mobilon.ru<\/a><\/noindex> dhe n\u00eb fund t\u00eb faqes (n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb) do t\u00eb shihni adres\u00ebn ip t\u00eb router-it tuaj.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr shembull, un\u00eb hyra nga interneti i sht\u00ebpis\u00eb:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Si e shihni, n\u00eb fakt kam adres\u00ebn ip gri 172.17.132.2<\/strong> (shihni gam\u00ebn e adresave lokale). P\u00ebr lidhjen e adres\u00ebs ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb, zakonisht ofruesit ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim shtes\u00eb me nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb abonimi.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
N\u00eb fakt, p\u00ebr internetin e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kritike. Por p\u00ebr zyrat e kompanive rekomandohet t\u00eb bleni prej ofruesit nj\u00eb adres\u00eb ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb<\/strong>, pasi p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb adrese ip gri sjell probleme me funksionimin e telefonis\u00eb ip, si dhe nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb konfiguroni lidhjen remote p\u00ebrmes VPN. Do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se adresa ip gri nuk do t'ju lejoj\u00eb t\u00eb nxirrni n\u00eb internet serverin tuaj t\u00eb konfigurur dhe nuk do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb t\u00eb konfiguroni lidhjen remote n\u00eb server nga nj\u00eb rrjet tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
3. NAT<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
N\u00eb seksionin e m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm theksova se \u201caktualisht ka nj\u00eb kriz\u00eb t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb adresave ip t\u00eb bardha<\/em>prandaj skema e zakonshme e lidhjes me ofruesit e internetit tani \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb lidhin shum\u00eb klient\u00eb me adresat gri ip dhe t\u00eb nxjerrin ata n\u00eb internetin global n\u00ebn nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt t\u00eb bardh\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Por k\u00ebshtu nuk ka qen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb, fillimisht t\u00eb gjith\u00eb merrnin adresat ip t\u00eb bardha, dhe s\u00eb shpejti, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur kriz\u00ebn e munges\u00ebs s\u00eb adresave ip t\u00eb bardha, u shpik NAT (Network Address Translation) \u2014 mekanizmi i konvertimit t\u00eb adresave ip<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
NAT<\/strong> punon n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha router\u00ebt dhe na lejon t\u00eb dalim nga rrjeti lokal n\u00eb at\u00eb global.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb dy shembuj:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
1. Rasti i par\u00eb:<\/strong> keni bler\u00eb adres\u00ebn ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb 91.105.8.10<\/strong> dhe n\u00eb rrjetin lokal jan\u00eb lidhur disa pajisje.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u00c7do pajisje lokale ka adres\u00ebn e saj gri ip. Por lidhja n\u00eb internet \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur vet\u00ebm me adres\u00ebn ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Prandaj, kur, p\u00ebr shembull, PC1 me adres\u00ebn ip 192.168.1.3 vendosi t\u00eb hyj\u00eb n\u00eb motorin e k\u00ebrkimit Yandex, router-i, duke l\u00ebshuar k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn e PC1 n\u00eb rrjetin global, aktivizon mekanizmin NAT<\/strong>, i cili konverton adres\u00ebn ip t\u00eb PC1 n\u00eb adres\u00ebn globale ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb 91.105.8.10.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Po ashtu n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, kur router-i merr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje nga serveri Yandex, ai me ndihm\u00ebn e mekanizmit NAT<\/strong> d\u00ebrgon k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje n\u00eb adres\u00ebn ip 192.168.1.3, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhur PC1.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
