{"id":74591,"date":"2020-03-18T20:42:50","date_gmt":"2020-03-18T17:42:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5"},"modified":"2020-03-18T20:42:50","modified_gmt":"2020-03-18T17:42:50","slug":"pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pamyat-na-magnitnyh-serdechnikah-v-rakete-saturn-5","title":{"rendered":"Memoria n\u00eb b\u00ebrthama magnetike n\u00eb raket\u00ebn Saturn 5","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Memoria
\nKomputeri, i cili punonte n\u00eb raket\u00ebn lansuese (Launch Vehicle Digital Computer, LVDC), luajti nj\u00eb rol ky\u00e7 n\u00eb programin lunar Apollo, duke menaxhuar raket\u00ebn Saturn 5. Ashtu si shumica e kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, ai ruante t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb b\u00ebrthama magnetike t\u00eb vogla. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull, Cloud4Y tregon p\u00ebr modulin e memories LVDC nga koleksioni luksoz i Steve Jurvetson. <\/a><\/noindex>Ky modul memorie u p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsua n\u00eb mes t\u00eb viteve 1960. P\u00ebr krijimin e tij u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn komponent\u00eb p\u00ebr montim n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe, module hibride dhe lidhje fleksibile, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb at\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb se memoria normale e kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb asaj kohe. Sidoqoft\u00eb, moduli i memories lejonte ruajtjen e vet\u00ebm 4096 fjal\u00ebve me 26 bit. <\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Moduli i memories n\u00eb b\u00ebrthama magnetike. Ky modul ruan 4K fjal\u00eb nga 26 bit t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb dhe 2 bit paritet. Me kat\u00ebr module memories, t\u00eb cilat japin nj\u00eb kapacitet t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm prej 16,384 fjal\u00ebsh, ai peshon 2.3 kg dhe ka p\u00ebrmasa 14 cm \u00d7 14 cm \u00d7 16 cm.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nModuli i memories me b\u00ebrthama magnetike. Ky modul ruan 4K fjal\u00eb nga 26 bit t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash dhe 2 bit integriteti. Me kat\u00ebr module memorjeje, duke ofruar nj\u00eb kapacitet total prej 16 384 fjal\u00ebsh, ai peshon 2.3 kg dhe ka p\u00ebrmasa 14 cm \u00d7 14 cm \u00d7 16 cm.<\/i><\/p>\n

Fluturimi n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb filloi m\u00eb 25 maj 1961, kur presidenti Kennedy shpalli se Amerika do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb nj\u00eb njeri n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb dekad\u00ebs. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, u p\u00ebrdor raketa me tri hapa Saturn 5, raketa m\u00eb e fuqishme e ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb e nd\u00ebrtuar. Saturn 5 u kontrollua dhe menaxhua nga nj\u00eb kompjuter (ja m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> ) i kat\u00ebrt i raket\u00ebs mbajt\u00ebse, duke nisur nga ngritja n\u00eb orbit\u00ebn e Tok\u00ebs, dhe pastaj n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00ebs. (Anija \"Apollo\" n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment shk\u00ebputej nga raketa \"Saturn-5\", dhe detyra e LVDC ishte realizuar).<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nLVDC \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar n\u00eb korniz\u00ebn mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebse. Prerjet e rretha jan\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme n\u00eb faqen e kompjuterit. U p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn 8 prerje elektrike dhe dy prerje p\u00ebr ftohje me l\u00ebng<\/i><\/p>\n

LVDC ishte vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb nga disa kompjuter\u00eb n\u00eb bord t\u00eb \"Apollo\". LVDC ishte i lidhur me sistemin e kontrollit t\u00eb fluturimeve, nj\u00eb kompjuter analog t\u00eb pesh\u00ebs 45 kilogram\u00eb. Kompjuteri i navigacionit n\u00eb bord t\u00eb \"Apollo\" (Apollo Guidance Computer, AGC) drejtonte anijen kozmike n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e H\u00ebn\u00ebs. Moduli komandues p\u00ebrmbante nj\u00eb AGC, kurse moduli lunar p\u00ebrmbante nj\u00eb AGC t\u00eb dyt\u00eb s\u00eb bashku me sistemin e navigacionit Abort, nj\u00eb kompjuter rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb misionit.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nN\u00eb bord t\u00eb Apollo-s ishin disa kompjuter\u00eb.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Aparatet Unit Logic (ULD)<\/h2>\n

