\u00eb till\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, vepra m\u00eb e paqart\u00eb matematikore e shekujve XVIII dhe XIX e quajtur \"Gjeometria Jo-Euclidiane\". Krijuesi i saj, Gauss, megjith\u00ebse ishte pranuar nga bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit e tij si nj\u00eb matematicien i shk\u00eblqyer, nuk guxoi ta botonte pun\u00ebn e tij mbi \"Gjeometrin\u00eb Jo-Euclidiane\" p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7erek shekulli. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, teoria e relativitetit me t\u00eb gjitha r\u00ebnd\u00ebsit\u00eb e saj t\u00eb pafundme shkencore do t\u00eb ishte krejt\u00ebsisht e pamundur pa pun\u00ebn q\u00eb b\u00ebri Gauss gjat\u00eb q\u00ebndrimit t\u00eb tij n\u00eb G\u00f6ttingen. <\/p>\n

Po ashtu, ajo q\u00eb sot njihet si \"teoria e grupeve\" ishte nj\u00eb teori matematike abstrakte dhe e paplikueshme. Ajo u zhvillua nga njer\u00ebz t\u00eb kuriozitetit, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e \u00e7uan k\u00ebt\u00eb kuriozitet n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme. Por sot \"teoria e grupeve\" \u00ebsht\u00eb baza e teoris\u00eb kuantike t\u00eb spektroskopis\u00eb, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret \u00e7do dit\u00eb nga njer\u00ebz, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nuk kan\u00eb asnj\u00eb ide se si ka lindur ajo.<\/p>\n

E gjith\u00eb teoria e probabilitetit u zbulua nga matematikan\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebve interesimi i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ishte t\u00eb rregullonin loj\u00ebrat e fatit. Nuk pati aplikim praktik, por kjo teori p\u00ebrgatiti terrenin p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha llojet e sigurimeve dhe sh\u00ebrbeu si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr fusha t\u00eb gjera t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs s\u00eb shekullit XIX. <\/p>\n

Do t\u00eb citoj nj\u00eb citat nga nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i fundit i revist\u00ebs Science:<\/p>\n

\"Vlera e geniut t\u00eb profesor Albert Einstein arriti lart\u00ebsi t\u00eb reja kur u b\u00eb e ditur se fizikanti-matematik 15 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb kishte zhvilluar nj\u00eb aparat matematikor q\u00eb tani ndihmon n\u00eb zgjidhjen e mistereve t\u00eb aft\u00ebsis\u00eb extraordinare t\u00eb heliumit p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos u ngurt\u00ebsuar n\u00eb temperatura t\u00eb af\u00ebrta me zero absolut. Edhe para simpoziumit t\u00eb Shoq\u00ebris\u00eb Amerikane t\u00eb Kimis\u00eb mbi nd\u00ebrveprimin nd\u00ebrmolekular, profesori F. London nga universiteti i Parisit, tani profesor i ftuar n\u00eb universitetin e Duke, i atribuoi profesorit Einstein meritat p\u00ebr krijimin e konceptit t\u00eb \"gazit ideal\", q\u00eb u shfaq n\u00eb pun\u00ebt e publikuara n\u00eb vitet 1924 dhe 1925.<\/p>\n

Raportet e Einsteinit p\u00ebr vitin 1925 nuk ishin n\u00eb lidhje me teorin\u00eb e relativitetit, por p\u00ebr probleme, t\u00eb cilat, duket, at\u00ebher\u00eb nuk kishin nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi praktike. Ato p\u00ebrshkruanin degjenerimin e \"gazit ideal\" n\u00eb kufijt\u00eb e posht\u00ebm t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs termike. Duke qen\u00eb se ishte e njohur se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb gazrat kalonin n\u00eb gjendjen e l\u00ebngshme n\u00eb temperaturat e shqyrtuara, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt, me siguri, kishin l\u00ebn\u00eb jasht\u00eb v\u00ebmendjes punimet e Einsteinit t\u00eb pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb viteve m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb zbulim i fundit n\u00eb dinamik\u00ebn e helis\u00eb s\u00eb l\u00ebngshme i dha nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb re konceptit t\u00eb Einsteinit, i cili kishte mbetur anash gjith\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb. Kur ftohen, shumica e l\u00ebngjeve e rritin viskozitetin, pak\u00ebsojn\u00eb rrjedhshm\u00ebrin\u00eb, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb ngjit\u00ebse. N\u00eb mjedisin jo profesional, viskoziteti p\u00ebrshkruhet me fraz\u00ebn \"m\u00eb e ftoht\u00eb se melasa n\u00eb janar\" (n\u00eb origjinal \"colder than molasses in January\"), e cila, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, helia e l\u00ebngshme \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim i friksh\u00ebm. N\u00eb temperatur\u00ebn e njohur si \"pik\u00eb delta\", e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm 2,19 grad\u00eb mbi zeroin absolut, helia e l\u00ebngshme rrjedh m\u00eb mir\u00eb se n\u00eb temperatura m\u00eb t\u00eb larta dhe, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb pothuajse po aq e turbullt sa gazi. Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr mister n\u00eb sjelljen e tij t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr\u00e7ueshm\u00ebria e lart\u00eb termike. N\u00eb pik\u00ebn delta ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb 500 her\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se sa ajo e bakrit n\u00eb temperatur\u00ebn e dhom\u00ebs. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh t\u00eb gjitha anomali t\u00eb saj, helia e l\u00ebngshme p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb mister kryesor p\u00ebr fizikant\u00ebt dhe kimist\u00ebt. <\/p>\n