2. Rasti i dyt\u00eb:<\/strong> n\u00eb rrjetin lokal keni gjithashtu lidhur disa pajisje, por nuk keni bler\u00eb adres\u00ebn ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb nga ofruesi i internetit.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast adresa lokale PC1(192.168.1.3)<\/strong> m\u00eb par\u00eb kthehet NAT<\/strong>e ruterit tuaj dhe shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb adres\u00ebn gri ip 172.17.115.3<\/strong>, q\u00eb ju ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb ofruesi i internetit, dhe m\u00eb pas adresa juaj gri ip kthehet NAT<\/strong>nd\u00ebrmjet routerit t\u00eb ofruesit n\u00eb adres\u00ebn ip t\u00eb bardh\u00eb 91.105.108.10<\/strong>, dhe vet\u00ebm pas k\u00ebsaj b\u00ebhet lidhja n\u00eb internet (n\u00eb rrjetin global).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Do t\u00eb thot\u00eb, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast rezulton se pajisjet tuaja ndodhen prapa dyfisht\u00eb NAT<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Kjo skem\u00eb ka nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb siguris\u00eb p\u00ebr pajisjet tuaja, por gjithashtu ka nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb disavantazhesh t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. P\u00ebr shembull, regjistrimi i pap\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm SIP p\u00ebr pajisjet VoIP ose nd\u00ebrlikimi me d\u00ebgjimin nj\u00ebansh\u00ebm gjat\u00eb telefonatave p\u00ebrmes telefonis\u00eb ip.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
M\u00eb n\u00eb detaje mbi funksionimin e mekanizmit NAT<\/strong>, mbi p\u00ebrfitimet dhe disavantazhet e tij, mbi ndarjen e portave, mbi socketet dhe llojet NAT<\/strong> do t\u00eb shkruaj nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
4. DHCP \u2014 serveri dhe subnetet<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur nj\u00eb pajisje, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter, me internetin, zakonisht thjesht lidhni kabllon (\u00e7ifti t\u00eb twistuar) n\u00eb kompjuter dhe pastaj n\u00eb nj\u00eb port t\u00eb lir\u00eb n\u00eb router, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs kompjuteri merr automatikisht nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP dhe krijohet lidhja me internetin. <\/p>\n
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Ajo vlen edhe p\u00ebr Wi-Fi, p\u00ebr shembull me nj\u00eb smartphone ose laptop, ju lidheni me rrjetin q\u00eb d\u00ebshironi, shkruani fjal\u00ebkalimin, pajisja merr adres\u00ebn IP dhe ju keni akses n\u00eb internet.<\/p>\n
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Dhe cili lejon pajisjes t\u00eb marr\u00eb automatikisht nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP lokale?<\/strong>Serveri DHCP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u00c7do router \u00ebsht\u00eb i pajisur me server DHCP<\/strong>. Adresat IP t\u00eb marra automatikisht jan\u00eb adresa IP dinamike<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Pse dinamike?<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Sepse, me \u00e7do lidhje t\u00eb re ose rinisjen e routerit, Serveri DHCP<\/strong> aji riniset gjithashtu dhe mund t'u jap\u00eb pajisjeve adresa IP t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebr shembull, aktualisht kompjuteri juaj ka adres\u00ebn IP 192.168.1.10<\/strong>, pas rinisjes s\u00eb routerit, adresa IP e kompjuterit mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet 192.168.1.35<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb mos e ndryshuar adres\u00ebn IP, ajo mund t\u00eb vendoset n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb statike<\/strong>. Kjo mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet si n\u00eb kompjuter nga cil\u00ebsimet e rrjetit, ashtu edhe n\u00eb vet\u00eb routerin.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Po ashtu, Serveri DHCP<\/strong> n\u00eb router mund t\u00eb \u00e7aktivizoni dhe t\u00eb caktoni adresat IP manualisht.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Mund t\u00eb konfigurohen disa server DHCP<\/strong> n\u00eb nj\u00eb router. Pastaj, rrjeti lokal do t\u00eb ndahen n\u00eb n\u00ebnrrjeta<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr shembull, do t\u00eb lidhim kompjuter\u00ebt n\u00eb n\u00ebnrrjetin zero n\u00eb intervalin 192.168.0.2-192.168.0.255, printer\u00ebt n\u00eb n\u00ebnrrjetin e par\u00eb n\u00eb intervalin 192.168.1.2-192.168.1.255, dhe Wi-Fi do ta ndajm\u00eb n\u00eb n\u00ebnrrjetin e pest\u00eb me intervalin 192.168.5.2-192.168.5.255 (shih skem\u00ebn m\u00eb posht\u00eb)<\/p>\n
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Zakonisht, ndarja sipas n\u00ebnrrjetave nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme. Kjo b\u00ebhet kur n\u00eb kompani ka shum\u00eb pajisje q\u00eb lidhen me rrjetin dhe gjat\u00eb konfigurimit t\u00eb siguris\u00eb rrjet\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
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Por nj\u00eb skem\u00eb e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e zakonshme n\u00eb kompani.