\nLVDC u krijuan me nj\u00eb teknologji interesante hibride t\u00eb quajtur ULD, pajisje ngarkese unit. Edhe pse ato i ngjanin jasht\u00ebzakonisht integrimeve, modulat ULD p\u00ebrmbanin disa komponent\u00eb. Ato p\u00ebrdornin kristale t\u00eb thjeshta silikoni, \u00e7do nj\u00eb prej t\u00eb cilave kishte vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb transistor ose dy dioda. K\u00ebto matrica s\u00eb bashku me resistenca t\u00eb shtypura t\u00eb trash\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb shtypjes ishin vendosur n\u00eb nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb qeramike p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar qarqe si ventilat logjike. K\u00ebto module ishin nj\u00eb variant i moduleve SLT (Solid Logic Technology<\/a><\/noindex>), t\u00eb zhvilluara p\u00ebr kompjuter\u00ebt IBM t\u00eb seris\u00eb s\u00eb njohur S\/360. IBM filloi zhvillimin e moduleve SLT n\u00eb vitin 1961, para se integrohet t\u00eb b\u00ebhej ekonomikisht efektive, dhe deri n\u00eb vitin 1966 IBM prodhonte m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 100 milion module SLT n\u00eb vit.<\/p>\n

Modulet ULD ishin ndjesh\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla se modulet SLT, si\u00e7 duket n\u00eb fotografin\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb, duke i b\u00ebr\u00eb ata m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kompjuter kompakt hap\u00ebsinor. Modulet ULD p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn pllaka qeramike mbulese n\u00eb vend t\u00eb shkall\u00ebve metalike n\u00eb SLT, dhe kishin kontakte metalike n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e sip\u00ebrme n\u00eb vend t\u00eb spinave. Klipsat n\u00eb pllak\u00eb mbajt\u00ebn modul ULD n\u00eb vend dhe u lidh\u00ebn me k\u00ebto kontakte. <\/p>\n

Pse IBM p\u00ebrdori modulet SLT n\u00eb vend t\u00eb \u00e7ipave t\u00eb integruar? Arsyeja kryesore ishte se \u00e7ipat e integruar ishin ende n\u00eb nj\u00eb faz\u00eb fillestare, ishte shpikur n\u00eb vitin 1959. N\u00eb vitin 1963, modulet SLT kishin p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi n\u00eb kosto dhe performanc\u00eb n\u00eb krahasim me \u00e7ipat e integruar. Megjithat\u00eb, modulet SLT shpesh percepoheshin si t\u00eb prapambetur krahasuar me \u00e7ipat e integruar. Nj\u00eb nga avantazhet e moduleve SLT ndaj \u00e7ipave t\u00eb integruar ishte se rezistor\u00ebt n\u00eb SLT ishin shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb se ato n\u00eb \u00e7ipat e integruar. Gjat\u00eb prodhimit, rezistor\u00ebt e filmave t\u00eb trash\u00eb n\u00eb modulet SLT ishin subjekt i nj\u00eb trajtimi t\u00eb kujdessh\u00ebm me r\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb hequr filmin rezistiv deri sa t\u00eb arrinin rezistenc\u00ebn e d\u00ebshiruar. Modulet SLT ishin gjithashtu m\u00eb t\u00eb lira se \u00e7ipat e integruar t\u00eb krahasuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb vitet 1960.<\/p>\n

LVDC dhe pajisjet e lidhura me t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 50 lloje t\u00eb ndryshme ULD.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nModulet SLT (majtas) jan\u00eb tejkaluesh\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha se modulet ULD (djathtas). Madh\u00ebsia e ULD \u00ebsht\u00eb 7,6 mm \u00d7 8 mm.<\/i> <\/p>\n

N\u00eb fotografi m\u00eb posht\u00eb shihen komponent\u00ebt e brendsh\u00ebm t\u00eb modulit ULD. Nga majtas, n\u00eb pllak\u00ebn qeramike duken drejtuesit q\u00eb lidhen me kat\u00ebr kristale siliciumi t\u00eb vogla. Kjo ngjan me nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb elektrike, por mbani mend se \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl se gishti. Katror\u00ebt e zi n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb jan\u00eb rezistor\u00eb me film t\u00eb trash\u00eb, t\u00eb printuar n\u00eb an\u00ebn e poshtme t\u00eb pllak\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nULD, pamja nga lart dhe posht\u00eb. Shihen kristalet e siliciumit dhe rezistor\u00ebt. Nd\u00ebrsa modulet SLT kishin rezistor\u00ebt n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e sip\u00ebrme, modulet ULD kishin rezistor\u00ebt posht\u00eb, duke rritur densitetin dhe gjithashtu koston.<\/i> <\/p>\n

