{"id":73756,"date":"2020-03-11T20:42:30","date_gmt":"2020-03-11T17:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/lvi-novyj-klass-atak-na-mehanizm-spekulyativnogo-vypolneniya-v-cpu"},"modified":"2020-03-11T20:42:30","modified_gmt":"2020-03-11T17:42:30","slug":"lvi-novyj-klass-atak-na-mehanizm-spekulyativnogo-vypolneniya-v-cpu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/lvi-novyj-klass-atak-na-mehanizm-spekulyativnogo-vypolneniya-v-cpu","title":{"rendered":"LVI \u2014 nj\u00eb klas\u00eb e re sulmesh ndaj mekanizmit t\u00eb ekzekutimit spekulator n\u00eb CPU","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/security-center\/advisory\/intel-sa-00334.html\">Jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb publike<\/a><\/noindex> informacionet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb klas\u00eb t\u00eb re sulmesh <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lviattack.eu\/\">LVI<\/a><\/noindex> (Load Value Injection, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/software.intel.com\/security-software-guidance\/software-guidance\/load-value-injection\">CVE-2020-0551<\/a><\/noindex>) ndaj mekanizmit t\u00eb ekzekutimit spekulator n\u00eb CPU Intel, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr organizimin e daljes s\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsave dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave sekrete nga enklavat Intel SGX dhe proceset e tjera.<\/p>\n<p>Kjo klas\u00eb e re sulmesh bazohet n\u00eb manipulime me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat struktura mikroarkitekturale si n\u00eb sulmet <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50684\">MDS<\/a><\/noindex> (Microarchitectural Data Sampling), <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=49608\">Spectre dhe Meltdown<\/a><\/noindex>N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, sulmet e reja nuk bllokohen nga metodat aktuale t\u00eb mbrojtjes kund\u00ebr Meltdown, Spectre, MDS dhe sulmeve t\u00eb ngjashme. P\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar mbrojtje efektive kund\u00ebr LVI, k\u00ebrkohen ndryshime harduerike n\u00eb CPU. Kur organizohet mbrojtja p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb programi, duke shtuar instruksionin LFENCE pas \u00e7do operacioni t\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs nga memoria dhe duke z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar instruksionin RET me POP, LFENCE dhe JMP, ka shpenzime shum\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat studiuesit vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb se mbrojtja e plot\u00eb programore do t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb nj\u00eb ulje t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs nga 2 deri n\u00eb 19 her\u00eb. <\/p>\n<p>Pjes\u00ebrisht, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsia e bllokimit t\u00eb problemit kompensohet nga fakti se aktualisht sulmi ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb karakter teorik se sa praktike (sulmi \u00ebsht\u00eb teorikisht i mundur, por shum\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u realizuar dhe i riprodhuesh\u00ebm vet\u00ebm n\u00eb teste sintetike).<br \/>\nKompania Intel <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.intel.com\/technology\/2020\/03\/ipas-security-advisories-for-march-2020\/\">p\u00ebrcaktoi<\/a><\/noindex> problemit nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb moderuar rreziku (5.6 nga 10) dhe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/security-center\/advisory\/intel-sa-00334.html\">ka lan\u00e7uar<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsim t\u00eb firmware dhe SDK p\u00ebr mjedisin SGX, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb bllokonin sulmin p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb rruge tjet\u00ebr. Metodat e propozuara t\u00eb sulmit aktualisht jan\u00eb t\u00eb aplikueshme vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr procesor\u00ebt Intel, por nuk p\u00ebrjashtohet mund\u00ebsia e adapitimit t\u00eb LVI edhe p\u00ebr procesor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb aplikueshme sulmet e klas\u00ebs Meltdown.<\/p>\n<p>Problemi u identifikua n\u00eb prill t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb kaluar nga k\u00ebrkuesi Jo Van Bulck nga Universiteti i Leuvenit, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs, me pjes\u00ebmarrjen e 9 k\u00ebrkuesve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb nga universitete t\u00eb tjera, u zhvilluan pes\u00eb metoda baz\u00eb sulmesh, secila prej t\u00eb cilave rregullon ekzistenc\u00ebn e varianteve m\u00eb specifike <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/transient.fail\/\">variantesh<\/a><\/noindex>. Pavar\u00ebsisht, n\u00eb shkurt t\u00eb k\u00ebtij viti, k\u00ebrkuesit nga kompania Bitdefender gjithashtu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/businessinsights.bitdefender.com\/bitdefender-researchers-discover-new-side-channel-attack\">zbuluan<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb nga variantet e sulmit LVI dhe e kan\u00eb raportuar at\u00eb n\u00eb Intel. Variantet e sulmeve ndryshojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nga p\u00ebrdorimi i strukturave t\u00eb ndryshme mikroarkitekturore, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb bufferi i ruajtjes (SB, Store Buffer), bufferi i mbushjes (LFB, Line Fill Buffer), bufferi i nd\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb kontekstit FPU dhe cache i nivelit t\u00eb par\u00eb (L1D), q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb sulme si  <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=51852\">ZombieLoad<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52260\">, por ndan burimin e rrjedhjes.