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Kujdes!<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar, le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull:<\/p>\n
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Supozoni q\u00eb punoni n\u00eb PC1<\/strong> me adres\u00ebn IP lokale 10.10.5.2<\/strong> dhe d\u00ebshironi t\u00eb hyni n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web e telefonit IP<\/strong> me adres\u00ebn IP lokale 192.168.1.3<\/strong>, at\u00ebher\u00eb lidhja nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb kryhet. Sepse pajisjet ndodhen n\u00eb n\u00ebnrrjeta t\u00eb ndryshme. N\u00eb telefonin IP, i cili ndodhet n\u00eb n\u00ebnrrjet\u00ebn 192.168.1.X<\/strong>, mund t\u00eb lidheni vet\u00ebm nga PC3 (192.168.1.5)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Po ashtu, p\u00ebr MFP (172.17.17.12)<\/strong> do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb lidheshit vet\u00ebm nga PC4 (172.17.17.10)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Prandaj, kur lidheni n\u00eb distanc\u00eb me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues n\u00eb PC, p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web t\u00eb telefonit IP, sigurohuni gjithmon\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb kontrolloni adresat IP lokale p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar q\u00eb t\u00eb dy pajisjet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn n\u00ebnrrjet.<\/p>\n
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5. Pajisjet e rrug\u00ebs s\u00eb rrjetit (router, switch, switch, hub)<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
Si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb surpriz\u00eb, por ka nj\u00eb fakt se novice n\u00eb IT (ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe administrator\u00ebt sistematik\u00eb t\u00eb vepruar) nuk e din\u00eb ose e ngat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koncept si router, switch, switch, gateway rrjeti dhe hub<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Mendoj se arsyeja e k\u00ebsaj ngat\u00ebrrese \u00ebsht\u00eb se jan\u00eb shfaqur sinonime dhe gjargjizme n\u00eb emrat e pajisjeve rrjet\u00ebsore dhe kjo tani e ngat\u00ebrron shum\u00eb inxhinier\u00eb t\u00eb rinj.<\/p>\n
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Le t\u00eb hedhim nj\u00eb v\u00ebshtrim.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
a) Router, rrug\u00ebs dhe gateway rrjeti<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
T\u00eb gjith\u00eb e din\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb router<\/strong>. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht ajo pajisje q\u00eb ndan internetin n\u00eb nj\u00eb dhom\u00eb, e lidhur nga ofruesi i internetit.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Pra rrug\u00ebs dhe gateway rrjeti jan\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht router<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Kjo pajisje \u00ebsht\u00eb pajisja kryesore n\u00eb organizimin e rrjetit. N\u00eb ambientin inxhinierik, emri m\u00eb i p\u00ebrdorur \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201crrug\u00ebkaluesi<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr fat t\u00eb mir\u00eb, routeri mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb pajisje, por edhe nj\u00eb bllok i sistemit t\u00eb kompjuterit, n\u00ebse vendosni edhe nj\u00eb kart\u00eb tjet\u00ebr rrjet\u00ebrore dhe instaloni, p\u00ebr shembull, RouterOS Mikrotik. Pastaj t\u00eb organizoni rrjetin n\u00eb shum\u00eb pajisje duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb switch.<\/p>\n
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b) \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb Switch dhe si ndryshon nga Commutator dhe Hub<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Switch dhe Commutator<\/strong> jan\u00eb gjithashtu sinonime<\/strong>. Ja se si hub<\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje pak m\u00eb ndryshe. P\u00ebr t\u00eb folur p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00eb pik\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr (v).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Commutator (switch)<\/strong> sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr ndarjen e rrjetit lokal. Si nj\u00eb tregues ose filtrin rrjet\u00ebs, ku lidhim pajisjet tona p\u00ebr t'i ushqyer me energji elektrike nga nj\u00eb priz\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Commutatori nuk di t\u00eb rruaj\u00eb rrjetin si router<\/strong>. Ai nuk do t'ju jap\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP dhe pa ndihm\u00ebn e routerit, nuk do t\u00eb mund t'ju d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb n\u00eb internet.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb router standard zakonisht ka 4-5 porte p\u00ebr lidhjen e pajisjeve. Sipas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00ebse pajisjet tuaja lidhen me kabllo dhe jan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se portet n\u00eb router, at\u00ebher\u00eb ju nevojitet nj\u00eb switch. Mund t\u00eb lidheni n\u00eb nj\u00eb port routeri me nj\u00eb switch me 24 porte dhe t\u00eb organizoni nj\u00eb rrjet lokal p\u00ebr 24 pajisje pa ndonj\u00eb problem.<\/p>\n
