{"id":55193,"date":"2020-01-15T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:17","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:17","slug":"abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/abraham-fleksner-poleznost-bespoleznyh-znanij-1939","title":{"rendered":"Abraham Flexner: P\u00ebrdorshm\u00ebria e dinjitetit t\u00eb padinjitet t\u00eb dijes (1939)","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Abraham
\n
\nA \u00ebsht\u00eb e habitshme q\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbushur me urrejtje t\u00eb paarsyeshme, q\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnon vet\u00eb civilizimin, burrat dhe grat\u00eb, t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb dhe t\u00eb moshuarit, ndarje toj t\u00eb plot\u00eb ose t\u00eb pjesshme nga rrjedha djall\u00ebzore e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme, p\u00ebr t'i kushtuar vetes kultivimit t\u00eb bukuris\u00eb, shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb dijes, sh\u00ebrimit t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjeve, uljes s\u00eb vuajtjeve, sikur n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb t\u00eb mos ekzistojn\u00eb fanatic\u00eb q\u00eb shtojn\u00eb dhimbjen, deformitetin dhe mundimet? Bota gjithmon\u00eb ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb vend i trishtuar dhe i nd\u00ebrlikuar, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb megjithat\u00eb, poet\u00ebt, artist\u00ebt dhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e kalojn\u00eb me sy t\u00eb mbyllur faktor\u00ebt q\u00eb, n\u00ebse do t'u kushtoheshin v\u00ebmendje, do t'i paralizonin ata. Nga nj\u00eb pik\u00ebpamjepraktike, jeta intelektuale dhe shpirt\u00ebrore, n\u00eb pamje t\u00eb par\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aktivitet i padobish\u00ebm, dhe njer\u00ebzit angazhohen n\u00eb t\u00eb sepse k\u00ebshtu arrijn\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb, sesa p\u00ebrndryshe. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb punim, m\u00eb intereson \u00e7\u00ebshtja, kur ndjekja e k\u00ebtyre g\u00ebzim\u00ebve t\u00eb padobish\u00ebm papritmas b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb burim i ndonj\u00eb dobishm\u00ebrie, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn as nuk kishim menduar.<\/p>\n

Na na na u thuhet se koha jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb koha materiale. Dhe e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja n\u00eb t\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjerimi i zinxhir\u00ebve t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb pasuris\u00eb materiale dhe mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Zem\u00ebrimi i atyre q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb fajtor\u00eb p\u00ebr munges\u00ebn e k\u00ebtyre mund\u00ebsive dhe ndarjen e drejt\u00eb t\u00eb mallrave, largon nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm student\u00ebsh nga shkencat me t\u00eb cilat punuan baballar\u00ebt e tyre, n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb subjekteve po aq t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe nj\u00eblloj aktuale q\u00eb studiojn\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje sociale, ekonomike dhe shtet\u00ebrore. Un\u00eb nuk kam asnj\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim ndaj k\u00ebsaj tendence. Bota n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn jetojm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb bota e vetme q\u00eb na \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb ndjenjat tona. N\u00ebse nuk e p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsojm\u00eb dhe nuk e b\u00ebjm\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb, miliona njer\u00ebz do t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb largohet nga jeta n\u00eb heshtje, n\u00eb trishtim, me hidh\u00ebrim. Edhe un\u00eb shum\u00eb vite kam lutur q\u00eb shkollat tona t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb qart\u00eb p\u00ebr bot\u00ebn, ku nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit dhe student\u00ebt e tyre jan\u00eb t\u00eb destinuar t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tyre.<\/a><\/noindex> Her\u00eb pas here mendoj n\u00ebse ky ndryshim \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb i fort\u00eb dhe a do t\u00eb mjaftojn\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb jetuar nj\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb, n\u00ebse bota lirohet nga gj\u00ebrat e padobishme q\u00eb i japin asaj r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi shpirt\u00ebrore. N\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, a ka filluar koncepti yn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dobishmen t\u00eb jet\u00eb aq i ngusht\u00eb sa nuk mund t'i p\u00ebrshtatet mund\u00ebsive n\u00eb ndryshim dhe t\u00eb paparashikueshme t\u00eb shpirtit t\u00eb njeriut.<\/p>\n

Ky\u00e7ja e k\u00ebtij \u00e7\u00ebshtjeje mund t\u00eb shqyrtohet nga dy k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrime: ai shkencor dhe ai humanist, apo shpirt\u00ebror. Le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me at\u00eb shkencor. M\u00eb kujtohet nj\u00eb bised\u00eb q\u00eb kam pasur disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb me George Eastman mbi dobin\u00eb. Zoti Eastman, nj\u00eb njeri i men\u00e7ur, i sjellsh\u00ebm dhe me vizion, i bekuar me shije muzikore dhe artistike, m\u00eb tha se planifikon t\u00eb investoj\u00eb pasurin\u00eb e tij t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb avancimin e m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb l\u00ebnd\u00ebve t\u00eb dobishme. M\u00eb lejohet t\u00eb pyes se kush e konsideron ai njeriun m\u00eb t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm n\u00eb fush\u00ebn shkencore globale. Ai menj\u00ebher\u00eb u p\u00ebrgjigj: \u00abMarconi\u00bb. Nd\u00ebrsa un\u00eb thash\u00eb: \u00abSado k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi t\u00eb marrim nga radioja dhe sa shum\u00eb t\u00eb pasurojm\u00eb jet\u00ebn njer\u00ebzore me teknologjit\u00eb e tjera pa tel, n\u00eb fakt kontribuimi i Marconit \u00ebsht\u00eb i pap\u00ebrfillsh\u00ebm\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Nuk do ta harroj faqe t\u00eb tij t\u00eb habitur. Ai m\u00eb k\u00ebrkoi t\u00eb shpjegoja. I thash\u00eb di\u00e7ka si: \u00abZoti Eastman, shfaqja e Marconit ishte e pashmangshme. \u00cbsht\u00eb profesori Clerk Maxwell ai q\u00eb meriton vler\u00ebsimin p\u00ebr gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e teknologjive pa tela, n\u00ebse ndonj\u00eb shp\u00ebrblim t\u00eb till\u00eb themelor mund t'i jepet dikujt. Maxwell b\u00ebri disa llogaritje t\u00eb panjohura dhe t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e magnetizmit dhe elektricitetit n\u00eb vitin 1865. Ai paraqiti formulat e tij abstrakte n\u00eb punimin e tij shkencor t\u00eb botuar n\u00eb vitin 1873. N\u00eb takimin e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Asociat\u00ebs Britanike, profesori G.D.S. Smith nga Oksfordi shpalli se \u00abasnj\u00eb matematik, duke kaluar n\u00ebp\u00ebr k\u00ebto punime, nuk mund t\u00eb mos e kuptoj\u00eb se n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pun\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb paraqitur nj\u00eb teori q\u00eb n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe plot\u00ebson metodat dhe mjetet e matematik\u00ebs s\u00eb past\u00ebr\u00bb. N\u00eb 15 vitet e ardhshme, zbulime t\u00eb tjera shkencore plot\u00ebsuan teorin\u00eb e Maxwell. Dhe s\u00eb fundmi, n\u00eb vitet 1887 dhe 1888, problemi shkencor q\u00eb lidhej me p\u00ebrcaktimin dhe provimin e val\u00ebve elektromagnetike, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb bart\u00ebse t\u00eb sinjaleve pa tela, u zgjidh nga Heinrich Hertz, nj\u00eb punonj\u00ebs i laboratorit Helmholtz n\u00eb Berlin. As Maxwell dhe as Hertz nuk mendonin p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. Nj\u00eb mendim t\u00eb till\u00eb thjesht nuk iu shkoi n\u00eb mendje. Ata nuk e kishin q\u00ebllim praktik. N\u00eb kuptimin juridik, shpik\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb sigurisht Marconi. Por \u00e7far\u00eb shpiku ai? Vet\u00ebm ndihm\u00ebn fundit teknike, e cila sot \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje pranuese e ngjashme me t\u00eb quajtur \u00abkogerer\u00bb, nga e cila tashm\u00eb pothuajse kudo jan\u00eb hequr.<\/p>\n