Profesori London deklaroi se interpretimi i dinamik\u00ebs s\u00eb helis\u00eb s\u00eb l\u00ebngshme \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i mir\u00eb p\u00ebrmes perceptimit t\u00eb saj si gaz ideal Bose-Einstein, duke p\u00ebrdorur aparatin matematikor t\u00eb zhvilluar n\u00eb vitet 1924-25, si dhe duke marr\u00eb parasysh konceptin e p\u00ebr\u00e7ueshm\u00ebris\u00eb elektrike t\u00eb metaleve. P\u00ebrmes analogjive t\u00eb thjeshta, rrjedhshm\u00ebria magjeps\u00ebse e helis\u00eb s\u00eb l\u00ebngshme mund t\u00eb shpjegohet vet\u00ebm pjes\u00ebrisht, n\u00ebse e paraqesim rrjedhjen si di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme me endjen e elektron\u00ebve n\u00eb metale n\u00eb shpjegimin e p\u00ebr\u00e7ueshm\u00ebris\u00eb elektrike.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Le t\u00eb shohim situat\u00ebn nga nj\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim tjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb fush\u00ebn e mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb, bakteriologjia ka luajtur nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vjet. Cila \u00ebsht\u00eb historia e saj? Pas Luft\u00ebs Francezo-Prusiane n\u00eb vitin 1870, qeveria e Gjermanis\u00eb themeloi universitetin e madh t\u00eb Strasburgut. Profesori i par\u00eb i anatomis\u00eb atje ishte Wilhelm von Waldeyer, dhe m\u00eb pas profesor anatomie n\u00eb Berl\u00edn. N\u00eb kujtimet e tij, ai theksonte se mes student\u00ebve q\u00eb shkuan me t\u00eb n\u00eb Strasburg gjat\u00eb semestrit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb par\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb djalosh i zakonsh\u00ebm, i pavarur, i shkurt\u00ebr, i mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb shtat\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vje\u00e7are me emrin Paul Ehrlich. Kursi i zakonsh\u00ebm i anatomis\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte disektime dhe studimin mikroshkencor t\u00eb indeve. Ehrlich pothuajse nuk i kushtonte v\u00ebmendje disektimit, por, si\u00e7 v\u00ebrejti n\u00eb kujtimet e tij Waldeyer:<\/p>\n