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Dhe n\u00ebse keni nj\u00eb router tjet\u00ebr, mund ta aktivizoni modalitetin e komutatorit n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web dhe gjithashtu ta p\u00ebrdorni si switch.<\/p>\n
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c) Hub<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Qendra<\/strong> ka funksione t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat si nj\u00eb switch. Por teknologjia e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb tij \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e vjet\u00ebruar dhe tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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Qendra<\/strong> distribuon paketat q\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga routeri p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha pajisjet e lidhura pa asnj\u00eb diferencim, dhe pajisjet duhet t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb kjo paket\u00eb apo jo.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Dhe switch ka nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb MAC<\/strong> dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye shp\u00ebrndan paketat q\u00eb vijn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, e cila e ka k\u00ebrkuar k\u00ebt\u00eb paket\u00eb. Si pasoj\u00eb transferimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/strong> nga switch \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb efikas<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Aktualisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrall\u00eb t\u00eb gjesh p\u00ebrdorimin t\u00eb hub<\/strong>, por megjithat\u00eb ata ndodhin, duhet t\u00eb jesh i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb dhe patjet\u00ebr t\u00eb rekomandosh p\u00ebrdoruesit nj\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim t\u00eb hub-it me nj\u00eb switch.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
6. Komandat kryesore p\u00ebr analizimin e rrjetit<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
a) Komanda Ping<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar n\u00ebse adresa IP ose vet\u00eb pajisja \u00ebsht\u00eb aktive, mund ta \"pingosh\".adresa ip<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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K\u00ebtu ne \"pingojm\u00eb\" serverin DNS t\u00eb Google dhe, si\u00e7 e shohim, serveri \u00ebsht\u00eb aktiv (ka p\u00ebrgjigje nga pings dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb 83 ms).<\/p>\n
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N\u00ebse adresa nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e aksesueshme ose kjo adres\u00eb IP nuk ekziston, at\u00ebher\u00eb ne do t\u00eb shohim nj\u00eb pamje t\u00eb till\u00eb:<\/p>\n
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Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se nuk marrim p\u00ebrgjigje nga pings.<\/p>\n
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Por Ping<\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e dobishme ta p\u00ebrdor\u00ebsh me \u00e7el\u00ebsa:-t<\/strong> -\"pingoj\" vazhdimisht (p\u00ebr ta ndaluar shtypim kombinimin Ctrl+S)-a<\/strong> -t\u00eb shfaq\u00eb emrin e \"pinguar\" t\u00eb nodit (site\/pajisje\/serveri)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
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P\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb, \u00e7el\u00ebsi \u201c-a<\/strong>\" na tregoi se emri i nodit t\u00eb pinguar \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cdns.google\u201d.-t<\/strong>\" ping-u shkoi pa ndales\u00eb, un\u00eb e ndala at\u00eb duke shtypur Ctrl+C.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Me nj\u00eb ping t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm, mund t\u00eb shihni n\u00ebse nodi q\u00eb pingoni po sillet si\u00e7 duhet dhe cil\u00ebsia e kanalit t\u00eb internetit.<\/p>\n
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Si\u00e7 shihet nga screenshot-i, ndodhin her\u00eb pas here vonesa t\u00eb marrjes s\u00eb paketave deri n\u00eb 418 ms, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb mjaft kritike, pasi rritja nga 83 ms n\u00eb 418 ms do t\u00eb ndikonte n\u00eb videok\u00ebrcimin duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb imazhi t\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsohet\/penges\u00eb apo n\u00eb telefonin IP duke degraduar cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e z\u00ebrit.<\/p>\n
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N\u00eb rastin tim, ndoshta ka probleme me internetin tim sht\u00ebpiak.