<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50684\">Fallout<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=48775\">LazyFP<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=49134\">Foreshadow<\/a><\/noindex> dhe <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=47856\">Meltdown<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><center><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lviattack.eu\/lvi.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"LVI - nj\u00eb klas\u00eb e re sulmesh ndaj mekanizmit t\u00eb ekzekutimit spekullativ n\u00eb CPU\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/c367a275f86969b470990eb458ec6875.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/center><\/p>\n<p> Dallimi kryesor <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/access.redhat.com\/articles\/load-value-injection-flaw\">mes<\/a><\/noindex> LVI dhe sulmeve MDS \u00ebsht\u00eb se MDS manipulojn\u00eb definimin e p\u00ebrmbajtjes s\u00eb strukturave mikroarkitekturore, q\u00eb mbeten n\u00eb cache pas trajtimit spekullativ t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtimeve (fault) ose operacioneve t\u00eb ngarkimit dhe ruajtjes, nd\u00ebrsa<br \/>\nsulmet LVI lejojn\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb sulmuesit n\u00eb strukturat mikroarkitekturore p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndikuar n\u00eb ekzekutimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm spekullativ t\u00eb kodit t\u00eb viktim\u00ebs. Me ndihm\u00ebn e k\u00ebtyre manipulimeve, sulmuesi mund t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen e strukturave t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb mbyllura n\u00eb procese t\u00eb tjera gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb kodi t\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn e synuar t\u00eb CPU.<\/p>\n<p><center><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lviattack.eu\/lvi.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"LVI - nj\u00eb klas\u00eb e re sulmesh ndaj mekanizmit t\u00eb ekzekutimit spekullativ n\u00eb CPU\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/164558b64621d92b32eb40245f7014e6.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/center><\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lviattack.eu\/lvi.pdf\">eksploitimi i problemit<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb kodin e procesit-viktim\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/software.intel.com\/security-software-guidance\/insights\/deep-dive-load-value-injection\">duhet t\u00eb takohen<\/a><\/noindex> sekuenca t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta kodi (gadgete), n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat ngarkohet nj\u00eb vler\u00eb e kontrolluar nga sulmuesi, dhe ngarkimi i k\u00ebsaj vlere shkakton shfaqjen e p\u00ebrjashtimeve (fault, abort ose assist), q\u00eb hedhin rezultatet dhe rip\u00ebrs\u00ebrisin instrukcionin. Gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtimit ndodh nj\u00eb dritare spekullative, gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ndodh rrjedhja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuara n\u00eb gadget. N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, procesori fillon t\u00eb ekzekutoj\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb spekulative nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb kodit (gadget), m\u00eb pas p\u00ebrcakton se parashikimi nuk e justifikon dhe rikthen operacionet n\u00eb gjendjen e origjin\u00ebs, por t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e p\u00ebrpunuara gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit spekullativ q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb cache L1D dhe bufferat mikroarkitekturore dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb dispozita p\u00ebr t'u nxjerr\u00eb prej tyre duke p\u00ebrdorur metoda t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr p\u00ebrcaktimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mbet\u00ebse p\u00ebrmes kanaleve an\u00ebsore.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrjashtimi \u00abassist\u00bb, ndryshe nga \u00abfault\u00bb, p\u00ebrprocessohet brenda procesorit pa thirrje n\u00eb trajtuesit programor\u00eb. Assist mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, kur \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsohet biti A (Accessed) ose D (Dirty) n\u00eb tabel\u00ebn e faqeve t\u00eb memories. V\u00ebshtir\u00ebsia kryesore n\u00eb zhvillimin e nj\u00eb sulmi ndaj proceseve t\u00eb tjera q\u00ebndron n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e inicimit t\u00eb ndodhis\u00eb s\u00eb assist, duke manipuluar procesin e viktim\u00ebs. Aktualisht, nuk ekzistojn\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb besueshme p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb, por n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen nuk p\u00ebrjashtohet gjetja e tyre. Mund\u00ebsia e kryerjes s\u00eb sulmit deri tani \u00ebsht\u00eb konfirmuar vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr enklavat Intel SGX, nd\u00ebrsa skenar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb jan\u00eb teorik\u00eb ose t\u00eb riprodukuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb kushte sintetike (k\u00ebrkohet shtimi i pajisjeve t\u00eb caktuara n\u00eb kod).