\"Gati menj\u00ebher\u00eb vura re se Ehrlich mund t\u00eb punonte p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb n\u00eb tavolin\u00ebn e tij, plot\u00ebsisht i zhytur n\u00eb studimin mikroshkencor. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, tavolina e tij gradualisht mbushej me njolla ngjyrash t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha llojeve. Kur nj\u00eb her\u00eb e pash\u00eb duke punuar, iu afrua dhe e pyeta se \u00e7far\u00eb po b\u00ebnte me at\u00eb grup t\u00eb \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm ngjyrash. Pas k\u00ebsaj, ky student i vitit t\u00eb par\u00eb, q\u00eb me siguri studionte kursin e zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb anatomis\u00eb, m\u00eb shikoi dhe me mir\u00ebsjellje u p\u00ebrgjigj: 'Ich probiere'. Kjo fraz\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet si 'po provoj\/p\u00ebrpiqem', ose si 'po luaj'. I thash\u00eb: 'Shum\u00eb mir\u00eb, vazhdo t\u00eb luash'. Shpejt pash\u00eb se pa ndonj\u00eb udh\u00ebzim nga ana ime, kisha fituar n\u00eb Ehrlich nj\u00eb student t\u00eb cil\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme\"<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nValdeyer veproi men\u00e7urisht kur e la at\u00eb n\u00eb paqe. Erlich kaloi me sukses t\u00eb ndryshuesh\u00ebm rrug\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb programin mjek\u00ebsor dhe, n\u00eb fund, fitoi diplom\u00ebn kryesisht sepse profesor\u00ebt e tij ishte e qart\u00eb se ai nuk kishte nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb praktikonte mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb. M\u00eb pas ai shkoi n\u00eb Wroc\u0142aw, ku punoi me profesorin Kohajm, nj\u00eb m\u00ebsues t\u00eb doktorit ton\u00eb Welch, themelues dhe krijues i shkoll\u00ebs mjek\u00ebsore Johns Hopkins. Nuk mendoj se ideja e dobis\u00eb i kishte ardhur ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb mendje Erlichut. Ishte i interesuar. Ai ishte kurioz; dhe vazhdoi t\u00eb b\u00ebnte budallall\u00ebqe. Sigurisht, k\u00ebt\u00eb budallall\u00ebk e drejtonte nj\u00eb instinkt i thell\u00eb, por ajo ishte nj\u00eb motivim t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht shkencor, jo utilitar. N\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb u shnd\u00ebrrua kjo? Koch dhe ndihm\u00ebsit e tij themeluan nj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb t\u00eb re \u2013 bakterologjin\u00eb. Tani eksperimentet e Erlichut i kryente shoku i tij i klas\u00ebs Weigert. Ai ngjyroste bakteret, q\u00eb ndihmonte n\u00eb dallimin e tyre. Vet\u00eb Erlich zhvilloi nj\u00eb metod\u00eb shum\u00ebngjyr\u00ebshe t\u00eb ngjyrosjes s\u00eb fshik\u00ebzave t\u00eb gjakut me ngjyra, mbi t\u00eb cilat bazohet njohuria jon\u00eb moderne p\u00ebr morfologjin\u00eb e qelizave t\u00eb gjakut: t\u00eb kuqes dhe t\u00eb bardh\u00ebs. Dhe \u00e7do dit\u00eb mij\u00ebra spitale n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn p\u00ebrdorin teknik\u00ebn e Erlichut n\u00eb studimin e gjakut. K\u00ebshtu, budallall\u00ebku pa q\u00ebllim n\u00eb morgun e Valdeyer n\u00eb Strasburg u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb element t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb praktik\u00ebs mjek\u00ebsore t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme. <\/p>\n

Do t\u00eb jap nj\u00eb shembull nga industria, t\u00eb zgjedhur rast\u00ebsisht, pasi ka dhjet\u00ebra. Professori Berl nga instituti teknologjik Carnegie (Pittsburgh) shkruan si m\u00eb posht\u00eb:
\nThemeluesi i prodhimit modern t\u00eb p\u00eblhurave sintetike \u00ebsht\u00eb grafi francez de Chardonnet. Dihet se ai p\u00ebrdori nj\u00eb zgjidhje<\/p>\n

