Ose t\u00eb shkoni, p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb faqen<\/a><\/noindex> mobilon.ru<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
dhe n\u00eb fund t\u00eb faqes (n\u00eb fund) do t\u00eb shihni adres\u00ebn ip t\u00eb routerit tuaj.<\/p>\n
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P\u00ebr shembull, ja un\u00eb hyra nga interneti i sht\u00ebpis\u00eb: Si e shihni, n\u00eb fakt kam<\/strong> adres\u00ebn ip gri 172.17.132.2<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
(shih. diapazoni i adresave lokale). P\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur nj\u00eb adres\u00eb ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb, ofruesit zakonisht ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim shtes\u00eb me tarif\u00eb abonimi. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, p\u00ebr internetin e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kritike. Por,<\/strong>p\u00ebr zyrat e kompanive rekomandohet t\u00eb blini nga ofruesi sakt\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb adres\u00eb ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb,<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
sepse p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb adrese ip gri shkakton probleme me funksionimin e telefonis\u00eb ip, si dhe nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb konfiguroni lidhjen e larg\u00ebt p\u00ebrmes VPN. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, adresa ip gri nuk do t'ju lejoj\u00eb t\u00eb nxirrni serverin tuaj t\u00eb konfiguruar n\u00eb internet dhe nuk do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb t\u00eb konfiguroni lidhjen e larg\u00ebt n\u00eb server nga nj\u00eb rrjet tjet\u00ebr.<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
3. NATAktualisht, problemi i munges\u00ebs s\u00eb adresave IP t\u00eb bardha \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsuar.<\/em>Prandaj, skema e zakonshme e lidhjes p\u00ebr ofruesit e internetit tani \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb lidhin shum\u00eb klient\u00eb me adresa IP t\u00eb err\u00ebta, dhe p\u00ebr n\u00eb internetin global t'i nxjerrin ato n\u00ebn nj\u00eb IP t\u00eb bardh\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Por nuk ka qen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb k\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve iu jepeshin adresat IP t\u00eb bardha, dhe shpejt, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur problemin e munges\u00ebs s\u00eb adresave IP t\u00eb bardha, u shpik... NAT (Network Address Translation) \u2014 mekanizmi i ndryshimit t\u00eb adresave IP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
NAT<\/strong> funksionon n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha router-\u00ebt dhe na lejon t\u00eb dalim n\u00eb internetin global nga rrjeti yn\u00eb lokal.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar m\u00eb mir\u00eb, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb dy raste:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
1. Rasti i par\u00eb:<\/strong> keni bler\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb bardh\u00eb 91.105.8.10<\/strong> dhe n\u00eb rrjetin lokal jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhur disa pajisje.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u00c7do pajisje lokale ka adres\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb err\u00ebt. Por dalja n\u00eb internet \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur vet\u00ebm me adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb bardh\u00eb.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Pra, kur, p\u00ebr shembull, PC1 me adres\u00ebn IP 192.168.1.3 d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb hyj\u00eb n\u00eb motorin e k\u00ebrkimit Yandex, at\u00ebher\u00eb router-i, duke l\u00ebshuar k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn nga PC1 n\u00eb internetin global, aktivizon mekanizmin NAT<\/strong>, i cili q\u00eb p\u00ebrkthen adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb PC1 n\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb bardh\u00eb globale 91.105.8.10<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Po ashtu dhe n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, kur router-i merr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje nga serveri i Yandex-it, ai me ndihm\u00ebn e mekanizmit NAT<\/strong> d\u00ebrgon k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje n\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP 192.168.1.3, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhur PC1.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2. Rasti i dyt\u00eb:<\/strong> keni gjithashtu n\u00eb rrjetin lokal disa pajisje t\u00eb lidhura, por nuk keni bler\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb bardh\u00eb nga ofruesi i internetit.