N\u00eb fotografin\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb shikohet nj\u00eb kristal siliciumi nga moduli ULD, i cili realitetizonte dy diod\u00eb. Dimensions jan\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb vogla, p\u00ebr krahasim jan\u00eb kristalet e sheqerit pran\u00eb. Kristali kishte tre lidhje t\u00eb jashtme p\u00ebrmes topave t\u00eb bakrit, t\u00eb salduar n\u00eb tre rrethana. Dy rrethinat e poshtme (anodat e dy diodave) ishin t\u00eb leguruara (zona m\u00eb t\u00eb err\u00ebta), nd\u00ebrsa rrethina e sip\u00ebrme e djatht\u00eb ishte katodi, i lidhur me baz\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nFotografia e nj\u00eb kristali siliciumi me dy diod\u00eb af\u00ebr kristaleve t\u00eb sheqerit.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Si funksionon memoria n\u00eb b\u00ebrthama magnetike.<\/h2>\n

\nMemorja n\u00eb 1950-tat ishte forma kryesore e ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt, derisa n\u00eb vitet 1970 ajo u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsua nga pajisjet memorie me polupushtet. Memorja ishte krijuar nga unaza t\u00eb vogla ferrite, t\u00eb quajtura b\u00ebrthama. Ringjalljet vendoseshin n\u00eb nj\u00eb matric\u00eb rektangulare, dhe p\u00ebrmes \u00e7do unaze kalonin dy deri n\u00eb kat\u00ebr tela p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar dhe shkruar informacionin. Unazat lejonin ruajtjen e nj\u00eb biti t\u00eb informacionit. B\u00ebrthama magnetizohej me ndihm\u00ebn e nj\u00eb impulsi aktual p\u00ebrmes telave q\u00eb kalonin p\u00ebrmes unaz\u00ebs ferrit. Drejtimi i magnetizimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb b\u00ebrthame mund t\u00eb ndryshohej duke d\u00ebrguar nj\u00eb impuls n\u00eb drejtimin e kund\u00ebrt.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar vler\u00ebn e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs, impulsi i rrym\u00ebs e \u00e7oi unaz\u00ebn n\u00eb gjendjen 0. N\u00ebse m\u00eb par\u00eb b\u00ebrthama ishte n\u00eb gjendjen 1, fusha magnetike n\u00eb ndryshim krijonte nj\u00eb tension n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga fijet q\u00eb kalonin n\u00ebp\u00ebr b\u00ebrthamat. Por n\u00ebse b\u00ebrthama do t\u00eb kishte qen\u00eb tashm\u00eb n\u00eb gjendjen 0, fusha magnetike nuk do t\u00eb ishte ndryshuar, dhe n\u00eb fij\u00ebn lexuese nuk do t\u00eb kishte ngritje tensioni. Pra, vlera e bitit n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb u lexua duke e rikthyer at\u00eb n\u00eb zero dhe duke verifikuar tensionin n\u00eb fij\u00ebn lexuese. Nj\u00eb tipar i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i memorjes me b\u00ebrthama magnetike ishte se procesi i leximit t\u00eb unaz\u00ebs ferromagnetike shkat\u00ebrronte vler\u00ebn e saj, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb b\u00ebrthama duhej \"rishkruar\".<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb tel t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndryshuar magnetizmin e \u00e7do b\u00ebrthame ishte i pak\u00ebndsh\u00ebm, por n\u00eb vitet 1950 u zhvillua memoria ferrite, e cila punonte sipas parimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhjes s\u00eb rrjedhave. Skema me kat\u00ebr tela \u2014 X, Y, leximi, ndalimi \u2014 u b\u00eb e zakonshme. Teknologjia p\u00ebrdorte nj\u00eb pron\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamave, t\u00eb quajtur histerezis: nj\u00eb rrjedh e vog\u00ebl nuk ndikon n\u00eb memorjen ferrite, por nj\u00eb rrjedh e lart\u00eb se vlera kufitare do t\u00eb magnetizonte b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn. Kur energjia jepet me gjysm\u00ebn e rrjedh\u00ebs s\u00eb nevojshme n\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb X dhe nj\u00eb linj\u00eb Y, vet\u00ebm b\u00ebrthama ku shkrehin t\u00eb dy vijat merrte mjaftuesh\u00ebm rrjedh\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rinovuar magnetizmin, nd\u00ebrsa b\u00ebrthamat e tjera mbeteshin t\u00eb paprekura. <\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nK\u00ebshtu duken memorjet IBM 360 Model 50. LVDC dhe modeli 50 p\u00ebrdornin b\u00ebrthama t\u00eb nj\u00eb lloji, t\u00eb njohura si 19-32, sepse diametri i tyre i brendsh\u00ebm ishte 19 mil (0.4826 mm) dhe diametri i tyre i jasht\u00ebm ishte 32 mil (0.8 mm). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fotografi duket se tre tela kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes \u00e7do b\u00ebrthame, por LVDC p\u00ebrdorte kat\u00ebr tela.<\/i> <\/p>\n