III<\/h3>\n

\nNuk themi se \u00e7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb ndodh n\u00eb laboratori p\u00ebrfundimisht do t\u00eb gjej\u00eb nj\u00eb aplikim t\u00eb papritur praktik, ose se aplikimi praktik \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyetimi i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i t\u00eb gjith\u00eb aktivitetit. Un\u00eb avokoj p\u00ebr heqjen e fjal\u00ebs 'aplikim', dhe p\u00ebr \u00e7lirimin e shpirtit njer\u00ebzor. Sigurisht, k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb \u00e7lirojm\u00eb edhe \u00e7mendak\u00ebt e pafajsh\u00ebm. Natyrisht, k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb shpenzojm\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi parash pa kuptim. Por ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb se ne do t\u00eb \u00e7lirojm\u00eb mendjen njer\u00ebzore nga prangat, dhe do ta l\u00ebshojm\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb aventurat, q\u00eb, nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, e \u00e7uan Hale, Rutherford, Einstein dhe koleg\u00ebt e tyre miliona dhe miliona kilometra n\u00eb thell\u00ebsit\u00eb e qosheve m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebta t\u00eb kosmosit, dhe nga ana tjet\u00ebr, \u00e7liroi energjin\u00eb e pafundme t\u00eb mbyllur brenda atomit. Ajo q\u00eb b\u00ebn\u00eb Rutherford, Bohr, Millikan dhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb nga kurioziteti i past\u00ebr n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar struktur\u00ebn e atomit, l\u00ebshoi forca q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb afta t\u00eb transformojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn e njeriut. Por duhet t\u00eb kuptohet se nj\u00eb rezultat p\u00ebrfundimtar dhe i paparashikuesh\u00ebm nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb justifikim p\u00ebr aktivitetin e tyre p\u00ebr Rutherford, Einstein, Millikan, Bohr ose ndonj\u00eb nga koleg\u00ebt e tyre. Por le t'i l\u00ebm\u00eb ata t\u00eb qet\u00eb. Ndoshta asnj\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e arsimit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktoj\u00eb drejtimin brenda t\u00eb cilit individ\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb punojn\u00eb. Humjet, dhe un\u00eb e pranoj k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, duken kolosale, por n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu. T\u00eb gjitha shpenzimet totale n\u00eb zhvillimin e bakteriologjis\u00eb jan\u00eb asgj\u00eb krahasuar me p\u00ebrfitimet q\u00eb jan\u00eb marr\u00eb nga zbulimet e Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Theobald Smith dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve. Kjo nuk do t\u00eb ndodhte, n\u00ebse mendimi mbi aplikimin e mundsh\u00ebm do t\u00eb kishte pushtuar mendjet e tyre. K\u00ebta mjeshtra t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt dhe bakteriolog\u00ebt, krijuan nj\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb, e cila mbizot\u00ebronte n\u00eb laborator\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ata thjesht ndiqnin kuriozitetin e tyre natyror. Un\u00eb nuk e kritikoj institucione si shkollat e inxhinieris\u00eb apo shkollat e ligjit, ku domosdoshm\u00ebrish dominoshnin dobin\u00eb. Nganj\u00ebher\u00eb situata ndryshon, dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb praktike me t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrballen n\u00eb industri ose laborator\u00eb stimulojn\u00eb shfaqjen e hulumtimeve teorike, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb zgjidhin ose jo problemin e caktuar, por q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim t\u00eb ri mbi problemin. K\u00ebto perspektiva mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb panevojshme n\u00eb at\u00eb moment, por me embrionet e arritjeve t\u00eb ardhshme, si n\u00eb kuptimin praktik, ashtu edhe n\u00eb at\u00eb teorik.<\/p>\n

Me akumulimin e shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb \"diturive t\u00eb pavlefshme\" ose teorike, ndodhi nj\u00eb situat\u00eb ku u b\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb fillohet zgjidhja e problemeve praktike me nj\u00eb qasje shkencore. Jo vet\u00ebm shpik\u00ebsit, por edhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt \"e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb\" e shijojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb. P\u00ebrmenda Marconin, shpik\u00ebsin, i cili, duke qen\u00eb nj\u00eb mir\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebs p\u00ebr rac\u00ebn njer\u00ebzore, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e p\u00ebrdori \"mendjen e t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve\". Edison ishte nga e nj\u00ebjta kategori. Nd\u00ebrsa Pasteri ishte ndryshe. Ai ishte nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar i madh, por nuk e shmangu zgjidhjen e problemeve praktike, t\u00eb tilla si gjendja e rrushit francez ose problemet e k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb birr\u00ebs. Pasteri jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb u p\u00ebrball me v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi urgjente, por nxori nga problemet praktike disa konkluzione teoretike perspektiv\u00eb, \"t\u00eb pavlefshme\" n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, por ndoshta n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb papritur \"t\u00eb dobishme\" n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. Ehrlich, n\u00eb thelb nj\u00eb mendues, e mori me energji problemin e sifilisit dhe punoi me nj\u00eb kok\u00ebfort\u00ebsi t\u00eb rrall\u00eb deri sa gjeti nj\u00eb zgjidhje me aplikim t\u00eb menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm praktik (preparati \"Salvarsan\"). Zbulimi i insulin\u00ebs nga Banting p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar diabetin, si dhe ekstrakti i m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb si rezultat i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt t\u00eb Mainot dhe Whipple p\u00ebr trajtimin e anemis\u00eb pernicioze, i p\u00ebrkasin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs kategori: t\u00eb dy k\u00ebto zbulime jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nga shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb q\u00eb kuptuan se sa shum\u00eb \"dituri t\u00eb pavlefshme\" ishte akumuluar nga njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb ishin indiferent\u00eb ndaj r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb praktike, dhe se kishte ardhur koha m\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb pyetje n\u00eb lidhje me praktik\u00ebn n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn shkencore.<\/p>\n