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Kujdes!<\/strong> Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb routera \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7aktivizuar d\u00ebrgimi ICMP<\/strong> paketa (disa i \u00e7aktivizojn\u00eb q\u00ebllimisht, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb disa vende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizuar si parazgjedhje), n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, ky nyje nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet n\u00eb \"ping\", megjithat\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i aktivizuar dhe do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb normalisht n\u00eb rrjet.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi tjet\u00ebr e \"ping\" \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb dish se cili ip-adres fshihet pas domain-it t\u00eb site-it<\/strong>. Konkretisht, n\u00eb cilin server \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur host-i i site-it.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, thjesht n\u00eb vend t\u00eb adres\u00ebs IP shkruajm\u00eb site-in:<\/p>\n
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Si\u00e7 e shihni, adresa IP e Habr\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb 178.248.237.68<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
b) Traces<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb shoh\u00ebsh se cili \u00ebsht\u00eb rruga q\u00eb ndjek paketat deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb caktuar.utiliteti i traces ndihmon p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar n\u00eb cilin faz\u00eb kjo paket\u00eb ngec<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
N\u00eb sistemin operativ Windows, ky utilitet t\u00eb th\u00ebrret me komand\u00ebn \"tracert\" adresa-ip<\/strong> ose domeni:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
K\u00ebtu pam\u00eb p\u00ebrmes cilave nodi kaloi k\u00ebrkesa jon\u00eb para se t\u00eb arrij\u00eb te serveri ya.ru<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
N\u00eb OS Linux<\/strong> ky utilitet thirret me komand\u00ebn traceroute<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Utiliteti i traces gjithashtu i p\u00ebrb\u00ebn disa pajisje, router dhe portat VoIP.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
c) Utiliteti whois<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Ky utilitet lejon t\u00eb dish t\u00eb gjitha informacionet p\u00ebr adres\u00ebn IP ose p\u00ebr regjistruesin e domain-it<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr shembull, t\u00eb kontrollojm\u00eb adres\u00ebn IP 145.255.1.71<\/strong>. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, shkruaj n\u00eb terminal komand\u00ebn whois 145.255.1.71<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
M\u00ebsojm\u00eb informacionin p\u00ebr ofruesin e adres\u00ebs IP, vendin, qytetin, adres\u00ebn, intervalin, etj.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Un\u00eb e p\u00ebrdor at\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Linux. Utiliteti shkarkohet dhe instalohet leht\u00ebsisht nga repozitori standard i sistemit operativ.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Por gjithashtu kam lexuar se ka nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb till\u00eb edhe n\u00eb Windows.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
7. Protokollat e transportit TCP dhe UDP<\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
T\u00eb gjitha transferimet e k\u00ebrkesave dhe marrja e p\u00ebrgjigjeve midis pajisjeve n\u00eb rrjet realizohen me an\u00eb t\u00eb protokolleve t\u00eb transportit TCP dhe UDP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Protokolli TCP garanton dor\u00ebzimin e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs dhe integritetin e saj gjat\u00eb transferimit.<\/strong> Ai kontrollon paraprakisht n\u00ebse nodi \u00ebsht\u00eb i aksesuesh\u00ebm para se t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb paket\u00ebn. Dhe n\u00ebse gjat\u00eb rrug\u00ebs integriteti i paketit \u00ebsht\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar, at\u00ebher\u00eb TCP<\/strong> do t\u00eb plot\u00ebsoj\u00eb komponent\u00ebt e humbur.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll q\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa juaj t\u00eb arrij\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht te destini.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Prandaj TCP<\/strong> protokolli m\u00eb i zakonsh\u00ebm i transportit. Ai p\u00ebrdoret kur nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues shfleton internetin, shikon n\u00eb faqet, sh\u00ebrbimet, rrjetet sociale, etj.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