Hertz dhe Maxwell ndoshta s'kan\u00eb shpikur asgj\u00eb, por nuk ishte puna e tyre teorike, e cila u zbulua nga nj\u00eb inxhinier i men\u00e7ur, q\u00eb krijoi mjete t\u00eb reja komunikimi dhe arg\u00ebtimi, duke lejuar njer\u00ebzit, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb merit\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb fam\u00eb dhe t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb miliona. Kush ishte i dobish\u00ebm? Jo Marconi, por Klark Maxwell dhe Heinrich Hertz. Ata ishin gjenial\u00eb dhe nuk mendojn\u00eb p\u00ebr dobin\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa Marconi ishte nj\u00eb shpik\u00ebs i men\u00e7ur, por mendonte vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitimin.
\nEmri i Hertz i kujtoi zotit Eastman p\u00ebr val\u00ebt radio, dhe un\u00eb i sugjerova t\u00eb pyes\u00eb fizikant\u00ebt nga Universiteti i Rochester p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb konkretisht b\u00ebn\u00eb Hertz dhe Maxwell. Por n\u00eb nj\u00eb gj\u00eb ai mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i sigurt, se ata e kryen pun\u00ebn e tyre pa menduar p\u00ebr aplikimin praktik. Dhe gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs, shumica e zbulimeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha q\u00eb n\u00eb fund u d\u00ebshmuan jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb dobishme p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzimin, u b\u00ebn\u00eb nga njer\u00ebz q\u00eb u udh\u00ebhoq\u00ebn jo nga d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm, por vet\u00ebm nga d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur kureshtjen e tyre.
\nKureshtja? - pyeti zoti Eastman.<\/p>\n

Po, - thash\u00eb un\u00eb, - kureshtja q\u00eb mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb, por mund edhe t\u00eb mos \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb dobishme, dhe q\u00eb, ndoshta, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb e jasht\u00ebzakonshme e t\u00eb menduarit modern. Dhe nuk ka lindur dje, por \u00ebsht\u00eb shfaqur q\u00eb nga koha e Galileo-s, Bacon-it dhe Sir Isaac Newton-it, dhe duhet t\u00eb mbetet krejt\u00ebsisht e lir\u00eb. Institucionet edukative duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohen n\u00eb kultivimin e kureshtjes. Dhe sa m\u00eb pak t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsohen p\u00ebr menj\u00ebher\u00ebzimin e aplikimit, aq m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha jan\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb ata t\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb mir\u00ebqenien e njer\u00ebzve, por edhe, po ashtu, n\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushjen e interesit intelektual, i cili, mund t\u00eb thuhet, tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb forca l\u00ebviz\u00ebse e jet\u00ebs intelektuale n\u00eb bot\u00ebn moderne.<\/p>\n

II<\/h3>\n

\n\u00c7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb p\u00ebr Heinrich Hertz, rreth m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si ai punonte qet\u00ebsisht dhe pa u v\u00ebn\u00eb re n\u00eb k\u00ebndin e laboratorit Helmholtz n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb p\u00ebr shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt dhe matematicien\u00ebt n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, q\u00eb jetonin disa shekuj m\u00eb par\u00eb. Bota jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e pafuqishme pa elektricitet. N\u00ebse flasim p\u00ebr zbulimin me aplikimin m\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt dhe premtues praktik, ne do t\u00eb pajtohemi se ky \u00ebsht\u00eb elektriciteti. Por kush b\u00ebri ato zbulime thelb\u00ebsore q\u00eb \u00e7uan n\u00eb zhvillimin e t\u00eb gjitha aplikacioneve t\u00eb bazuara mbi elektricitetin n\u00eb 100 vitet pasuese. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgjigjja do t\u00eb jet\u00eb interesante. Babai i Michael Faraday ishte nj\u00eb k\u0131r\u00e7\u00e7it, nd\u00ebrsa vet\u00eb Michael ishte nj\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebs i ndihm\u00ebsit t\u00eb librave. N\u00eb vitin 1812, kur ai ishte 21 vje\u00e7, nj\u00eb mik i tij e \u00e7oi n\u00eb Institutin Mbret\u00ebror, ku ndoqi 4 ligj\u00ebrata mbi kimin\u00eb nga Humphry Davy. Ai ruajti sh\u00ebnime dhe d\u00ebrgoi kopjet e tyre Davy-t. N\u00eb vitin pasues, ai u b\u00eb ndihm\u00ebs n\u00eb laboratorin e Davy-t, duke zgjidhur probleme kimike. Dy vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, ai shoq\u00ebroi Davy-n n\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim n\u00eb kontinent. N\u00eb vitin 1825, kur ai ishte 24 vje\u00e7, ai u b\u00eb drejtor i laboratorit t\u00eb Institutit Mbret\u00ebror, ku kaloi 54 vite t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Shpejt, interesat e Faradejt u orientuan nga elektriciteti dhe magnetizmi, t\u00eb cilave ai iu kushtua pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb mbetur t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. M\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb, nj\u00eb pun\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme por e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb nga \u00d8rsted, Amp\u00e8re dhe Wollaston. Faradej zgjidhte v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb ata kishin l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb pazgjidhura, dhe deri n\u00eb vitin 1841 kishte arritur t\u00eb studionte induksionin e rrym\u00ebs elektrike. Kat\u00ebr vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb filloi nj\u00eb epok\u00eb e dyt\u00eb, po aq brilante n\u00eb karrier\u00ebn e tij, kur ai zbuloi ndikimin e magnetizmit n\u00eb drit\u00ebn e polarizuar. Zbulimet e tij t\u00eb hershme \u00e7uan n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pafund aplikimesh praktike, ku elektriciteti reduktonte ngarkes\u00ebn dhe rritte mund\u00ebsit\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e njeriut modern. K\u00ebshtu, zbulimet e tij t\u00eb vonshme \u00e7onin n\u00eb rezultate praktike shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak. A kishte ndryshuar ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb p\u00ebr Faradejin? Absolutisht asgj\u00eb. P\u00ebrdorshm\u00ebria e tij nuk e interesonte n\u00eb asnj\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb karrier\u00ebs s\u00eb tij t\u00eb pandashme. Ai ishte i p\u00ebrthyer n\u00eb zgjidhjen e mistereve t\u00eb universit: fillimisht nga bota e kimi dhe pastaj nga bota e fizik\u00ebs. Ai kurr\u00eb nuk e pyeti veten p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorshm\u00ebrin\u00eb. \u00c7do aluzion ndaj saj do ta kufizonte kureshtjen e tij t\u00eb pakufishme. N\u00eb fund, rezultatet e aktivitetit t\u00eb tij gjet\u00ebn gjithsesi aplikim praktik, por kjo kurr\u00eb nuk ishte nj\u00eb kriter p\u00ebr eksperimentet e tij t\u00eb vazhdueshme. <\/p>\n