Prandaj, b\u00ebhet e qart\u00eb se duhet t\u00eb jemi t\u00eb kujdessh\u00ebm kur zbulimet shkencore i atribuohen plot\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb personi. Pothuajse \u00e7do zbulim ka nj\u00eb histori t\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhe t\u00eb komplikuar para tij. Disa e gjet\u00ebn di\u00e7ka k\u00ebtu, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb \u2013 atje. N\u00eb hapin e tret\u00eb nj\u00eb sukses ndodhi, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb, derisa ndonj\u00eb d\u00eblir\u00ebs e mbledh gjith\u00e7ka n\u00eb nj\u00eb dhe b\u00ebn kontributin e tij vendimtar. Shkenca, ashtu si lumi Mississippi, fillon nga p\u00ebrrenj t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb pyll t\u00eb larg\u00ebt. Gradualisht, rrjedha t\u00eb tjera rrisin volumin e saj. K\u00ebshtu, nga nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb panum\u00ebrt burimesh, formohet lumi i zhurmsh\u00ebm q\u00eb thyen digat.<\/p>\n

Nuk mund t\u00eb jap nj\u00eb shqyrtim t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj \u00e7\u00ebshtjeje, por mund t\u00eb them n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme se, p\u00ebr nj\u00ebqind ose dyqind vjet, kontributi i shkollave profesionale n\u00eb veprimtarit\u00eb p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse, ndoshta do t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej jo kaq shum\u00eb nga trajnimi i individ\u00ebve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhen inxhinier\u00eb praktik\u00eb, jurist\u00eb, ose mjek\u00eb, sa m\u00eb tep\u00ebr nga fakti q\u00eb edhe kur ndjekin q\u00ebllime t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht praktike, do t\u00eb realizohet nj\u00eb volum i madh, p\u00ebr sa duket, i pun\u00ebve t\u00eb padobishme. Nga kjo veprimtari e padobishme lindin zbulime, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb pa mas\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr mendjen dhe shpirtin njer\u00ebzor, sesa arritja e q\u00ebllimeve t\u00eb dobishme, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat u krijuan shkollat.<\/p>\n

Faktor\u00ebt q\u00eb p\u00ebrmenda, t\u00eb dalluesh\u00ebm n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, theksojn\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb kolosale t\u00eb liris\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore dhe intelektuale. Kam p\u00ebrmendur shkenc\u00ebn eksperimentale dhe matematik\u00ebn, por fjal\u00ebt e mia jan\u00eb t\u00eb vlefshme edhe p\u00ebr muzik\u00ebn, artin dhe m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb shprehjes s\u00eb shpirtit t\u00eb lir\u00eb njer\u00ebzor. Fakti q\u00eb kjo sjell k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi p\u00ebr shpirtin, q\u00eb d\u00ebshiron pastrimin dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin, \u00ebsht\u00eb themeli i nevojsh\u00ebm. Duke argumentuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, pa b\u00ebr\u00eb referenca t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta ose t\u00eb t\u00ebrthorta n\u00eb dobin\u00eb, ne p\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb arsyet e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb kolegjeve, universiteteve dhe instituteve k\u00ebrkimore. Institucionet q\u00eb \u00e7lirojn\u00eb brezat e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb shpirtrave njer\u00ebzor\u00eb kan\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e ekzistenc\u00ebs, pavar\u00ebsisht n\u00ebse nj\u00eb diplomant i caktuar kontribuon n\u00eb njohjen njer\u00ebzore ose jo. Nj\u00eb poezi, nj\u00eb simfoni, nj\u00eb piktur\u00eb, nj\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb matematikore, nj\u00eb fakt i ri shkencor - t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto already kan\u00eb argumentin e nevojsh\u00ebm q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb universitetet, kolegjet dhe institucionet k\u00ebrkimore.<\/p>\n

Temat n\u00eb diskutim aktualisht ka nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. N\u00eb disa fusha (ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb Gjermani dhe Itali) p\u00ebrpiqen tani t\u00eb kufizojn\u00eb lirin\u00eb e frym\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore. Universitetet jan\u00eb transformuar p\u00ebr t'u b\u00ebr\u00eb mjete n\u00eb duar t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb mbajn\u00eb besime t\u00eb caktuara politike, ekonomike ose racore. Her\u00eb pas here, ndonj\u00eb njeri i pap\u00ebrgjegjsh\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga pak demokracit\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb mbetur n\u00eb bot\u00eb, madje edhe v\u00eb n\u00eb diskutim r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb themelore t\u00eb liris\u00eb akademike absolute. Armiku i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i njer\u00ebzimit nuk fshihet n\u00eb mendimtarin guximsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb pap\u00ebrgjegjsh\u00ebm, qoft\u00eb ai i djatht\u00eb apo jo. Armiku i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ai q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb mbyll\u00eb frym\u00ebn njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ajo t\u00eb mos guxoj\u00eb t\u00eb shtrij\u00eb krah\u00ebt e saj, si\u00e7 ndodhi dikur n\u00eb Itali dhe Gjermani, ashtu si edhe n\u00eb Britanin\u00eb e Madhe dhe Shtetet e Bashkuara.<\/p>\n