UDP<\/strong> protokolli nuk ka nj\u00eb dor\u00ebzim aq t\u00eb garantuar t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave si TCP<\/strong>. Ai nuk kontrollon aksesueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e nodit p\u00ebrfundimtar para d\u00ebrgimit dhe nuk plot\u00ebson paket\u00ebn n\u00eb rast t\u00eb degradimit t\u00eb saj. N\u00ebse ndonj\u00eb paket\u00eb ose disa paketa gjat\u00eb rrug\u00ebs humbasin, at\u00ebher\u00eb mesazhi do t\u00eb arrij\u00eb te destinacioni n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb paplot\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Pse pastaj \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme UDP?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Fakti \u00ebsht\u00eb se ky protokoll transporti ka nj\u00eb avantazh t\u00eb madh n\u00eb TCP<\/strong> shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e transferimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Prandaj UDP p\u00ebrdoret gjer\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e paketave t\u00eb z\u00ebrit dhe videos n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale<\/strong>. Sidomos n\u00eb IP-telefonin\u00eb dhe videoklipet.UDP<\/strong>. Po ashtu edhe gjat\u00eb videothirrjeve, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebrmes Skype ose p\u00ebrmes aplikacioneve WhatsApp dhe Viber.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Kjo ndodh sepse UDP nuk garanton d\u00ebrgimin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe integritetin e paketave, shpesh shkakton probleme gjat\u00eb thirrjeve p\u00ebrmes internetit.
<\/p>\n
Kjo problem ndodh p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs n\u00eb kanalin e internetit, NAT t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb ose kanalin radio.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Do t\u00eb ishte mir\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin TCP<\/strong>, por fatkeq\u00ebsisht, p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e z\u00ebrit, k\u00ebrkohet d\u00ebrgimi momental i paketave t\u00eb plota, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb detyr\u00eb, UDP<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\u00ebsht\u00eb ideal. UDP<\/strong> P\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur problemet me p\u00ebrdorimin e UDP<\/strong>protokollit, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb organizoni nj\u00eb kanal interneti cil\u00ebsor. Po ashtu, duhen konfiguruar lidhjet n\u00eb router p\u00ebr nj\u00eb linj\u00eb t\u00eb dedikuar p\u00ebr TCP<\/strong> , n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ngarkesa nga pajisjet e tjera q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin UDP<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Kaq ishte gjith\u00e7ka.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/p>\n
t\u00eb mos pengoj\u00eb pun\u00ebn e protokollit t\u00eb transportit.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Nuk kam d\u00ebshiruar ta ngarkoj artikullin dhe ta kopjoj k\u00ebtu p\u00ebrkufizimet shkencore t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha termave t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura, ata q\u00eb i nevojiten, thjesht gjeni n\u00eb Google.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Kam p\u00ebrmbledhur 7 pikat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, q\u00eb besoj se do t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201cIT-shkolltar\u201d t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb hapet e para t\u00eb intervistave p\u00ebr pozita \u201cIT\u201d ose t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit se ju e dini m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues i zakonsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e 80% \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e IT-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 it-\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 80%, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e IT-\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0438, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":73868,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-73867","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t