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, adresa lokale PC1(192.168.1.3)<\/strong> fillimisht p\u00ebrkthehet NAT<\/strong>'t\u00eb router-it tuaj dhe shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb err\u00ebt 172.17.115.3<\/strong>, q\u00eb ju \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb nga ofruesi i internetit, dhe m\u00eb pas adresa IP e err\u00ebt tuaj p\u00ebrkthehet NAT<\/strong>nga router-i i ofruesit n\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb bardh\u00eb 91.105.108.10<\/strong>, dhe vet\u00ebm pas k\u00ebsaj realizohet dalja n\u00eb internet (rrjetin global).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Pra, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast del se pajisjet tuaja jan\u00eb pas dyfisht\u00eb NAT<\/strong>dhe.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Kjo skem\u00eb ka nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb siguris\u00eb p\u00ebr pajisjet tuaja, por gjithashtu ka disa disavantazhe t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. P\u00ebr shembull, regjistrimi i papast\u00ebr i SIP p\u00ebr pajisjet VoIP ose d\u00ebgjimi n\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim gjat\u00eb thirrjeve VoIP.<\/p>\n
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M\u00eb shum\u00eb detaje mbi funksionimin e mekanizmit NAT<\/strong>, mbi p\u00ebrfitimet dhe disavantazhet e tij, ndarjen e porteve, soketat dhe llojet NAT<\/strong> do ta shkruaj nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
4. DHCP \u2014 serveri dhe n\u00ebnrrjetet<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur nj\u00eb pajisje, p\u00ebr shembull, kompjuterin n\u00eb internet, zakonisht thjesht lidhni kabllon (twisted pair) n\u00eb kompjuter dhe pastaj n\u00eb portin e lir\u00eb n\u00eb router, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs kompjuteri automatizisht merr nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP dhe del n\u00eb internet. <\/p>\n
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Po ashtu, me Wi-Fi, p\u00ebr shembull nga nj\u00eb smartphone ose laptop, lidheni me rrjetin q\u00eb keni nevoj\u00eb, futni fjal\u00ebkalimin, pajisja merr adres\u00ebn IP dhe keni internet.<\/p>\n
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A \u00e7far\u00eb lejon pajisjen t\u00eb marr\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP lokale automatikisht?<\/strong>Server DHCP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u00c7do router \u00ebsht\u00eb i pajisur me server DHCP.<\/strong>. Adresat IP q\u00eb merren automatikisht jan\u00eb adresa IP dinamike.<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Pse dinamike?<\/p>\n
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Sepse, me \u00e7do lidhje t\u00eb re ose rimekembje t\u00eb router-it, Server DHCP<\/strong> ato rimek\u00ebmben gjithashtu dhe mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjellin pajisjeve adresa IP t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Pra, p\u00ebrshembull, tani kompjuteri juaj ka adres\u00ebn IP 192.168.1.10<\/strong>, pas rimekembjes s\u00eb router-it, adresa IP e kompjuterit mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet 192.168.1.35<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb adresa IP t\u00eb mos ndryshoj\u00eb, ajo mund t\u00eb caktohet statishtike.<\/strong>Kjo mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet, si n\u00eb kompjuterin n\u00eb cil\u00ebsimet e rrjetit, ashtu dhe n\u00eb vet\u00eb router-in.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Po ashtu, Server DHCP<\/strong> n\u00eb router mund t\u00eb \u00e7aktivizoni dhe t\u00eb caktoni adresat IP manualisht.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Mund t\u00eb konfigurohen disa servera DHCP<\/strong> n\u00eb nj\u00eb router. At\u00ebher\u00eb rrjeti lokal do t\u00eb ndahet n\u00eb n\u00ebndarje.<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr shembull, kompjuter\u00ebt do t\u00eb lidhen me n\u00ebndarjen zero n\u00eb gam\u00ebn 192.168.0.2-192.168.0.255, printer\u00ebt me n\u00ebndarjen e par\u00eb n\u00eb gam\u00ebn 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255, dhe Wi-Fi do ta ndajm\u00eb n\u00eb n\u00ebndarjen e pest\u00eb me gam\u00ebn 192.168.5.2-192.168.5.255 (shihni diagramin m\u00eb posht\u00eb).<\/p>\n
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Zakonisht, ndarja sipas n\u00ebndarseve nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme. Kjo b\u00ebhet kur kompania ka nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh pajisjesh q\u00eb lidhen me rrjetin dhe gjat\u00eb konfigurimit t\u00eb siguris\u00eb n\u00eb rrjet.<\/p>\n
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Por nj\u00eb skem\u00eb e till\u00eb ndodh shum\u00eb shpesh n\u00eb kompani.