Dhe ky mendim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i ri. Pik\u00ebrisht ajo e shtyu von Humboldt t\u00eb themelonte universitetin e Berlinite, kur Napoleoni pushtonte Gjermanin\u00eb. Ajo e frym\u00ebzoi presidentin Gilman t\u00eb hapte universitetin e John Hopkins, pas s\u00eb cilit \u00e7do universitet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb ristrukturonte veten n\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb ose n\u00eb pak. Megjithat\u00eb, kjo ide do t\u00eb mbetet besnike p\u00ebr \u00e7do njeri q\u00eb vler\u00ebson shpirtin e tij t\u00eb pavdeksis\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht nga gjith\u00e7ka. Megjithat\u00eb, arsyet e liris\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore shkojn\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb larg se sa autenticiteti, qofshin ato n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebs apo humanizmit, sepse n\u00ebnkupton toleranc\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb diversitetin e dallimeve njer\u00ebzore. \u00c7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse apo m\u00eb qesharake se preferencat dhe antipatit\u00eb t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb rac\u00eb ose fe n\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb historis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore? Ajo q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit duan jan\u00eb simfoni, piktura dhe t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn shkencore t\u00eb thell\u00eb, ose ata kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr simfoni, piktura dhe shkenc\u00eb t\u00eb krishtera, ose t\u00eb hebraike, ose myslimane? Apo ndoshta egjiptiane, japoneze, kineze, amerikane, gjermane, ruse, komuniste ose konservatore t\u00eb pasurive t\u00eb pafundme t\u00eb shpirtit njer\u00ebzor?<\/p>\n

IV<\/h3>\n

\nMendoj se nj\u00eb nga pasojat m\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme t\u00eb intoleranc\u00ebs ndaj gjith\u00e7kaje t\u00eb huaj \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvillimi i shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb Institutit t\u00eb K\u00ebrkimeve t\u00eb Avancuara, i themeluar n\u00eb vitin 1930 nga Luis Bamberger dhe motra e tij Feliks Fulde n\u00eb qytetin Princeton t\u00eb New Jersey. Ai ishte vendosur n\u00eb Princeton pjes\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrkushtimit t\u00eb themeluesve ndaj shtetit, por, sa mund t\u00eb gjykoj, gjithashtu sepse n\u00eb qytet ndodhej nj\u00eb deg\u00eb e vog\u00ebl, por t\u00eb mir\u00eb e shkoll\u00ebs s\u00eb diplom\u00ebs, me t\u00eb cilin ishte e mundur nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim i ngusht\u00eb. Instituti i detyrohet Universitetit t\u00eb Princetonit aq sa kjo kurr\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet si\u00e7 duhet. Instituti filloi pun\u00ebn n\u00eb vitin 1933, kur tashm\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e konsiderueshme e stafit t\u00eb tij ishte regjistruar. N\u00eb fakultetet e tij punonin shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb njohur amerikan\u00eb: matematikant\u00ebt Veblen, Aleksand\u00ebr dhe Morris; humanist\u00ebt Merit, Levi dhe zonja Goldman; gazetar\u00ebt dhe ekonomist\u00ebt Stuart, Rifler, Warren, Earl dhe Mitran. K\u00ebtu duhet t\u00eb shtohen gjithashtu shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb ishin formuar tashm\u00eb n\u00eb universitet, bibliotek\u00eb, dhe laborator\u00ebt e qytetit Princeton. Por Instituti i K\u00ebrkimeve t\u00eb Avancuara i detyrohet Hitlerit p\u00ebr matematikant\u00ebt Einstein, Weyl dhe von Neumann; p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e shkencave humane Hertzfeld dhe Panofsky, si edhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb t\u00eb rinjve, q\u00eb gjat\u00eb gjasht\u00eb viteve t\u00eb fundit ishin ndikuar nga kjo grupim e spikatur, dhe tashm\u00eb p\u00ebrforcojn\u00eb pozitat e arsimit amerikan n\u00eb \u00e7do cep t\u00eb vendit.<\/p>\n