Me siguri, duke marr\u00eb parasysh atmosferat q\u00eb e rrethojn\u00eb bot\u00ebn sot, \u00ebsht\u00eb koha p\u00ebr t\u00eb theksuar faktin se roli q\u00eb shkenca luan n\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrimin e luft\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb veprim t\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrues dhe t\u00eb friksh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb produkt i pavullnetsh\u00ebm dhe i paq\u00ebllimsh\u00ebm i veprimtaris\u00eb shkencore. Lordi Rayleigh, president i Shoq\u00ebris\u00eb Britanike p\u00ebr Avancimin e Shkenc\u00ebs, n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb fundit theksoi se pik\u00ebrisht idiot\u00ebsia njer\u00ebzore, dhe jo q\u00ebllimet e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr shfryt\u00ebzimin shkat\u00ebrrues t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb jan\u00eb angazhuar n\u00eb luft\u00ebn moderne. Studimi i pafajsh\u00ebm i kimis\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjeve t\u00eb karbonit, i cili ka gjetur p\u00ebrdorime t\u00eb pafundme, ka treguar se ndikimi i acidit nitrik n\u00eb substanca si benzeni, gliceri, celuloza, etj., ka sjell\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm shfaqjen e nj\u00eb prodhimi t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm t\u00eb ngjyr\u00ebs anilin\u00eb, por gjithashtu krijimin e nitroglicerinit, i cili mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret si p\u00ebr t\u00eb mir\u00ebn ashtu edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb keqen. Pak m\u00eb von\u00eb, Alfred Nobel, duke u marr\u00eb me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin \u00e7\u00ebshtje, tregoi se duke p\u00ebrzier nitroglicerin\u00ebn me substanca t\u00eb tjera, mund t\u00eb prodhohen eksploziv\u00eb t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim, sidomos dinamit. Fal\u00eb dinamitit kemi arritur p\u00ebrparime n\u00eb industrin\u00eb minerare, n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e tunelave t\u00eb hekurudh\u00ebs q\u00eb tani kalojn\u00eb Alpet dhe simite tjera malesh. Por, natyrisht, politikan\u00ebt dhe ushtar\u00ebt keqp\u00ebrdornin dinamitin. Dhe faj\u00ebsimi i shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb si t\u00eb akuzosh ata p\u00ebr t\u00ebrmete dhe p\u00ebrmbytje. E nj\u00ebjta mund t\u00eb thuhet edhe p\u00ebr gazin helmuese. Plini vdiq nga thithja e dioksidit t\u00eb squfurit gjat\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimit t\u00eb malin t\u00eb Vezuvit, gati 2000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. Dhe klori nuk u izolu nga shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime ushtarake. E gjith\u00eb kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr ipritin. P\u00ebrdorimi i k\u00ebtyre substancave mund t\u00eb ishte kufizuar p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime t\u00eb mira, por kur u p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsua avioni, njer\u00ebzit, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin helmuar n\u00eb zem\u00ebr e kishin d\u00ebmtuar mendjen, realizuan se avioni, nj\u00eb shpikje e pafajshme, rezultat i p\u00ebrpjekjeve t\u00eb gjata shkencore dhe objektive, mund t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb instrument p\u00ebr shkat\u00ebrrime t\u00eb tilla masive, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat as q\u00eb kishte menduar dikush, e as q\u00eb kishte pasur nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim t\u00eb till\u00eb.
\nNga fusha e matematik\u00ebs s\u00eb lart\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmenden pothuajse nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i pafund rastesh t\u00eb till\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, vepra m\u00eb enigmatike matematikore e shekujve XVIII dhe XIX quhej \"Gjeometria n\u00eb jo-Euklidiane\". Krijuesi i saj, Gauss, edhe pse ishte njohur nga bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit si nj\u00eb matematicien i shk\u00eblqyer, nuk guxoi t\u00eb publikoj\u00eb punimet e tij mbi \"Gjeometrin\u00eb e jo-Euklidiane\" p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7erek shekulli. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, teoria e relativitetit me t\u00eb gjitha kuptimet e saj praktike t\u00eb pafund do t\u00eb ishte krejt\u00ebsisht e pamundur pa pun\u00ebn q\u00eb Gauss b\u00ebri gjat\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb tij n\u00eb G\u00f6ttingen. <\/p>\n

Po ashtu, ajo q\u00eb sot njihet si \"teoria e grupeve\", ishte nj\u00eb teori matematikore abstrakte dhe e paplikueshme. Ajo u zhvillua nga individ\u00eb kurioz\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kureshtja e tyre dhe hulumtimi i \u00e7oi n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme. Por sot \"teoria e grupeve\" \u00ebsht\u00eb baza e teoris\u00eb kuantike t\u00eb spektroskopis\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdorin \u00e7do dit\u00eb njer\u00ebz, q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb asnj\u00eb ide se si ka lindur.<\/p>\n

E gjith\u00eb teoria e probabilitetit u zhvillua nga matematicient\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb interesuar v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb racionalizoheshin p\u00ebr loj\u00ebrat e fatit. Ajo nuk pati p\u00ebrdorim praktik, por p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, kjo teori p\u00ebrgatiti terrenin p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha llojet e sigurimeve dhe sh\u00ebrbeu si themel p\u00ebr fusha t\u00eb gjera t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs s\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb XIX. <\/p>\n

Do t\u00eb citoj nj\u00eb citat nga numri i fundit i revist\u00ebs Science:<\/p>\n