N\u00eb fotografin\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb tregohet nj\u00eb matric\u00eb drejtk\u00ebnd\u00ebshe e memories LVDC. Kjo matric\u00eb ka 128 telash X, q\u00eb shkojn\u00eb vertikalisht, dhe 64 telash Y, q\u00eb shkojn\u00eb horizontalisht, me nj\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do kryq\u00ebzim. Teli i vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lexim kalon p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb gjitha telave paralel me telat Y. Teli p\u00ebr shkruanje dhe teli i ndalimit kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb gjitha telave paralel me telat X. Telat p\u00ebrshtaten n\u00eb mes t\u00eb matric\u00ebs; kjo zvog\u00eblon zhurm\u00ebn e induktuar, sepse zhurma nga nj\u00ebra gjysm\u00eb neutralizon zhurm\u00ebn nga gjysma tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nNj\u00eb matric\u00eb e memories ferit LVDC, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban 8192 bite. Lidhja me matricat e tjera b\u00ebhet p\u00ebrmes gozhdave n\u00eb an\u00ebn e jashtme.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Matric\u00ebs s\u00eb m\u00ebsip\u00ebrme i ishin 8192 elemente, secili prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve ruante nj\u00eb bit. P\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb memories, disa matrica bazike u grumbulluan s\u00eb bashku, nga nj\u00eb p\u00ebr secilin bit n\u00eb fjal\u00eb. Telat X dhe Y kalonin me zigzag n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha matricat baz\u00eb. \u00c7do matric\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb linj\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr lexim dhe nj\u00eb linj\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ndalimi p\u00ebr shkruanje. Memoria LVDC p\u00ebrdorte nj\u00eb shtup\u00eb prej 14 matricash bazike (m\u00eb posht\u00eb), q\u00eb ruanin nj\u00eb 'slogan' 13-bit\u00ebsh s\u00eb bashku me bitin e paritetit. <\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nT\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb LVDC p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga 14 matrice kryesore.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Shkruarja n\u00eb kujtes\u00eb n\u00eb b\u00ebrthamat magnetike k\u00ebrkonte kabuj t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, t\u00eb njohur si linjat e ndalimit. \u00c7do matri\u00e7 kishte nj\u00eb linj\u00eb ndalimi q\u00eb kalonte p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb gjitha b\u00ebrthamave t\u00eb saj. Gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb shkruarjes, \u00e7arja kalon n\u00ebp\u00ebr linjat X dhe Y, duke magnetizuar unazat e zgjedhura (nj\u00eb e till\u00eb p\u00ebr plan) n\u00eb gjendjen 1, duke ruajtur t\u00eb gjitha 1 n\u00eb fjal\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar 0 n\u00eb pozitat e bitit, linja ishte e furnizuar me rrym\u00eb gjysm\u00eb, t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt me linj\u00ebn X. Si rezultat, b\u00ebrthamat mbeteshin n\u00eb vler\u00ebn 0. K\u00ebshtu, linja e ndalimit nuk lejonte q\u00eb b\u00ebrthama t\u00eb kalonte n\u00eb 1. \u00c7do fjal\u00eb e d\u00ebshiruar mund t\u00eb ishte shkruar n\u00eb kujtes\u00eb duke aktivizuar linjat p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse t\u00eb ndalimit.<\/p>\n

Moduli i kujtes\u00ebs LVDC.<\/h2>\n

\nSi \u00ebsht\u00eb fizikisht i nd\u00ebrtuar moduli i kujtes\u00ebs LVDC? N\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb modulit t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs ndodhet nj\u00eb grumbull i 14 matriceve t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs ferromagnetike, t\u00eb paraqitura m\u00eb par\u00eb. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb rrethuar nga disa karta me skem\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar kabujt X dhe Y dhe linjat e ndalimit, linjat e leximit t\u00eb bit\u00ebve, zbuluarjen e gabimeve dhe gjenerimin e sinjaleve t\u00eb nevojshme t\u00eb taktit. <\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, shumica e skemave q\u00eb lidhin kujtes\u00ebn jan\u00eb n\u00eb logjik\u00ebn kompjuterike LVDC dhe jo n\u00eb modulimin e kujtes\u00ebs vet\u00eb. Konkretisht, logjika e kompjuterit p\u00ebrmban registre p\u00ebr ruajtjen e adres\u00ebs dhe fjal\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe p\u00ebr konvertimin midis serik dhe paralel. Ajo gjithashtu p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb skem\u00eb p\u00ebr leximin nga linjat e leximit t\u00eb bit\u00ebve, kontrollin e erroreve dhe sinjalizimin.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nModuli i kujtes\u00ebs me komponent\u00ebt ky\u00e7. MIB (Multilayer Interconnection Board) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb bord qarku me 12 shtresa.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Bordi i shoferit t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs Y.<\/h2>\n