Instituti, nga pik\u00ebpamja e organizat\u00ebs, \u00ebsht\u00eb institucioni m\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb dhe m\u00eb pak formal q\u00eb mund t\u00eb imagjinohet. Ai p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga tri fakultete: fakulteti i matematik\u00ebs, fakulteti i shkencave humane, fakulteti i ekonomis\u00eb dhe politikologjis\u00eb. Nj\u00eb grup i p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm profesor\u00ebsh dhe nj\u00eb grup punonj\u00ebsish q\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb \u00e7do vit jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e secilit prej tyre. \u00c7do fakultet menaxhon pun\u00ebt e tij si\u00e7 mendon se \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme. Brenda grupit, \u00e7do person vendos vet\u00eb se si t\u00eb menaxhoj\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tij dhe t\u00eb ndaj\u00eb energjin\u00eb e tij. Punonj\u00ebsit, q\u00eb vinin nga 22 vende dhe 39 institucione t\u00eb arsimit t\u00eb lart\u00eb, n\u00ebse konsideroheshin kandidat\u00eb t\u00eb denj\u00eb, priteshin n\u00eb disa grupe n\u00eb SHBA. At\u00ebher\u00eb iu jepeshin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat nivele lirie si profesor\u00ebve. Ata mund t\u00eb punonin me ndonj\u00eb profesor sipas marr\u00ebveshjes; gjithashtu u lejohej t\u00eb punonin edhe vet\u00eb, duke u konsultuar her\u00eb pas here me ata q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Nuk kishte rutin\u00eb, asnj\u00eb ndarje mes profesor\u00ebsh, an\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb institutit apo vizitor\u00ebve. Student\u00ebt dhe profesor\u00ebt e Universitetit t\u00eb Princetonit, si dhe an\u00ebtar\u00ebt dhe profesor\u00ebt e institutit t\u00eb studiove t\u00eb avancuara u p\u00ebrzjen\u00eb kaq leht\u00eb sa ishin praktikisht t\u00eb paidentifikuesh\u00ebm. Studimi u kultivua p\u00ebr vete. Rezultatet p\u00ebr individ\u00ebt dhe shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb nuk ishin n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e interesit. Nuk kishte mbledhje, as komitete. K\u00ebshtu, njer\u00ebzit me ide g\u00ebzoheshin n\u00eb kushte q\u00eb p\u00ebrkrah\u00ebn mendimin dhe shk\u00ebmbimin e ideve. Nj\u00eb matematicien mund t\u00eb merret me matematik\u00eb pa u shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. E nj\u00ebjta vlen p\u00ebr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb shkencave humane, nj\u00eb ekonomist dhe nj\u00eb politikolog. Numri dhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e departamentit administrativ ishin reduktuar n\u00eb minimum. Njer\u00ebzit pa ide, pa aft\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb to, do t\u00eb ndihen t\u00eb pak\u00ebndsh\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb institut.
\nNdoshta mund ta shpjegoj shkurtimisht duke sjell\u00eb k\u00ebto citate. P\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequr nj\u00eb profesor nga Harvard p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar n\u00eb Princeton, u dha nj\u00eb rrog\u00eb dhe ai shkroi: \"Cilat jan\u00eb detyrat e mia?\". Un\u00eb iu p\u00ebrgjigja: \"Asnj\u00eb detyr\u00eb, vet\u00ebm mund\u00ebsi.\"
\nNj\u00eb matematicien i ri dhe i aft\u00eb, pas nj\u00eb viti n\u00eb Universitetin e Princetonit, erdhi p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb lamtumir\u00eb. Kur kishte p\u00ebr t'u larguar, ai tha:
\n \u2014 Ndoshta do t'ju interesonte t\u00eb dinit se \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte ky vit p\u00ebr mua.
\n \u2014 Po, \u2014 u p\u00ebrgjigja un\u00eb.
\n \u2014 Matematik\u00eb, \u2014 vazhdoi ai. \u2013 zhvillohet shpejt; ka shum\u00eb let\u00ebrsi. Kan\u00eb kaluar tashm\u00eb 10 vjet q\u00eb nga ajo dit\u00eb kur m\u00eb dhan\u00eb titullin doktor. Disa koh\u00eb arrita t\u00eb q\u00ebndroj n\u00eb nivelin e fush\u00ebs time t\u00eb studimit, por koh\u00ebt e fundit u b\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb dhe ndjeva nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim. Tani, pas nj\u00eb viti k\u00ebtu, m\u00eb ka hapur syt\u00eb. Drita filloi t\u00eb duket dhe m\u00eb leht\u00ebsoi frym\u00ebmarrjen. Po mendoj p\u00ebr dy artikuj q\u00eb d\u00ebshiroj t'i publikoj s\u00eb shpejti.
\n \u2014 Sa do t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb kjo? \u2013 e pyeta.
\n \u2014 Pes\u00eb vjet, ndoshta, dhjet\u00eb.
\n \u2014 \u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb pastaj?
\n \u2014 Do t\u00eb kthehem k\u00ebtu.
\nDhe nj\u00eb shembull tjet\u00ebr nga e fundit. Nj\u00eb profesor nga nj\u00eb universitet i madh per\u00ebndimor erdhi n\u00eb Princeton n\u00eb fund t\u00eb dhjetorit t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb kaluar. Ai planifikonte t\u00eb riniste bashk\u00ebpunimin me profesorin Morey (nga universiteti i Princetonit). Por ai i sugjeroi t\u00eb kontaktonte Panofskin dhe Sva\u017eenskin (nga Instituti i Studimeve Avancuara). Dhe tani ai po punon me t\u00eb tre.
\n \u2014 Duhet t\u00eb q\u00ebndroj, \u2014 shtoi ai. \u2013 Deri n\u00eb tetorin tjet\u00ebr.
\n \u2014 Do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nxeht\u00eb k\u00ebtu ver\u00ebs, \u2014 i thash\u00eb.
\n \u2014 Do t\u00eb jem shum\u00eb i z\u00ebn\u00eb dhe shum\u00eb i lumtur p\u00ebr t'u shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb.
\nK\u00ebshtu, liria nuk \u00e7on n\u00eb stagnim, por ajo bart nj\u00eb rrezik t\u00eb tepricave. Koha e fundit, gruaja e nj\u00eb an\u00ebtari anglez t\u00eb Institutit pyeti: \"A \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb punojn\u00eb deri n\u00eb or\u00ebn dy t\u00eb nat\u00ebs?\"<\/p>\n