\u00abVlera e gjenit t\u00eb profesorit Albert Einstein arriti nivele t\u00eb reja, kur u zbulua se shkenc\u00ebtari fizik-matematician 15 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb kishte zhvilluar aparatin matematikor, i cili tani ndihmon n\u00eb zbulimin e mistereve t\u00eb aft\u00ebsis\u00eb mbres\u00ebl\u00ebn\u00ebse t\u00eb heliumit p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos u ngurt\u00ebsuar n\u00eb temperatura af\u00ebr zero absolute. Edhe para simpoziumit t\u00eb Shoq\u00ebris\u00eb Amerikane t\u00eb Kimis\u00eb mbi nd\u00ebrveprimin nd\u00ebrmolekular, profesori F. London nga universiteti n\u00eb Paris, tani profesor i ftuar n\u00eb universitetin Duke, e vuri n\u00eb dukje profesorin Einstein p\u00ebr krijimin e konceptit t\u00eb gazit \u00abideal\u00bb, i cili doli n\u00eb punimet e botuara n\u00eb vitet 1924 dhe 1925.<\/p>\n

Raportet e Einstein-it p\u00ebr vitin 1925 nuk ishin p\u00ebr teorin\u00eb e relativitetit, por p\u00ebr probleme q\u00eb, n\u00eb dukje, nuk kishin ndonj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi praktike n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb. Ato p\u00ebrshkruanin kalimin e gazit 'ideal' n\u00eb kufijt\u00eb e posht\u00ebm t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb temperatur\u00ebs. Duke qen\u00eb se ishte e njohur se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb gazrat kalonin n\u00eb gjendjen e l\u00ebngshme n\u00eb temperaturat e shqyrtuara, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt ndoshta nuk e pat\u00ebn parasysh pun\u00ebn e Einstein-it t\u00eb pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb viteve m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb zbulim i fundit n\u00eb dinamik\u00ebn e heliumit t\u00eb l\u00ebngsh\u00ebm i dha nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb re konceptit t\u00eb Einstein-it, i cili kishte mbetur n\u00eb an\u00eb gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebsaj kohe. Kur shumica e l\u00ebngjeve ftohen, viskoziteti rritet, qarkullimi zvog\u00eblohet, ata b\u00ebhen m\u00eb ngjit\u00ebs. N\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis jo profesional, viskoziteti p\u00ebrshkruhet me fraz\u00ebn 'm\u00eb e ftoht\u00eb se melasa n\u00eb janar' (n\u00eb origjinal 'colder than molasses in January'), e cila, n\u00eb fakt, \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, heliu i l\u00ebng\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim befasues. N\u00eb temperatur\u00ebn e njohur si \"pik\u00eb delta\", e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm 2,19 grad\u00eb mbi zero absolut, heliu i l\u00ebng\u00ebt rrjedh m\u00eb mir\u00eb se n\u00eb temperatura m\u00eb t\u00eb larta dhe, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb pothuajse aq i turbullt sa gazi. Nj\u00eb enigm\u00eb tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb sjelljen e tij t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrcjellja e lart\u00eb e nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb. N\u00eb pik\u00ebn delta, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb 500 her\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se ajo e bakrit n\u00eb temperatur\u00ebn e dhom\u00ebs. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh t\u00eb gjitha anomali t\u00eb tij, heliu i l\u00ebng\u00ebt paraqet nj\u00eb mister t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr fizikant\u00ebt dhe kimist\u00ebt. <\/p>\n

Profesori London deklaroi se dinamik\u00ebn e heliut t\u00eb l\u00ebng\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb ta interpretojm\u00eb duke e perceptuar at\u00eb si gazin ideal Bose-Einstein, duke p\u00ebrdorur aparatin matematikor t\u00eb zhvilluar n\u00eb vitet 1924-25, si dhe duke marr\u00eb parasysh konceptin e p\u00ebrcjellshm\u00ebris\u00eb elektrike t\u00eb metaleve. P\u00ebrmes analogjive t\u00eb thjeshta, fluiditeti magjeps\u00ebs i heliut t\u00eb l\u00ebng\u00ebt mund t\u00eb shpjegohet vet\u00ebm pjes\u00ebrisht, n\u00ebse e p\u00ebrshkruajm\u00eb fluiditetin si di\u00e7ka q\u00eb ngjan me wandering e elektroneve n\u00eb metale kur shpjegojm\u00eb p\u00ebrcjellshm\u00ebrin\u00eb elektrike.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Le t\u00eb shohim situat\u00ebn nga nj\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim tjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb fush\u00ebn e mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb, bakterologjia ka luajtur nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vjet. Cila \u00ebsht\u00eb historia e saj? Pas Luft\u00ebs Franko-Pruze n\u00eb vitin 1870, qeveria e Gjermanis\u00eb themeloi Universitetin e madh t\u00eb Strasburgut. Profesori i tij t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr anatomin\u00eb ishte Wilhelm von Waldeyer, dhe m\u00eb pas edhe profesori i anatomis\u00eb n\u00eb Berlin. N\u00eb kujtimet e tij, ai vuri n\u00eb dukje se mes student\u00ebve q\u00eb udh\u00ebtuan me t\u00eb n\u00eb Strasburg gjat\u00eb semestrit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb par\u00eb, ishte nj\u00eb djalosh i zakonsh\u00ebm, i pavarur, i shkurt\u00ebr, i mosh\u00ebs shtat\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vje\u00e7are me emrin Paul Ehrlich. Kursi standart i anatomis\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte diseksionin dhe studimin mikroskopik t\u00eb indeve. Ehrlich i kushtoi pak v\u00ebmendje diseksionit, por, si\u00e7 vuri n\u00eb dukje n\u00eb kujtimet e tij Waldeyer:<\/p>\n

