{"id":55281,"date":"2020-01-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:23","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:23","slug":"chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7far\u00eb e b\u00ebri Lisp t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

«Gjuha m\u00eb e madhe q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb<\/i>«
\n \u2014 Alan Kay, \u00abon Lisp\u00bb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nKur McCarthy zhvilloi Lisp n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1950, ai ishte radikalisht ndryshe nga gjuh\u00ebt ekzistuese, e cila kryesorja ishte Fortran<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nLisp p\u00ebrmbante n\u00ebnt\u00eb ide t\u00eb reja:<\/p>\n

1. Kushtet (Conditionals)<\/b>. Kushtet jan\u00eb konstruktime if-then-else. Sot i perceptojm\u00eb ato si t\u00eb zakonshme. Ato u shqiptuar<\/a><\/noindex> nga McCarthy gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb Lisp. (Fortran at\u00ebher\u00eb kishte vet\u00ebm deklarata goto, t\u00eb lidhura ngusht me instruksionin e nd\u00ebrlikimit n\u00eb harduerin p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs.) McCarthy, duke qen\u00eb n\u00eb komitetin Algol, e solli kushtet n\u00eb Algol, nga ku ato u p\u00ebrhap\u00ebn n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n

2. Llojet funksionale (A function type)<\/b>. N\u00eb Lisp, funksionet jan\u00eb objekte t\u00eb klas\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb - ato jan\u00eb lloje t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, ashtu si numrat, zinxhir\u00ebt, etj., dhe kan\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsim t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb, mund t\u00eb ruhen n\u00eb variabla, mund t\u00eb kalohen si argumente, etj. <\/p>\n

3. Rekurziviteti (Recursion)<\/b>. Rrekursioni, natyrisht, ka ekzistuar si nj\u00eb koncept matematikor para Lisp-it, por Lisp ishte gjuha e par\u00eb e programimit q\u00eb e mb\u00ebshteti at\u00eb. (Kjo mund t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptohet n\u00eb krijimin e funksioneve si objekte t\u00eb klas\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb.)<\/p>\n

4. Nj\u00eb koncept i ri p\u00ebr variablat (A new concept of variables)<\/b>. N\u00eb Lisp, t\u00eb gjitha variablat jan\u00eb tregues efektiv\u00eb. Vlerat jan\u00eb ato q\u00eb kan\u00eb llojet, e jo variablat, dhe caktimi ose lidhja e variablave do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kopjimi i treguesve, e jo asaj q\u00eb ata tregojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n

5. Mbledhja e plehrave (Garbage-collection)<\/b>.<\/p>\n

6. Programet p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga shprehje (Programs composed of expressions)<\/b>. Programet n\u00eb Lisp jan\u00eb pem\u00eb shprehjesh, secila prej t\u00eb cilave kthen nj\u00eb vler\u00eb. (Disa shprehje n\u00eb Lisp mund t\u00eb kthejn\u00eb vlera t\u00eb shumta.) Kjo q\u00ebndron n\u00eb kontrast me Fortran-in dhe shum\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb suksesshme, t\u00eb cilat b\u00ebjn\u00eb dallimin midis \"shprehjeve\" dhe \"deklaratave\".<\/p>\n

Ishte natyrsh\u00ebm t\u00eb kishim nj\u00eb dallim t\u00eb till\u00eb n\u00eb Fortran, sepse gjuha ishte lineare-orientuese (nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, ku formati i inputit ishin kartat perforuese). Nuk mund t\u00eb keni deklarata t\u00eb brendshme. Dhe nd\u00ebrsa ju duhen shprehje matematikore p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar, nuk kishte kuptim q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebnit di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb kthente vler\u00eb, sepse mund t\u00eb mos kishte ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb q\u00eb priste nj\u00eb kthim.<\/p>\n

Kufizimet u hoq\u00ebn me shfaqjen e gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb strukturuara bllok, por n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb von\u00eb. Dallimi midis shprehjeve dhe deklaratave ishte tashm\u00eb i konsoliduar. Ai kaloi nga Fortran n\u00eb Algol dhe m\u00eb pas tek pasardh\u00ebsit e tyre.<\/p>\n

Kur gjuha \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar plot\u00ebsisht nga shprehje, mund t\u00eb krijoni shprehje si\u00e7 d\u00ebshiron. Mund t\u00eb shkruani ose (duke p\u00ebrdorur sintaks\u00ebn\u00a0Arc<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n