\nFjala n\u00eb kujtes\u00eb n\u00eb b\u00ebrthama magnetike zgjidhet duke kaluar linjat p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse X dhe Y p\u00ebrmes grumbullit kryesor t\u00eb bordit. Le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me p\u00ebrshkrimin e skem\u00ebs s\u00eb shoferit Y dhe se si ai gjeneron sinjal p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb nga 64 linjave Y. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb 64 rajoneve t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb shofer\u00ebve, moduli zvog\u00eblon numrin e skemave p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb 8 shofer\u00ebve 't\u00eb lart\u00eb' dhe 8 shofer\u00ebve 't\u00eb ul\u00ebt'. Ata jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhur n\u00eb nj\u00eb konfigurim 'matrikor', k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb \u00e7do kombinim me shofer\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe t\u00eb ul\u00ebt zgjidh rreshta t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. K\u00ebshtu, 8 shofer\u00eb 't\u00eb lart\u00eb' dhe 8 shofer\u00eb 't\u00eb ul\u00ebt' zgjedhin nj\u00eb nga 64 (8 \u00d7 8) linjat Y. <\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nPjesa e drejtorit Y (fronti) kontrollon linjat e zgjedhjes Y n\u00eb grumbullin e pjes\u00ebve.<\/i> <\/p>\n

N\u00eb fotografin\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb mund t\u00eb shihni disa nga modulat ULD (t\u00eb bardh\u00ebt) dhe disa tranzistor\u00eb (t\u00eb art\u00eb) q\u00eb kontrollojn\u00eb linjat e zgjedhjes Y. Moduli 'EI' \u00ebsht\u00eb zemra e drejtorit: ai jep nj\u00eb impuls t\u00eb tensionit konstant (E) ose kalon nj\u00eb impuls t\u00eb rrym\u00ebs konstante (I) p\u00ebrmes linj\u00ebs s\u00eb zgjedhjes. Linja e zgjedhjes kontrollohet duke aktivizuar modul EI n\u00eb modin e tensionit n\u00eb nj\u00eb skaj t\u00eb linj\u00ebs dhe modul EI n\u00eb modin e rrym\u00ebs n\u00eb skajin tjet\u00ebr. Rezultati \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb impuls me tensionin dhe rrym\u00ebn e duhur, t\u00eb mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb magnetizuar b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn. Nevojitet nj\u00eb impuls i madh p\u00ebr ta kthyer; impulsi i tensionit \u00ebsht\u00eb i fiksuar n\u00eb 17 volt, nd\u00ebrsa rryma varion nga 180 mA n\u00eb 260 mA n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb temperatur\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nMakrofotografia e pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb drejtorit Y, duke treguar gjasht\u00eb modula ULD dhe gjasht\u00eb \u00e7ifte tranzistor\u00ebsh. \u00c7do moduli ULD \u00ebsht\u00eb i etiketuar me numrin e pjes\u00ebs IBM, tipin e modulit (p.sh., 'EI') dhe nj\u00eb kod, vlera e t\u00eb cilit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Plaka gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb e pajisur me module p\u00ebr ndjekjen e gabimeve (ED), t\u00eb cilat zbulojn\u00eb kur aktivizohen m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb linj\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhje Y n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb. Moduli ED p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb zgjidhje polu-analoge t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb: ai sumon tensionet hyr\u00ebse duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb rrjet rezistosh. N\u00ebse tensioni rezultues \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi pragun, \u00e7el\u00ebsi aktivizohet. <\/p>\n