\u00abE vura rehat q\u00eb Erlich mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb pas tavolin\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, thell\u00ebsisht i zhytur n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin mikroskopik. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, tavolina e tij gradualisht po mbulohej me njolla t\u00eb ngjyrave t\u00eb ndryshme. Nj\u00eb dit\u00eb kur e pash\u00eb at\u00eb duke punuar, iu afrova dhe e pyeta se \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebnte me at\u00eb palet\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme ngjyrash. Pasi ai, ky student i ri i semestrit t\u00eb par\u00eb, ndoshta duke studiuar nj\u00eb kurs t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm anatomie, m\u00eb shikoi dhe m\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigji me mir\u00ebsjellje: 'Ich probiere'. Kjo fraz\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet si 'po provoj' ose si 'thjesht po b\u00ebn budallall\u00ebk'. I thash\u00eb: 'Shum\u00eb mir\u00eb, vazhdo t\u00eb b\u00ebn budallall\u00ebk'. Shpejt e vura re se pa ndonj\u00eb udh\u00ebzim nga ana ime, gjet\u00ebm n\u00eb Erlich nj\u00eb student t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm.'<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nValdeyeri veproi men\u00e7urisht kur e la at\u00eb n\u00eb paqe. Ehrlich kaloi me sukses t\u00eb ndryshuesh\u00ebm rrug\u00ebn e tij p\u00ebrmes programit mjek\u00ebsor dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht mori diplom\u00ebn, kryesisht sepse profesor\u00ebt e tij kuptuan qart\u00eb se ai nuk kishte n\u00eb plan t\u00eb ushtroj\u00eb mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb. M\u00eb pas, ai shkoi n\u00eb Wroc\u0142aw, ku punoi n\u00ebn profesorin Konhaim, m\u00ebsuesin e doktorit ton\u00eb Welch, themeluesin e shkoll\u00ebs mjek\u00ebsore t\u00eb Johns Hopkins. Nuk e mendoj se iden\u00eb e dobis\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb e kishte pasur n\u00eb mendje Ehrlich. Ai ishte i interesuar. Ai ishte kurioz; dhe vazhdoi t\u00eb b\u00ebnte budallall\u00ebqe. Sigurisht, ky budallall\u00ebk ishte i drejtuar nga nj\u00eb instinkt i thell\u00eb, por ishte nj\u00eb motivim krejt\u00ebsisht shkencor dhe jo utilitar. \u00c7far\u00eb rezultati kishte kjo? Koch dhe ndihm\u00ebsit e tij themeluan nj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb t\u00eb re \u2013 bakterioologjin\u00eb. Tani, eksperimentet e Ehrlich u kryhen nga shokut t\u00eb tij t\u00eb klas\u00ebs, Weigert. Ai ngjyriste bakteret, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ndihmonte n\u00eb dallimin e tyre. Vet\u00eb Ehrlich zhvilloi nj\u00eb metod\u00eb t\u00eb ngjyrimit shum\u00ebngjyr\u00ebsh t\u00eb njollave t\u00eb gjakut me bojra, mbi t\u00eb cilat bazohet njohja jon\u00eb moderne e morfologjis\u00eb s\u00eb qelizave t\u00eb gjakut: t\u00eb kuqe dhe t\u00eb bardha. Dhe \u00e7do dit\u00eb mij\u00ebra spitale n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn p\u00ebrdorin teknik\u00ebn e Ehrlich n\u00eb hulumtimin e gjakut. K\u00ebshtu, budallall\u00ebku pa q\u00ebllim n\u00eb oborrin e Valdeyerit n\u00eb Strasbourg u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb element ky\u00e7 t\u00eb praktik\u00ebs mjek\u00ebsore t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme. <\/p>\n

Do t\u00eb jap nj\u00eb shembull nga industria, i marr\u00eb rast\u00ebsisht, pasi ka dhjet\u00ebra. Profesor Berl nga instituti teknologjik Carnegie (Pittsburgh) shkruan si m\u00eb posht\u00eb:
\nThemeluesi i prodhimit modern t\u00eb stofeve sintetike \u00ebsht\u00eb grafi francez de Chardonnet. Dihet se ai p\u00ebrdori nj\u00eb zgjidhje<\/p>\n

III<\/h3>\n

\nNuk po them se gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ndodh n\u00eb laborator\u00eb do t\u00eb gjej\u00eb n\u00eb fund nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb papritur praktik, ose se p\u00ebrdorimi praktik \u00ebsht\u00eb motive e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e gjith\u00eb aktivitetit. Un\u00eb mbroj q\u00eb t\u00eb heqim fjal\u00ebn \"p\u00ebrdorim\" dhe t\u00eb lirojm\u00eb shpirtin human. Sigurisht, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb do t\u00eb lirojm\u00eb dhe njer\u00ebz t\u00eb pafajsh\u00ebm. Sigurisht, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb do t\u00eb harxhojm\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb caktuar parash. Por q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, \u00ebsht\u00eb se ne do t\u00eb ndihmojm\u00eb mendjen njer\u00ebzore nga prangat, dhe do ta l\u00ebshojm\u00eb at\u00eb p\u00ebrball\u00eb aventurave, t\u00eb cilat, nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, soll\u00ebn Hale, Rutherford, Einstein dhe koleg\u00ebt e tyre miliona e miliona kilometra n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi t\u00eb skajeve m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebta t\u00eb kozmosit, nd\u00ebrsa nga ana tjet\u00ebr, \u00e7liruan energji t\u00eb pafundme t\u00eb mbyllura brenda atomit. Ajo q\u00eb b\u00ebn\u00eb Rutherford, Bohr, Millikan dhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb nga kurioziteti i past\u00ebr n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar struktur\u00ebn e atomit, \u00e7liroi forca q\u00eb mund t\u00eb transformonin jet\u00ebn e njeriut. Por duhet t\u00eb kuptohet se nj\u00eb rezultat i till\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimtar dhe i pa-parashikuesh\u00ebm nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyetimi p\u00ebr veprimtarin\u00eb e tij p\u00ebr Rutherford, Einstein, Millikan, Bohr ose ndonj\u00eb nga koleg\u00ebt e tyre. Por le t\u00eb l\u00ebm\u00eb ata n\u00eb paqe. \u00cbsht\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb asnj\u00eb udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e arsimit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb jap\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim, n\u00eb kuadrin e t\u00eb cilit individ\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm duhet t\u00eb punojn\u00eb. Humbjet, dhe k\u00ebt\u00eb e pranoj p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, duken kolosale, por n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu. T\u00eb gjitha shpenzimet totale n\u00eb zhvillimin e bakteriologjis\u00eb jan\u00eb asgj\u00eb n\u00eb krahasim me p\u00ebrfitimet q\u00eb u arrit\u00ebn nga zbulimet e Pasteur, Koch, Ehrlich, Theobald Smith dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve. Kjo do t\u00eb kishte ndodhur, n\u00ebse mendimi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm do t\u00eb kishte marr\u00eb p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi n\u00eb mendjet e tyre. K\u00ebta mjeshtra t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj, pra shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt dhe bakteriolog\u00ebt, krijuan nj\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, q\u00eb mbizot\u00ebronte n\u00eb laborator\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ata thjesht ndiqnin kuriozitetin e natyrsh\u00ebm t\u00eb tyre. Nuk po kritikoj institucione si shkollat inxhinierike ose shkollat juridike, ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e pashmangshme q\u00eb dominon prakticiteti. Shpesh situata ndryshon, dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb praktike me t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrballen n\u00eb industri ose laborator\u00eb nxisin paraqitjen e k\u00ebrkimeve teorike, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb afta ose jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur problemin e caktuar, por q\u00eb mund t\u00eb sugjerojn\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb reja p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb problemin. K\u00ebto pik\u00ebpamje mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb pavlefshme n\u00eb at\u00eb moment, por me embrionet e arrijeve t\u00eb ardhshme, si n\u00eb kuptimin praktik ashtu dhe n\u00eb at\u00eb teorik.<\/p>\n