Der Institucioni deri m\u00eb sot nuk kishte nd\u00ebrtesat e tij. Aktualisht, matematikan\u00ebt q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb Fine Hall t\u00eb departamentit t\u00eb matematik\u00ebs n\u00eb Princeton; disa p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb shkencave humane jan\u00eb n\u00eb McCormick Hall; t\u00eb tjer\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb zona t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb qytetit. Ekonomist\u00ebt tani ndajn\u00eb nj\u00eb sall\u00eb n\u00eb Hotelin Princeton. Kancelarija ime ndodhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb zyre n\u00eb Nassau Street, midis pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb dyqaneve, dentist\u00ebve, avokat\u00ebve, mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsve t\u00eb chiropractic dhe gjithashtu shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Universitetit t\u00eb Princeton, q\u00eb kryejn\u00eb k\u00ebrkime mbi autoritetet lokale dhe popullsin\u00eb. Blloqet dhe kafazet nuk kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi, si\u00e7 e ka provuar presidenti Gilman n\u00eb Baltimore rreth 60 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, na mungon komunikimi me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin. Por ky defekt do t\u00eb korrigjohet kur t\u00eb na nd\u00ebrtohet nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtese e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb e quajtur Fuld Hall, gj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn themeluesit e institutit tashm\u00eb jan\u00eb angazhuar. Por n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb formalit\u00eb duhet t\u00eb pushojn\u00eb. Instituti duhet t\u00eb mbetet nj\u00eb institucion i vog\u00ebl, dhe ai do t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbahet nga mendimi se ekipi i institutit d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb ket\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb, t\u00eb ndjehet i sigurt dhe t\u00eb jet\u00eb i lir\u00eb nga \u00e7\u00ebshtjet organizative dhe rutina, dhe n\u00eb fund, duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb kushte p\u00ebr komunikim joformal me shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e Universitetit t\u00eb Princeton dhe njer\u00ebz t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqen n\u00eb Princeton nga rajone t\u00eb larg\u00ebta. Nd\u00ebr k\u00ebta njer\u00ebz ishin Niels Bohr nga Kopenhaga, von Laue nga Berlini, Levi-Civita nga Roma, Andr\u00e9 Weil nga Strasburgu, Dirac dhe G. H. Hardy nga Cambridge, Pauli nga Zvicra, Lemaitre nga Leuven, Wade-Gery nga Oksfordi, si dhe amerikan\u00eb nga universitetet Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, Kaliforni, Universiteti i John Hopkins dhe t\u00eb tjera qendra t\u00eb drit\u00ebs dhe iluminizmit.<\/p>\n

Ne nuk i japim vetes premtime, por ne kujtojm\u00eb shpres\u00ebn se ndjekja e pand\u00ebrprer\u00eb e njohurive t\u00eb padobishme do t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb si n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, ashtu edhe n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. Megjithat\u00eb, ne nuk e p\u00ebrdorim k\u00ebt\u00eb argument n\u00eb mbrojtje t\u00eb institutit. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb parajs\u00eb p\u00ebr shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt si poet\u00ebt me muzikant\u00ebt, kan\u00eb fituar t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka sipas d\u00ebshir\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre, dhe q\u00eb arrijn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00ebse u jepet kjo mund\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkthimi: Sh\u00ebkota Jana<\/i>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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