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Kujdes!<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr ta kuptuar, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull:<\/p>\n
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Supozoni se punoni n\u00eb PC1<\/strong> me adres\u00ebn lokale IP 10.10.5.2<\/strong> dhe d\u00ebshironi t\u00eb hyni n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web t\u00eb telefonit IP,<\/strong> me adres\u00ebn lokale IP 192.168.1.3<\/strong>, at\u00ebher\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb lidheni. Sepse pajisjet ndodhen n\u00eb n\u00ebndarje t\u00eb ndryshme. Tek telefonin IP, q\u00eb ndodhet n\u00eb n\u00ebndarjen 192.168.1.X<\/strong>, mund t\u00eb lidheni vet\u00ebm nga PC3 (192.168.1.5).<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Po ashtu dhe me MFP (172.17.17.12),<\/strong> do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb lidheni vet\u00ebm nga PC4 (172.17.17.10).<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Prandaj, kur lidheni n\u00eb distanc\u00eb me p\u00ebrdoruesin n\u00eb PC, p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web t\u00eb telefonit IP, sigurohuni s\u00eb pari t\u00eb kontrolloni adresat IP lokale t\u00eb tyre, p\u00ebr t'u siguruar q\u00eb t\u00eb dy pajisjet jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin n\u00ebnrrjet.<\/p>\n
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5. Pajisjet e ruterimit t\u00eb rrjetit (Router, Switch, Hub)<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
Si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme, ka nj\u00eb fakt q\u00eb fillestar\u00ebt n\u00eb IT (ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe administrator\u00ebt ekzistues t\u00eb sistemeve) nuk din\u00eb ose ngat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb koncepte si router, switch, port\u00eb rrjeti dhe hub<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Mendoj se arsyeja e k\u00ebtij konfuzioni \u00ebsht\u00eb se jan\u00eb krijuar sinonime dhe xhargon n\u00eb emrat e pajisjeve t\u00eb rrjetit dhe kjo tani ngat\u00ebrrohet shum\u00eb inxhinier\u00eb fillestar\u00eb.<\/p>\n
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Le t\u00eb merremi me k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n
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a) Router, ruter dhe port\u00eb rrjeti<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
T\u00eb gjith\u00eb e din\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb router<\/strong>. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht ai pajisje q\u00eb shp\u00ebrndan internetin n\u00eb ambient, t\u00eb lidhur nga ofruesi i sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb internetit.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Pra, ruter dhe port\u00eb rrjeti jan\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht router<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Kjo pajisje \u00ebsht\u00eb pajisja kryesore n\u00eb organizimin e rrjetit. N\u00eb ambientin inxhinierik, emri m\u00eb i p\u00ebrdorur \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201crouteri<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Dhe, p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn, nj\u00eb router mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb pajisje shtes\u00eb, por gjithashtu edhe nj\u00eb bllok sistemi kompjuterik, n\u00ebse instaloni aty nj\u00eb kart\u00eb rrjeti t\u00eb dyt\u00eb dhe instaloni, p\u00ebr shembull, RouterOS Mikrotik. Pasi ta konfigurosh rrjetin n\u00eb shum\u00eb pajisje me ndihm\u00ebn e nj\u00eb switch.<\/p>\n
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b) \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb Switch dhe \u00e7far\u00eb e ndan at\u00eb nga Komutatori dhe Hubi<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Switch dhe Komutator<\/strong> jan\u00eb gjithashtu sinonime<\/strong>. Ja hub<\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje ndryshe. P\u00ebr t\u00eb, n\u00eb pik\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr (v).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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Komutatori (switch)<\/strong> sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb rrjetin lokal. Si nj\u00eb tredh\u00ebse ose filtrin e rrjetit, ku ne lidhim pajisjet tona, p\u00ebr t'i furnizuar ato me energji elektrike nga nj\u00eb priz\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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Komutatori nuk mund t\u00eb ruterizoj\u00eb rrjetin si routeri<\/strong>. Ai nuk do t'i ndan\u00eb pajisjes tuaj nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP dhe pa ndihm\u00ebn e routerit, nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb internet.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb router standard zakonisht ka 4-5 porte p\u00ebr lidhjen e pajisjeve. Prandaj, n\u00ebse pajisjet tuaja jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me tela dhe jan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se portet n\u00eb router, do t'ju nevojitet nj\u00eb switch. Mund t\u00eb lidhni nj\u00eb switch me 24 porte n\u00eb nj\u00eb port t\u00eb router-it dhe leht\u00ebsisht t\u00eb organizoni nj\u00eb rrjet lokal p\u00ebr 24 pajisje.<\/p>\n