<\/p>\n<p><center><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lviattack.eu\/lvi.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"LVI - nj\u00eb klas\u00eb e re sulmesh ndaj mekanizmit t\u00eb ekzekutimit spekullativ n\u00eb CPU\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/25916ac2d7df502276a5feaa50deda57.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/center><\/p>\n<p><center><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lviattack.eu\/lvi.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"LVI - nj\u00eb klas\u00eb e re sulmesh ndaj mekanizmit t\u00eb ekzekutimit spekullativ n\u00eb CPU\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/57202000ccc222ee6cd4404406f4b2c0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/center><\/p>\n<p>Vektor\u00ebt e mundsh\u00ebm t\u00eb sulmeve:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Shkarkimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nga strukturat e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs n\u00eb procesin e nivelit p\u00ebrdorues. Mbrojtja ekzistuese n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn Linux kund\u00ebr sulmeve t\u00eb klas\u00ebs Spectre 1, si dhe mekanizmi i mbrojtes SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention), redukton ndjesh\u00ebm probabilitetin e sulmit LVI. Shtimi i nj\u00eb mbrojtjeje t\u00eb gjithanshme n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm n\u00eb rast se n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen zbulohen metoda m\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer sulmin LVI.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shkarkimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave midis proceseve t\u00eb ndryshme. P\u00ebr sulmin k\u00ebrkohet t\u00eb ket\u00eb disa fragmente kodi n\u00eb aplikacion dhe p\u00ebrcaktimi i metod\u00ebs s\u00eb formimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtimit n\u00eb procesin e targetuar.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shkarkimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nga ambienti host n\u00eb sistemin e mysafir\u00ebve. Sulmi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kategorin\u00eb e atyre shum\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara, q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb realizimin e hapave t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u realizuar dhe parashikimin e aktiviteve n\u00eb sistem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Shkarkimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave midis proceseve n\u00eb sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb mysafir\u00ebve. Vektori i sulmit \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me organizimin e shkarkimeve t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave midis proceseve t\u00eb ndryshme, por gjithashtu k\u00ebrkon kryerjen e manipulimeve t\u00eb komplikuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb anashkaluar izolimin midis sistemeve t\u00eb mysafir\u00ebve.\n<\/ul>\n<p>K\u00ebrkuesit kan\u00eb publikuar <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bitdefender\/lvi-lfb-attack-poc\">disa<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/jovanbulck\/sgx-step\/tree\/master\/app\/lvi\">prototipe<\/a><\/noindex> me demonstruar parimet e kryerjes s\u00eb sulmit, por ato ende nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorshme p\u00ebr realizimin e sulmeve reale. Shembulli i par\u00eb lejon q\u00eb t\u00eb ri-direktohet ekzekutimi spekulativ i kodit n\u00eb procesin e viktim\u00ebs n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me programimin e orientuar nga kthimi (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=48730#rop\">ROP<\/a><\/noindex>, Programimi i Orientuar ndaj Kthimit). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb shembull, viktima \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb proces i p\u00ebrgatitur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban pajisjet e nevojshme (aplikimi i sulmit n\u00eb procese t\u00eb jashtme reale \u00ebsht\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsuar). Shembulli i dyt\u00eb lejon nd\u00ebrhyrjen n\u00eb llogaritjet gjat\u00eb enkriptimit AES brenda enklav\u00ebs Intel SGX dhe organizimin e rrjedhjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit spekullativ t\u00eb instrukcioneve p\u00ebr t\u00eb rikuperuar vler\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr enkriptimin e \u00e7el\u00ebsit.<\/p>\n<p><center><br \/>\n<div class=\"youtube-placeholder\" data-id=\"goy8XRXFlh4\" onclick=\"loadVideo(this)\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/goy8XRXFlh4\/hqdefault.jpg\" alt=\"Luaj videon\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;\">\r\n        <div class=\"play-button\"><\/div>\r\n    <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Burimi: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52517\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a LVI (Load Value Injection, CVE-2020-0551) \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 CPU Intel, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0435\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432 Intel SGX \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0445 MDS (Microarchitectural Data Sampling), Spectre [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":73757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-73756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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