N\u00ebn plakan e shoferit ndodhet nj\u00eb matric\u00eb diodash, e cila p\u00ebrmban 256 dioda dhe 64 rezistosh. Kjo matric\u00eb konverton 8 \u00e7iftet e sip\u00ebrme dhe 8 t\u00eb poshtmet e sinjaleve nga plaka e shofer\u00ebve n\u00eb lidhje me 64 linjat Y, t\u00eb cilat kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes grupeve kryesore t\u00eb pllakave. Kabl\u00ebt fleksib\u00ebl n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme dhe t\u00eb poshtme t\u00eb pllak\u00ebs lidhin plaken me matric\u00ebn e diodave. Dy kabllat fleksib\u00ebl n\u00eb an\u00ebn e majt\u00eb (t\u00eb paqarta n\u00eb fotografi) dhe dy autob\u00ebll n\u00eb an\u00ebn e djatht\u00eb (nj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme) lidhin matric\u00ebn e diodave me masivin e b\u00ebrthamave. Kabl i fleksib\u00ebl, i duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb an\u00ebn e majt\u00eb, lidh plakan Y me pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb kompjuterit p\u00ebrmes pllak\u00ebs s\u00eb hyrjes dhe daljes, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb kabll leht\u00eb fleksib\u00ebl n\u00eb k\u00ebndin e posht\u00ebm t\u00eb djatht\u00eb lidh plakan me gjeneruesin e taktimeve.<\/p>\n

Plaka e shoferit t\u00eb memories X<\/h2>\n

\nSkema p\u00ebr menaxhimin e linjave X \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me skem\u00ebn Y, me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb linjave gjat\u00eb, ku ka 128 linja X dhe 64 linja Y. Meqen\u00ebse linjat X jan\u00eb dy her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb, moduli ka nj\u00eb bord t\u00eb dyt\u00eb X-drivers t\u00eb vendosur posht\u00eb. Edhe pse bordet X dhe Y kan\u00eb komponent\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta, nd\u00ebrlidhja \u00ebsht\u00eb e ndryshme.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nKy bord dhe ai i ngjash\u00ebm posht\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb menaxhojn\u00eb linjat e zgjedhura X n\u00eb kolon\u00ebn e bordeve me b\u00ebrtham\u00eb.<\/i> <\/p>\n

N\u00eb fotografin\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb, disa komponent\u00eb n\u00eb bord jan\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar. Nj\u00eb nga transistor\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvendosur, moduli ULD \u00ebsht\u00eb thyer n\u00eb dysh, dhe nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar. Nd\u00ebrlidhja duket te moduli i d\u00ebmtuar, ku gjithashtu shikohet nj\u00eb nga kristalet e vogla t\u00eb silikones (n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fotografi mund t\u00eb shihen gjithashtu gjurm\u00ebt e shtegjeve vertikale dhe horizontale t\u00eb lidhjeve n\u00eb nj\u00eb bord t\u00eb shtat\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb kat\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nPamje e af\u00ebrt e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar t\u00eb bordit.<\/i> <\/p>\n

N\u00ebn pllakat e shofer\u00ebve X ndodhet nj\u00eb matric\u00eb diodash X, e cila p\u00ebrmban 288 dioda dhe 128 rezistor\u00eb. Matrica e diodave X p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb topologji t\u00eb ndryshme nga pllaka e diodave Y p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur dyfishimin e numrit t\u00eb komponent\u00ebve. Ashtu si pllaka e diodave Y, kjo pllaka p\u00ebrmban komponent\u00eb t\u00eb instaluar verticalisht mes dy pllakat e printuara. Ky metod quhet \"cordwood\" dhe lejon paketimin e ngusht\u00eb t\u00eb komponent\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nMakrofotografia e matric\u00ebs s\u00eb diod\u00ebs X tregon diodat e instaluara verticalisht p\u00ebrmes metod\u00ebs cordwood mes 2 pllakat e printuara. Dy pllakat e shofer\u00ebve X jan\u00eb mbi pllakat e diodave, t\u00eb ndara prej tyre me poliuretani t\u00eb shkum\u00ebzuar. Vini re se pllakat e printuara jan\u00eb pozicionuar shum\u00eb af\u00ebr nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebs.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Amplifikator\u00ebt e memories<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb foto m\u00eb posht\u00eb tregohet karta e amplifikuesit t\u00eb leximit. Ka 7 kanale p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar 7 bit nga stoku i memories; nj\u00eb kart\u00eb identike m\u00eb posht\u00eb p\u00ebrpunon edhe 7 bit, gjithsej 14 bit. Detyra e amplifikuesit t\u00eb leximit \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb dob\u00ebt (20 milivolti), t\u00eb generuar nga b\u00ebrthama q\u00eb magnetizohet, dhe ta kthej\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb dalje 1-bit. \u00c7do kanal p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb amplifikues diferencial dhe nj\u00eb buffer, pasuar nga nj\u00eb tranformator diferencial dhe nj\u00eb mbajt\u00ebs dal\u00ebs. Nga e majta, nj\u00eb kabllo fleksibile me 28 tela lidhet me stokun e memories, duke lidhur dy skajet e \u00e7do kabla leximi me skem\u00ebn e amplifikuesit, duke filluar nga moduli MSA-1 (amplifikuesi i leximit t\u00eb memories). Komponent\u00ebt e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb jan\u00eb rezistor\u00ebt (cilindrat e kafenjt\u00eb), kondensator\u00ebt (t\u00eb kuqt\u00eb), tranformator\u00ebt (t\u00eb zez\u00eb) dhe transistor\u00ebt (t\u00eb arta). Bit\u00ebt e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dalin nga kartat e amplifikuesit t\u00eb leximit p\u00ebrmes kabllos fleksibile n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nKarta e amplifikuesit t\u00eb leximit n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb modulit t\u00eb memories. Kjo kart\u00eb amplifikon sinjalet nga kabllot sensor p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar bit\u00ebt dal\u00ebs.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Shkarkuesi i linj\u00ebs s\u00eb ndalimit t\u00eb shkrimit<\/h2>\n