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Dhe, n\u00ebse keni nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr router, at\u00ebher\u00eb mund ta aktivizoni modin e komutatorit n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen e tij web dhe ta p\u00ebrdorni gjithashtu si switch.<\/p>\n
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c) Hub<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Hub<\/strong> kryen t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat funksione si nj\u00eb switch. Por teknologjia e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb tij \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e vjetruar dhe tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00eb funksioni.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Hub<\/strong> distribuon paketat q\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga routeri p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha pajisjet e lidhura pa ndonj\u00eb diferencim, nd\u00ebrsa pajisjet vet\u00eb duhet t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb kjo paketa e tyre apo jo.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
A switch ka nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb MAC<\/strong> dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye shp\u00ebrndan paketat q\u00eb vijn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje specifike, e cila e ka k\u00ebrkuar k\u00ebt\u00eb paket\u00eb. Si rezultat shk\u00ebmbimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/strong> me switch \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb efikas<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Aktualisht, gjen raritet p\u00ebrdorimin e hubit<\/strong>, por megjithat\u00eb ata ende ndodhen, prandaj duhet t\u00eb jemi gati dhe t\u00eb rekomandojm\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit nj\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim t\u00eb hubit me nj\u00eb switch.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
6. Komandat kryesore p\u00ebr analiz\u00ebn e rrjetit<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
a) Komanda Ping<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar n\u00ebse nj\u00eb IP adres\u00eb ose pajisje \u00ebsht\u00eb aktive, mund ta \"pingojm\u00eb\".IP adresa<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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K\u00ebtu ne \"pingojm\u00eb\" serverin DNS t\u00eb Google dhe, si\u00e7 e shohim, serveri \u00ebsht\u00eb aktiv (p\u00ebrgjigja ndaj ping-ut ekziston dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb 83 ms).<\/p>\n
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N\u00ebse adresati nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i disponuesh\u00ebm ose kjo IP adres\u00eb nuk ekziston, do t\u00eb shohim nj\u00eb sken\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb:<\/p>\n
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Pra, nuk marrim p\u00ebrgjigje ndaj ping-ut.<\/p>\n
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Por Ping<\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e dobishme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret me \u00e7el\u00ebsa:-t<\/strong> -\"pingojm\u00eb\" vazhdimisht (p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar, shtypim kombinimin Ctrl+C)-a<\/strong> -t\u00eb shfaqim emrin e \"pinguar\" t\u00eb nodit (website\/pajisje\/server)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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Sipas k\u00ebsaj, \u00e7el\u00ebsi \"-a<\/strong>\" na tregoi se emri i nodit q\u00eb po pingojm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \"dns.google\".-t<\/strong>\" ping-u shkoi pa nd\u00ebrprerje, e ndalova duke shtypur Ctrl+C.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Me ping-un e vazhduesh\u00ebm mund t\u00eb shohim n\u00ebse nodi q\u00eb po pingojm\u00eb sillet si\u00e7 duhet dhe cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb linj\u00ebs internet.<\/p>\n
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Si\u00e7 e shohim nga screenshot-i, nganj\u00ebher\u00eb kan\u00eb ndodhur vonesa t\u00eb pranuara deri n\u00eb 418 ms, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb mjaft kritike, pasi nj\u00eb skakaje nga 83 ms n\u00eb 418 ms do t\u00eb reflektonte n\u00eb videokeq\u00ebsin\u00eb me ngadal\u00ebsim\/ngrohje t\u00eb imazhit ose n\u00eb IP telefonin\u00eb me degradimin e cil\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb z\u00ebrit.<\/p>\n
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N\u00eb rastin tim, p\u00ebrn\u00ebrisht, ndoshta problemi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb Internetin tim sht\u00ebpiak.