Me akumulimin e shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb njohurive \"t\u00eb pavlera\" ose teorike u arrit nj\u00eb situat\u00eb ku ishte e mundur t\u00eb fillohej zgjidhja e problematikave praktike me nj\u00eb qasje shkencore. Jo vet\u00ebm shpik\u00ebsit, por edhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt \"e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb\" e p\u00ebrdorin k\u00ebt\u00eb. Permenda Marconin, shpik\u00ebsin q\u00eb, duke qen\u00eb nj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs p\u00ebr rac\u00ebn njer\u00ebzore, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb vet\u00ebm \"p\u00ebrdori mendjet e t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve\". Edison \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj kategorie. Nd\u00ebrsa Pasteur ishte ndryshe. Ai ishte nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar i madh, por nuk shmangej nga zgjidhja e problemeve praktike, t\u00eb tilla si gjendja e rrushit fr\u00ebng apo problematikat e birr\u00ebs. Pasteur jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb u p\u00ebrball me v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi emergjente, por gjithashtu nxori nga problemet praktike disa p\u00ebrfundime teorike t\u00eb perspektiv\u00ebs, \"t\u00eb pavlera\" n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, por, ndoshta, n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb papritur \"t\u00eb dobishme\" n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. Ehrlich, n\u00eb thelb nj\u00eb mendimtar, e mori me energji problemin e s\u00ebmundjes s\u00eb sifilisit dhe punoi me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkushtim t\u00eb rrall\u00eb mbi t\u00eb, derisa gjeti nj\u00eb zgjidhje me p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm praktik (preparati \"Salvarsan\"). Zbulimi i insulin\u00ebs nga Banting p\u00ebr trajtimin e diabetit, si dhe ekstrakti i m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb si rezultat i pun\u00ebs n\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt t\u00eb Mainott dhe Whipple p\u00ebr trajtimin e anemis\u00eb pernicioze i p\u00ebrkasin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs kategori: t\u00eb dy k\u00ebto zbulime jan\u00eb kryer nga shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb q\u00eb kuptonin se sa shum\u00eb \"t\u00eb pavlera\" dijeni ishin akumuluar nga njer\u00ebz q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb pafasht pavar\u00ebsisht r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb praktike, dhe se ishte koha m\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb pyetje mbi praktik\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb shkencore.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, b\u00ebhet e qart\u00eb se duhet t\u00eb jemi t\u00eb kujdessh\u00ebm kur zbulimet shkencore i atribuohen plot\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb personi. Pothuajse \u00e7do zbulim ka nj\u00eb histori t\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhe t\u00eb komplikuar p\u00ebrpara tij. Dike e ka gjetur di\u00e7ka k\u00ebtu, e dikush tjet\u00ebr \u2013 atje. N\u00eb hapin e tret\u00eb arrihet suksesi, dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb, deri sa ndonj\u00eb gjenialitet e mbledh gjith\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend dhe jep kontribuimin e tij vendimtar. Shkenca, si dhe lumi Mississippi, buron nga p\u00ebrroica t\u00eb vogla n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb pyll t\u00eb larg\u00ebt. Gradualisht, rrjedha t\u00eb tjera e rrisin volumin e saj. K\u00ebshtu, nga nj\u00eb pafund\u00ebsi burimesh, formohet lumi i zhurmsh\u00ebm q\u00eb thyen digat.<\/p>\n

Nuk mund ta shqyrtoj k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb gjithp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse, por mund t\u00eb them n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme: p\u00ebr nj\u00ebqind ose dyqind vjet, kontributi i shkollave profesionale n\u00eb fushat p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse do t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet jo aq shum\u00eb nga arsimi i njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb ndoshta nes\u00ebr do t\u00eb b\u00ebhen inxhinier\u00eb n\u00eb praktik\u00eb, avokat\u00eb, ose mjek\u00eb, por nga fakti se madje n\u00eb ndjekjen e q\u00ebllimeve thjesht praktike, do t\u00eb kryhet nj\u00eb sasi e madhe, duksh\u00ebm e padobishme e pun\u00ebs. Nga kjo aktivitet i padobish\u00ebm lindin zbulime q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb pa krahasueshme m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr mendjen dhe shpirtin njer\u00ebzor sesa arritja e q\u00ebllimeve t\u00eb dobishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat ishin krijuar shkollat.<\/p>\n

Faktor\u00ebt q\u00eb p\u00ebrmenda d\u00ebshmojn\u00eb, kur \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb kolosale t\u00eb liris\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore dhe intelektuale. Kam p\u00ebrmendur shkenc\u00ebn eksperimentale dhe matematik\u00ebn, por fjal\u00ebt e mia jan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta edhe p\u00ebr muzik\u00ebn, artin dhe m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb shprehjes s\u00eb shpirtit t\u00eb lir\u00eb njer\u00ebzor. Fakti q\u00eb kjo sjell k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi p\u00ebr shpirtin q\u00eb aspiron p\u00ebr past\u00ebrti dhe ngjitje, \u00ebsht\u00eb themeli i nevojsh\u00ebm. K\u00ebshtu, duke argumentuar, pa iu referuar qart\u00eb ose n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb heshtur dobis\u00eb, ne p\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb arsyet e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb kolegjeve, universiteteve dhe instituteve hulumtuese. Institucionet q\u00eb \u00e7lirojn\u00eb brezat e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb shpirtrave njer\u00ebzor\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e plot\u00eb t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs, pavar\u00ebsisht n\u00ebse nj\u00eb diplomant i caktuar kontribuon n\u00eb njohurit\u00eb njer\u00ebzore apo jo. Nj\u00eb poezi, simfoni, tablo, e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb matematikore, t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb reja shkencore \u2013 \u00e7do gj\u00eb p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb arsyetim t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb universitetet, kolegjet dhe institucionet hulumtuese.<\/p>\n

Tema i diskutimit aktualisht \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. N\u00eb disa fusha (sidomos n\u00eb Gjermani dhe Itali), tani po p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb kufizojn\u00eb lirin\u00eb e shpirtit njer\u00ebzor. Universitetet jan\u00eb transformuar n\u00eb mjete t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb mbajn\u00eb bindje t\u00eb caktuara politike, ekonomike ose racore. Nga koha n\u00eb koh\u00eb, ndonj\u00eb njeri i pav\u00ebmendsh\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00ebrin nga pak demokracit\u00eb e mbetura n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb bot\u00eb madje do t\u00eb v\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb dyshim r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb themelore t\u00eb liris\u00eb akademike absolute. Armiqt\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb njer\u00ebzimit nuk fshihen n\u00eb mendimin e friksh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb pamatur, qoft\u00eb ai i djatht\u00eb apo jo. Armiqi i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ai q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb mbyll\u00eb shpirtin njer\u00ebzor n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos guxoj\u00eb t\u00eb shtrihet si\u00e7 ndodhi nj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb Itali dhe Gjermani, si dhe n\u00eb Britanin\u00eb e Madhe dhe Shtetet e Bashkuara.<\/p>\n