\nDrejtor\u00ebt e ndalimeve p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruajtur n\u00eb memorje dhe ndodhen n\u00eb an\u00ebn e poshtme t\u00eb modulit kryesor. Ka 14 linja ndalimi, nj\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do matric\u00eb n\u00eb grumbull. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar 0 bit, aktivizohet drejtori i bllokimit p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs, dhe rryma p\u00ebrmes linj\u00ebs s\u00eb ndalimit parandalon kalimin e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs n\u00eb 1. \u00c7do linj\u00eb kontrollohet nga moduli ID-1 dhe ID-2 (drejtori i linj\u00ebs s\u00eb ndalimit t\u00eb shkrimit) dhe nj\u00eb pal\u00eb tranzistor\u00ebsh. Rezistencat e sakt\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb prej 20.8 Ohm n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme dhe at\u00eb t\u00eb poshtme t\u00eb bordit rregullojn\u00eb rrym\u00ebn e bllokimit. Nj\u00eb kabllov fleksib\u00ebl me 14 firar\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb lidh drejtor\u00ebt me 14 telat ndalues n\u00eb grumbullin e bordit me b\u00ebrthama.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nBordi ndalues n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e poshtme t\u00eb modulit t\u00eb memories. Ky bord gjeneron 14 sinjale ndaluese, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura gjat\u00eb shkrimit.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Memoria e drejtorit t\u00eb or\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nDrejtuesi i or\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ift plaka q\u00eb gjenerojn\u00eb sinjale sinkronizimi p\u00ebr modulin e memories. Pasi kompjuteri fillon operacionin me memorjen, sinjalet e ndryshme sinkronizuese, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren nga moduli i memories, gjenerohen asinkronisht nga drejtuesi i or\u00ebs s\u00eb modulit. Plakat e drejtuesit t\u00eb or\u00ebs ndodhen n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e poshtme t\u00eb modulit, midis grumbullit dhe pllak\u00ebs s\u00eb bllokimit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb plakat jan\u00eb paksa t\u00eb padukshme.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nPlakate e drejtuesit t\u00eb or\u00ebs ndodhen posht\u00eb grumbullit kryesor t\u00eb memories, por mbi pllak\u00ebn e bllokimit.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Komponent\u00ebt blu t\u00eb pllak\u00ebs n\u00eb fotografin\u00eb e sip\u00ebrme p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb potenciometra shum\u00ebruajsh\u00ebm, ndoshta p\u00ebr t\u00eb rregulluar tash\u00ebsin\u00eb ose tensionin. Rezistencat dhe kapacitor\u00ebt gjithashtu jan\u00eb t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb plaka. Skema tregon disa module MCD (Drejtuesi i Or\u00ebs s\u00eb Memories), por nuk ka asnj\u00eb modul t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb plaka. \u00cbsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb thuhet n\u00ebse kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb dukshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb kufizuar, ndryshimit t\u00eb skem\u00ebs, ose ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb ndonj\u00eb pllake tjet\u00ebr me k\u00ebto module.<\/p>\n