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Kujdes!<\/strong> Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb router-e \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7aktivizuar d\u00ebrgimi i ICMP<\/strong> paketash (disa e \u00e7aktivizojn\u00eb q\u00ebllimisht, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb disa raste nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizuar si parazgjedhje), n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, n\u00eb "pings" ky nyje nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet, megjithat\u00eb vet\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb aktiv dhe do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb normalisht n\u00eb rrjet.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi tjet\u00ebr e \"ping\" \u00ebsht\u00eb merrni se se cili ip adresi fshihet pas domenit t\u00eb faqes<\/strong>. Pra, n\u00eb cilin server \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar hosti i faqes.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, thjesht n\u00eb vend t\u00eb ip adres\u00ebs shkruajm\u00eb faqen:<\/p>\n
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Si\u00e7 e shihni, ip adresa e Habr\u00ebs 178.248.237.68<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
b) Rrug\u00ebzimi<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb shihni se cila \u00ebsht\u00eb rruga q\u00eb ndjek paketa deri te nj\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb caktuar.programi i rrug\u00ebzimit ndihmon t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00eb cilin hap kjo paket\u00eb ngec<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
N\u00eb sistemin operativ Windows, ky program thirret me komand\u00ebn \u201ctracert\u201d ip adres\u00eb<\/strong> ose domeni:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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K\u00ebtu kemi par\u00eb p\u00ebrmes cilave nyje kalon k\u00ebrkesa jon\u00eb, p\u00ebrpara se t\u00eb arrij\u00eb te serveri ya.ru<\/p>\n
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N\u00eb OS Linux<\/strong> ky program thirret me komand\u00ebn traceroute<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Programi i rrug\u00ebzimit gjithashtu disponohet n\u00eb disa pajisje, ruter\u00eb ose porta VoIP.<\/p>\n
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c) Programi whois<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Ky program lejon t\u00eb m\u00ebsosh t\u00eb gjith\u00eb informacionin rreth ip adres\u00ebs ose mbi regjistruesin e domenit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr shembull, le t\u00eb kontrollojm\u00eb ip adres\u00ebn 145.255.1.71<\/strong>. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, un\u00eb hy n\u00eb terminal me komand\u00ebn whois 145.255.1.71<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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Mora informacionin rreth ofruesit t\u00eb ip adres\u00ebs, vendin, qytetin, adres\u00ebn, diapazonin etj.<\/p>\n
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Un\u00eb e p\u00ebrdor at\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Linux. Programi shkarkohet dhe instalohet leht\u00eb nga depo standarde e sistemit operativ.<\/p>\n
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Por kam d\u00ebgjuar gjithashtu se ka zgjidhje t\u00eb ngjashme edhe n\u00eb Windows.<\/p>\n
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7. Protocollet e transportit TCP dhe UDP<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
T\u00eb gjitha transmetimet e k\u00ebrkesave dhe pranimi i p\u00ebrgjigjeve midis pajisjeve n\u00eb rrjet b\u00ebhen p\u00ebrmes protokolleve t\u00eb transportit TCP dhe UDP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Protokolli TCP garanton dor\u00ebzimin e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs dhe integritetin e transmetimit t\u00eb saj.<\/strong> Ai kontrollon paraprakisht q\u00eb nyja \u00ebsht\u00eb e arritshme para se t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb paket\u00ebn. Dhe n\u00ebse gjat\u00eb rrug\u00ebs integriteti i paket\u00ebs do t\u00eb d\u00ebmtohej, at\u00ebher\u00eb TCP<\/strong> do t\u00eb plot\u00ebsoj\u00eb komponent\u00ebt e munguar.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll q\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa juaj t\u00eb arrij\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb korrekte te destinacioni.<\/p>\n