Dhe kjo mendim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i ri. Pik\u00ebrisht ajo e nxiti fon Humboldti t\u00eb themelonte universitetin e Berlinit, kur Napoleoni pushtoi Gjermanin\u00eb. Ajo e frym\u00ebzoi presidentin Gilman t\u00eb hapte universitetin e Johns Hopkins, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00e7do universitet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend, n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb mas\u00eb ose nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatej. \u00c7do person q\u00eb vler\u00ebson shpirtin e tij t\u00eb pavdeksh\u00ebm do t'i q\u00ebndroj\u00eb besnik k\u00ebsaj ideje, pavar\u00ebsisht nga rrethanat. Megjithat\u00eb, arsyet e liris\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore shkojn\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb larg sesa autenticiteti, qoft\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebs apo t\u00eb humanizmit, pasi kjo n\u00ebnkupton toleranc\u00ebn ndaj gjith\u00eb diversitetit t\u00eb diferencave njer\u00ebzore. \u00c7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb budalla\u00e7ke ose m\u00eb qesharake se preferencat dhe antipatit\u00eb t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetura n\u00eb rac\u00eb ose fe n\u00eb shkall\u00ebn e historis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore? Njer\u00ebzit duan simfoni, piktura dhe t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta shkencore t\u00eb thella, apo u duhen simfoni, piktura dhe shkenc\u00eb t\u00eb krishtera, hebraike, ose muslimane? Apo ndoshta shprehje egjiptiane, japoneze, kineze, amerikane, gjermane, ruse, komuniste ose konservatore t\u00eb pasuris\u00eb s\u00eb pafundme t\u00eb shpirtit njer\u00ebzor?<\/p>\n

IV<\/h3>\n

\nMendoj se nj\u00eb nga pasojat m\u00eb t\u00eb impresionuese dhe urgjente t\u00eb intoleranc\u00ebs ndaj gjith\u00e7kaje t\u00eb huaj \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvillimi i shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb Institutit t\u00eb K\u00ebrkimeve t\u00eb Avancuara, i themeluar n\u00eb vitin 1930 nga Louis Bamberger dhe motra e tij Felix Fuld n\u00eb Princeton, New Jersey. Ai u vendos n\u00eb Princeton pjes\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb angazhimit t\u00eb themeluesve ndaj k\u00ebtij shteti, por, aq sa mund t\u00eb gjykoj, gjithashtu sepse qyteti kishte nj\u00eb program t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, por t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb magistratur\u00ebs, me t\u00eb cilin mund t\u00eb kishte bashk\u00ebpunim t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb. Instituti i detyrohet Universiteteve t\u00eb Princetonit n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb q\u00eb kjo kurr\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet si\u00e7 duhet. Kur pjesa e konsiderueshme e stafit t\u00eb tij ishte angazhuar, institucioni filloi t\u00eb punoj\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1933. N\u00eb fakultetet e tij punonin shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb njohur amerikan\u00eb: matematikant\u00ebt Veblen, Alexander dhe Morse; humanist\u00ebt Merritt, Levi dhe znj. Goldman; gazetar\u00ebt dhe ekonomist\u00ebt Stewart, Rifler, Warren, Earl dhe Mitrany. K\u00ebtu duhet t\u00eb shtohen gjithashtu shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb po aq t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin formuar tashm\u00eb n\u00eb universitet, n\u00eb bibliotek\u00eb dhe n\u00eb laborator\u00ebt e Princetonit. Por Institutit t\u00eb K\u00ebrkimeve t\u00eb Avancuara i \u00ebsht\u00eb borxh Adolf Hitlerit p\u00ebr matematikant\u00ebt Einstein, Weyl dhe Von Neumann; p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e shkencave humaniste Hertzfeld dhe Panofsky, si dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00eb rinjve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt gjat\u00eb gjasht\u00eb viteve t\u00eb fundit jan\u00eb ndikuar nga kjo grupim t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer dhe tashm\u00eb po forcojn\u00eb pozitat e arsimit amerikan n\u00eb \u00e7do cep t\u00eb vendit.<\/p>\n