(if foo (= x 1) (= x 2))<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nose<\/p>\n
(= x (if foo 1 2))<\/code><\/pre>\n
\n7. Lloji simbol (A symbol type)<\/b>. Simbolet ndryshojn\u00eb nga vargjet, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast mund t\u00eb kontrolloni p\u00ebr barazim duke krahasuar treguesit.<\/p>\n
8. Nota p\u00ebr kodin (A notation for code)<\/b> duke p\u00ebrdorur pem\u00eb simboresh.<\/p>\n
9. E gjith\u00eb gjuha gjithmon\u00eb e disponueshme (The whole language always available)<\/b>. Nuk ka ndarje eksplicite midis koh\u00ebs s\u00eb leximit, koh\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit dhe koh\u00ebs s\u00eb ekzekutimit. Mund t\u00eb kompiloni ose ekzekutoni kodin gjat\u00eb leximit, ose t\u00eb lexoni ose ekzekutoni kodin nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb po kompiloni, ose t\u00eb lexoni ose kompiloni kodin gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit.<\/p>\n
Ekzekutimi i kodit gjat\u00eb leximin lejon p\u00ebrdoruesit t\u00eb riprogramojn\u00eb sintaks\u00ebn e Lisp-it; ekzekutimi i kodit gjat\u00eb kompilim \u00ebsht\u00eb baza p\u00ebr makrot; kompilimi gjat\u00eb ekzekutim \u00ebsht\u00eb baza p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e Lisp-it si nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb zgjerimi n\u00eb programe si Emacs; dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht, leximi gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit lejon q\u00eb programet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb duke p\u00ebrdorur s-shprehje, nj\u00eb ide e rinovuar koh\u00ebt e fundit n\u00eb XML.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrfundim<\/h4>\n
\nKur Lisp-i u shpik p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto ide ishin shum\u00eb larg praktikave t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb programimit, t\u00eb diktuara nga aparat\u00ebt e disponuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1950.<\/p>\n
Me kalimin e koh\u00ebs, gjuh\u00ebt e zakonshme, t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira n\u00eb suksesin e gjuh\u00ebve popullore, gradualisht evoluarn drejt Lisp. Pikat 1-5 tani jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura gjer\u00ebsisht. Pika 6 fillon t\u00eb shfaqet n\u00eb arsim. N\u00eb Python ka, n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, pik\u00ebn 7, megjithat\u00eb nuk ka sintaks\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme. Pika 8, e cila (bashk\u00eb me pik\u00ebn 9) b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur makrot n\u00eb Lisp, ende \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Lisp, ndoshta sepse (a) k\u00ebrkon k\u00ebto kllapa ose di\u00e7ka po aq t\u00eb keqe, dhe (b) n\u00ebse e shtoni k\u00ebt\u00eb rritje t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb thoni m\u00eb se keni shpikur nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb re, por vet\u00ebm keni zhvilluar nj\u00eb dialekt t\u00eb ri t\u00eb Lisp; -)<\/p>\n
Megjith\u00ebse kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e dobishme p\u00ebr programuesit modern\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhet Lisp n\u00eb aspektin e dallimeve t\u00eb tij nga teknik\u00eb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme t\u00eb pranuara n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb tjera. Ndoshta kjo nuk ishte ajo q\u00eb mendonte McCarthy. Lisp nuk u projektua p\u00ebr t\u00eb korrigjuar gabimet e Fortran; ai erdhi m\u00eb shum\u00eb si nj\u00eb produkt an\u00ebsor i p\u00ebrpjekjes t\u00eb aksiomatoj\u00eb llogaritjet<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
«\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f« \u2014 Alan Kay, \u00abon Lisp\u00bb \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b Lisp \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1950-\u0445, \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b Fortran. Lisp \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0439: 1. \u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (Conditionals).\u00a0\u0423\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e if-then-else \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f. \u0421\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u041c\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":55282,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47\u00c7far\u00eb e b\u00ebri Lisp t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb | ProHoster","description":"\"Gjuha m\u00eb e madhe ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb e krijuar p\u00ebr programim\" \u2014 Alan Kay, \"on Lisp\"","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sq_AL","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u043e Lisp \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c | ProHoster","og:description":""\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 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Lisp\u00bb","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/chto-sdelalo-lisp-osobennym","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-01-16T21:00:00+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-02-18T11:03:23+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"55281","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 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