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Prandaj TCP<\/strong> Protokolli m\u00eb i p\u00ebrhapur t\u00eb transportit. Ai p\u00ebrdoret kur p\u00ebrdoruesi navigon n\u00eb internet, shfleton faqet, sh\u00ebrbimet, rrjetet sociale etj.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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UDP<\/strong> protokolli nuk ka nj\u00eb dor\u00ebzim t\u00eb garantuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, si TCP<\/strong>. Ai nuk kontrollon disponueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e nyj\u00ebs p\u00ebrfundimtare para d\u00ebrgimit dhe nuk plot\u00ebson paket\u00ebn n\u00eb rast t\u00eb degradimit t\u00eb saj. N\u00ebse ndonj\u00eb paket\u00eb ose disa paketa humbin gjat\u00eb rrug\u00ebs, mesazhi do t\u00eb arrij\u00eb te destinacioni n\u00eb at\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb paplot\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Pse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme UDP?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Fakti \u00ebsht\u00eb se ky protokoll transporti ka nj\u00eb avantazh t\u00eb madh n\u00eb krahasim me TCP<\/strong> n\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Prandaj UDP p\u00ebrdoret gjer\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e paketave t\u00eb z\u00ebrit dhe videove n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale<\/strong>. Sidomos n\u00eb telefonin\u00eb IP dhe thirrjet video.UDP<\/strong>. Po ashtu ndodh edhe p\u00ebr thirrjet video, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebrmes Skype-it ose aplikacioneve t\u00eb tjera si WhatsApp dhe Viber.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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N\u00eb fakt, p\u00ebr shkak se UDP nuk garanton transmetimin absolut t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe integritetin e paket\u00ebs s\u00eb d\u00ebrguar, shpeshher\u00eb ndodhin probleme gjat\u00eb thirrjeve p\u00ebrmes internetit.
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Ky problem ndodh p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb kanaleve internetike, NAT-it t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb ose transmetimit radio.<\/p>\n
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N\u00eb raste t\u00eb tilla, do t\u00eb ishte mir\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorni TCP<\/strong>, por fatkeq\u00ebsisht, p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e z\u00ebrit nevojitet transmetim i menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm i paketave t\u00eb plota, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb detyr\u00eb ideal \u00ebsht\u00eb UDP<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ket\u00eb probleme me p\u00ebrdorimin e UDP<\/strong> protokollit, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme thjesht t\u00eb organizoni nj\u00eb kanal interneti cil\u00ebsor. Gjithashtu, t\u00eb konfiguroni n\u00eb router nj\u00eb brez t\u00eb dedikuar p\u00ebr UDP<\/strong>, q\u00eb ngarkesa nga pajisjet e tjera q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin TCP<\/strong> t\u00eb mos pengoj\u00eb funksionimin e protokollit t\u00eb transportit. UDP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Nuk kam dashur ta ngarkoj artikullin dhe ta kopjoj definicionet shkencore t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha terminologjive t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura, ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr to, thjesht gjejini online.<\/p>\n
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Kam p\u00ebrpiluar 7 momentet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, sipas mendimit tim, njohja e t\u00eb cilave mund t'i ndihmoj\u00eb nj\u00eb 'IT-shkac' t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb etap\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb intervistave p\u00ebr pozitat 'IT' ose t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit se di m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues i zakonsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n
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Studioni, b\u00ebni sh\u00ebnime. Shpresoj q\u00eb ky artikull t\u00eb jet\u00eb i dobish\u00ebm p\u00ebr shum\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e 80% \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e IT-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 it-\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 80%, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e IT-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0438, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":73868,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-73867","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t