Panairi i hyrjes s\u00eb memories<\/h2>\n

\nPjesa e fundit e modulit t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb paneli i hyrjes dhe daljes, i cili shp\u00ebrndan sinjalet midis moduleve t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs dhe pjes\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb kompjuterit LVDC. Konektori i gjelb\u00ebr me 98 kontakte n\u00eb fund lidhet me shasin\u00eb e kujtes\u00ebs LVDC, duke ofruar sinjale dhe energji nga kompjuteri. Pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e konektor\u00ebve plastik\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e thyer, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb kontatet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme. Pjesa shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me k\u00ebt\u00eb konektor me dy kabllor\u00eb fleksib\u00ebl me 49 kontakte n\u00eb fund (vet\u00ebm kablli frontal duket). Kabllot e tjera fleksib\u00ebl shp\u00ebrndajn\u00eb sinjalet n\u00eb kart\u00ebn e shofit X (majtas), kart\u00ebn e shofit Y (djathtas), kart\u00ebn e amplifikatorit t\u00eb leximin (lart) dhe kart\u00ebn e ndalimit (posht\u00eb). 20 kondensator\u00eb n\u00eb kart\u00eb filtrojn\u00eb energjin\u00eb e dh\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb modul kujtes\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nKarta e hyrjes dhe daljes midis modulit t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs dhe pjes\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb kompjuterit. Konektori i gjelb\u00ebr n\u00eb fund lidhet me kompjuterin, dhe k\u00ebto sinjale d\u00ebrgohen p\u00ebrmes kabllove t\u00eb shesht\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb modulit t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs.<\/i> <\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundim<\/h2>\n

\nModuli kryesor i kujtes\u00ebs LVDC ofronte nj\u00eb ruajtje kompakte dhe t\u00eb besueshme. N\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e poshtme t\u00eb kompjuterit mund t\u00eb vendoseshin deri n\u00eb 8 module kujtese. Kjo i lejoi kompjuterit t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb 32 kiloword\u00eb <\/a><\/noindex>26-bit fjal\u00eb ose 16 kilobit n\u00eb modin e tepruar me besueshm\u00ebri t\u00eb lart\u00eb \"dupleks\".<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb ve\u00e7ori interesante e LVDC ishte se modulet e kujtes\u00ebs mund t\u00eb pasqyroheshin p\u00ebr besueshm\u00ebri. N\u00eb modin \"dupleks\", \u00e7do fjal\u00eb ruhej n\u00eb dy module kujtese. N\u00ebse nj\u00eb modul kishte nj\u00eb gabim, fjala e sakt\u00eb mund t\u00eb merret nga moduli tjet\u00ebr. Megjith\u00ebse kjo siguronte besueshm\u00ebri, ajo reduktonte volumet e kujtes\u00ebs me gjysm\u00ebn. Si nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb, modulet e kujtes\u00ebs mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb modin \"simpel\", ku \u00e7do fjal\u00eb ruhet nj\u00eb her\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Memoria
\nLVDC p\u00ebrmbante deri n\u00eb tet\u00eb module kujtese t\u00eb procesorit qendror<\/i> <\/p>\n

Moduli i kujtes\u00ebs me b\u00ebrthama magnetike ofron nj\u00eb pamje t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, kur p\u00ebr ruajtjen e 8 KB nevojitej nj\u00eb modul pesha 5 lb (2.3 kg). Megjithat\u00eb, kjo kujtes\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb e avancuar p\u00ebr koh\u00ebn e saj. Dispozita t\u00eb ngjashme pushuan s\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruri n\u00eb vitet 1970 me shfaqjen e DRAM-it me gjysm\u00ebp\u00ebr\u00e7ues.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrmbajtja e memorjes temporale ruhet kur energjia at\u00ebher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e fikur, prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb moduli t\u00eb ket\u00eb ende softuerin q\u00eb nga hera e fundit e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb kompjuterit. Po, aty mund t\u00eb gjeni di\u00e7ka interesante edhe pas dekadash. Do t\u00eb ishte interesante t\u00eb provohej rikuperimi i k\u00ebtyre t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, por nj\u00eb qark i d\u00ebmtuar krijon nj\u00eb problem, prandaj p\u00ebrmbajtja, me siguri, nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb nxirret nga moduli i memories p\u00ebr dekada t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb dobishme mund t\u00eb lexoni n\u00eb blog Cloud4Y<\/a><\/noindex><\/b><\/p>\n

\u2192 Pezullime n\u00eb harta topografike t\u00eb Zvicr\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Markat e kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb viteve '90, pjesa 1<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Si kaloi n\u00eb burg mamaja e hakera dhe infektuese kompjuterin e shefit <\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Diagnostika e lidhjeve rrjet n\u00eb router-in virtual EDGE<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Si u \"thye\" banka<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Regjistrohuni n\u00eb kanalin ton\u00eb Telegram<\/a><\/noindex>-kanale, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos humbur artikujt e radh\u00ebs! Publikojm\u00eb jo m\u00eb shpesh se dy her\u00eb n\u00eb jav\u00eb dhe vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Gjithashtu, ju kujtojm\u00eb se Cloud4Y mund t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb akses t\u00eb sigurt dhe t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb aplikacionet biznesore dhe informacionin e nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr sigurimin e vazhdim\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb biznesit. Puna e larg\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb barrier\u00eb shtes\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb coronavirusit. Detajet \u2013 te menaxher\u00ebt tan\u00eb.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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