Instituti, nga pik\u00ebpamja e organizat\u00ebs, \u00ebsht\u00eb institucioni m\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb dhe m\u00eb pak formal q\u00eb mund t\u00eb imagjinohet. Ai p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga tre fakultete: fakulteti i matematik\u00ebs, fakulteti i shkencave humane, fakulteti i ekonomis\u00eb dhe shkencave politike. N\u00eb secilin prej tyre kishte nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm profesor\u00ebsh dhe nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb ndryshuesh\u00ebm punonj\u00ebsish \u00e7do vit. Secili fakultet menaxhon pun\u00ebt e veta si\u00e7 e sheh t\u00eb arsyeshme. Brenda grupit, \u00e7do individ vendos vet\u00eb si ta shpenzoj\u00eb koh\u00ebn dhe si t\u00eb ndaj\u00eb energjin\u00eb e tij. Punonj\u00ebsit, q\u00eb erdh\u00ebn nga 22 vende dhe 39 universitete, n\u00ebse konsideroheshin kandidat\u00eb t\u00eb denj\u00eb, pranoheshin n\u00eb SHBA n\u00eb disa grupe. U ofronin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin nivel lirie si profesor\u00ebve. Ata mund t\u00eb punonin me ndonj\u00eb profesor sipas marr\u00ebveshjes; u lejohej gjithashtu q\u00eb t\u00eb punonin dhe n\u00eb vetmi, duke u konsultuar her\u00eb pas here me ata q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Asnj\u00eb rutin\u00eb, asnj\u00eb ndarje mes profesor\u00ebve, an\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb institutit apo vizitor\u00ebve. Student\u00ebt dhe profesor\u00ebt e Universitetit t\u00eb Princetonit, si dhe an\u00ebtar\u00ebt dhe profesor\u00ebt e Institutit t\u00eb Studimeve p\u00ebrparimtare, p\u00ebrziereshin aq leht\u00eb sa ishin pothuajse t\u00eb pabesuesh\u00ebm. Studimi kultivohej p\u00ebr vet\u00eb at\u00eb. Rezultatet p\u00ebr individin dhe shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb nuk ishin n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e interesit. Asnj\u00eb mbledhje, asnj\u00eb komitet. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit me ide shijonin kushte q\u00eb inkurajonin reflektimin dhe shk\u00ebmbimin e mendimeve. Nj\u00eb matematicien mund t\u00eb merret me matematik\u00ebn pa u shp\u00ebrqendruar nga asgj\u00eb. E nj\u00ebjta vlen edhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb shkencave humane, nj\u00eb ekonomist apo nj\u00eb politolog. Numri dhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e Departamentit Administrativ ishin minimizuar. Njer\u00ebzit pa ide, pa aft\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u fokusuar n\u00eb to, do t\u00eb ndihen t\u00eb pak\u00ebndsh\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb institut.
\nNdoshta mund t'ju jap nj\u00eb shpjegim t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr duke cituar k\u00ebto fjal\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequr nj\u00eb profesor t\u00eb Harvardit p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar n\u00eb Princeton, ishte caktuar nj\u00eb pag\u00eb, dhe ai shkroi: \"Cilat jan\u00eb detyrat e mia?\" Un\u00eb i p\u00ebrgjigja: \"Nuk ka detyra, vet\u00ebm mund\u00ebsi.\"
\nNj\u00eb matematikan i ri i aft\u00eb, pas nj\u00eb viti n\u00eb Universitetin e Princetonit, erdhi p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb lamtumir\u00eb. Kur ai dukej se po ikte, ai tha:
\n \u2014 Ndoshta do t'ju interesonte t\u00eb dinit se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thoshte ky vit p\u00ebr mua.
\n \u2014 Po, \u2014 i thash\u00eb.
\n \u2014 Matematik\u00ebn, \u2014 vazhdoi ai. \u2013 po zhvillohet me shpejt\u00ebsi; ka shum\u00eb literatur\u00eb. Jan\u00eb kaluar 10 vjet q\u00eb kur m\u00eb dha doktoratur\u00ebn. P\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb arrita t\u00eb ndjek l\u00ebnd\u00ebn time, por s\u00eb fundmi ka qen\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb dhe kam filluar t\u00eb ndiej pasiguri. Tani, pas nj\u00eb viti t\u00eb kaluar k\u00ebtu, m\u00eb jan\u00eb hapur syt\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb dukur drita, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb marr frym\u00eb. Po mendoj p\u00ebr dy artikuj, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt synoj t'i publikoj s\u00eb shpejti.
\n \u2014 Sa do t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb kjo? \u2013 pyeta un\u00eb.
\n \u2014 Pes\u00eb vjet, ndoshta dhjet\u00eb.
\n \u2014 Dhe \u00e7far\u00eb m\u00eb pas?
\n \u2014 Do t\u00eb kthehem k\u00ebtu.
\nDhe ky \u00ebsht\u00eb shembulli i tret\u00eb nga e fundit. Nj\u00eb profesor nga nj\u00eb universitet per\u00ebndimor i njohur erdhi n\u00eb Princeton n\u00eb fund t\u00eb dhjetorit t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb kaluar. Ai planifikonte t\u00eb riniste bashk\u00ebpunimin me profesorin Morey (nga Universiteti i Princetonit). Por ai i sugjeroi q\u00eb t\u00eb kontaktonte me Panofskyn dhe Sva\u017eenskin (nga Instituti i K\u00ebrkimeve Avancuar). Dhe ja, ai punon me t\u00eb tre.
\n \u2014 Duhet t\u00eb q\u00ebndroj k\u00ebtu, \u2014 shtoi ai. \u2013 Deri n\u00eb tetorin tjet\u00ebr.
\n \u2014 K\u00ebtu do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nxeht\u00eb ver\u00ebs, \u2014 i thash\u00eb.
\n \u2014 Do t\u00eb jem shum\u00eb i z\u00ebn\u00eb dhe shum\u00eb i lumtur p\u00ebr ta v\u00ebn\u00eb re k\u00ebt\u00eb.
\nK\u00ebshtu, liria nuk \u00e7on n\u00eb stagnim, por ajo p\u00ebrmban rrezikun e mbingarkes\u00ebs. Koh\u00ebt e fundit, gruaja e nj\u00eb an\u00ebtari anglez t\u00eb Institutit pyeti: \u00abA \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb punojn\u00eb deri n\u00eb dy t\u00eb nat\u00ebs?\u00bb<\/p>\n

Derisa, Instituti nuk kishte nd\u00ebrtesa t\u00eb veta. Aktualisht, matematicien\u00ebt q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb Fine Hall t\u00eb Departamentit t\u00eb Matematik\u00ebs n\u00eb Princeton; disa p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb shkencave humane ndodhen n\u00eb McCormick Hall; t\u00eb tjer\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb vende t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb qytetit. Ekonomist\u00ebt tani kan\u00eb nj\u00eb sall\u00eb n\u00eb Hotelin Princeton. Zyra ime ndodhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb zyre n\u00eb Nassau Street, mes pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb dyqaneve, dentist\u00ebve, avokat\u00ebve, mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsve t\u00eb chiropraktik\u00ebs, si dhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Universitetit t\u00eb Princeton, q\u00eb kryejn\u00eb k\u00ebrkime mbi autoritetet lokale dhe popullsin\u00eb. Brickat dhe pem\u00ebt nuk kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi, si\u00e7 e provoi presidenti Gilman n\u00eb Baltimore rreth 60 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, na mungon komunikimi me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin. Por ky defekt do t\u00eb korrigjohet kur t\u00eb na nd\u00ebrtohet nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb e quajtur Fuld Hall, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn tashm\u00eb jan\u00eb angazhuar themeluesit e institutit. Por k\u00ebtu formalisht duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb. Instituti duhet t\u00eb mbetet nj\u00eb institucion i vog\u00ebl dhe do t\u00eb p\u00ebrqafoj\u00eb iden\u00eb se kolektivi i institutit d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb ket\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb, t\u00eb ndihet i sigurt dhe t\u00eb jet\u00eb i lir\u00eb nga \u00e7\u00ebshtjet organizative dhe rutina, dhe, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb kushte p\u00ebr komunikim joformal me shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e Universitetit t\u00eb Princeton dhe njer\u00ebz t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mund t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqen n\u00eb Princeton nga rajone t\u00eb larg\u00ebta. Mes k\u00ebtyre njer\u00ebzve ishin Niels Bohr nga Kopenhaga, von Laue nga Berlini, Levi-Civita nga Roma, Andr\u00e9 Weil nga Strasburgu, Dirac dhe G. H. Hardy nga Kembrixhi, Pauli nga Zyrihu, Lema\u00eetre nga Leuven, Wade-Gery nga Oksfordi, si dhe amerikan\u00eb nga universitetet Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, Kalifornia, Universiteti Johns Hopkins dhe qendra t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb drit\u00ebs dhe edukimit.<\/p>\n

Ne b\u00ebjm\u00eb premtime, por mbajm\u00eb shpres\u00ebn se ndjekja e pand\u00ebrprer\u00eb e njohurive t\u00eb padobishme do t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. Megjithat\u00eb, ne nuk e p\u00ebrdorim k\u00ebt\u00eb argument n\u00eb mbrojtje t\u00eb institucionit. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb parajs\u00eb p\u00ebr shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt, ashtu si poet\u00ebt e muzikant\u00ebt, kan\u00eb fituar t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka si\u00e7 d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb, dhe arrijn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00ebse u jepet kjo mund\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkthimi: Sh\u00e7ekotova Jana<\/i>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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