{"id":76347,"date":"2020-04-02T01:42:40","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T23:42:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zhizn-bajta-dannyh"},"modified":"2020-04-02T01:42:40","modified_gmt":"2020-04-01T23:42:40","slug":"zhizn-bajta-dannyh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zhizn-bajta-dannyh","title":{"rendered":"Jeta e nj\u00eb byte t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Jeta
\n
\n\u00c7do ofrues sh\u00ebrbimi n\u00eb re ofron nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim ruajtjeje t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. K\u00ebto mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb ruajtje t\u00eb ftohta dhe t\u00eb ngrohta, Ice-cold, etj. T\u00eb ruash informacionin n\u00eb re \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e p\u00ebrshtatshme. Por si ruheshin t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat 10, 20, apo 50 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb? Cloud4Y p\u00ebrktheu nj\u00eb artikull interesant q\u00eb flet pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb bajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb ruhen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme, pasi gjithmon\u00eb po shfaqen media m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta t\u00eb informacionit. Bajti \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi ruajtjeje dhe p\u00ebrpunimi t\u00eb informacionit digjital, e cila p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga tet\u00eb bit\u00eb. N\u00eb nj\u00eb bit mund t\u00eb regjistrohet ose 0 ose 1.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rastin e kartave me perfokime, bita ruhet si prani\/absenc\u00eb e nj\u00eb hapjeje n\u00eb hart\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb caktuar. N\u00ebse kthehemi pak m\u00eb p\u00ebrpara n\u00eb histori te \"Makin\u00ebs Analitike t\u00eb Babbage\", regjistrat q\u00eb mbajn\u00eb numra p\u00ebrb\u00ebnin ingranazhe. N\u00eb pajisjet magnetike t\u00eb ruajtjes, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb kasetat dhe disqet, bita paraqitet nga polariteti i nj\u00eb zone t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb filmave magnetik. N\u00eb kujtes\u00ebn dinamike me qasje t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme (DRAM), bita shpesh paraqitet si nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb elektrike kat\u00ebrshe e ruajtur n\u00eb pajisjen q\u00eb akumulon energji elektrike n\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb elektrike. Nj\u00eb kapacitet i ngarkuar ose i shkarkuar ruan bita t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb qershor 1956 Werner Buchholz<\/a><\/noindex> krijoi fjal\u00ebn byte<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptuar nj\u00eb grup bit\u00ebsh, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr kodimin e nj\u00eb simboli teksti<\/a><\/noindex>. \u0414\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 ASCII (ASCII (\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b. American standard code for information interchange). ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, +, -, \/, ",! \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.) \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 7-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0442 32 \u0434\u043e 127. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u00bb \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u042e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b ASCII. \u0412 \u042e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440 j \u2014 U+006A, \u0433\u0434\u0435 U \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u042e\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0434, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e.<\/p>\n

UTF-8 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb standard p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin e simboleve n\u00eb form\u00ebn e tet\u00eb bit\u00ebve, duke lejuar ruajtjen e \u00e7do pik\u00eb kodi n\u00eb gam\u00ebn 0-127 n\u00eb nj\u00eb bajt. N\u00ebse e kujtojm\u00eb ASCII, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e pranueshme p\u00ebr simbolet angleze, por simbolet e gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb tjera shpesh shprehen n\u00eb dy ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb bajta. UTF-16 \u00ebsht\u00eb standardi p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin e simboleve n\u00eb form\u00ebn e 16 bit\u00ebve, nd\u00ebrsa UTF-32 \u00ebsht\u00eb standardi p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin e simboleve n\u00eb form\u00ebn e 32 bit\u00ebve. N\u00eb ASCII, \u00e7do simbol \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb bajt, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb Unicode, q\u00eb shpesh nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e sakt\u00eb, nj\u00eb simbol mund t\u00eb marr\u00eb 1, 2, 3 ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb bajta. Artikulli do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb grumbuj t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb madh\u00ebsive t\u00eb bit\u00ebve. Numri i bit\u00ebve n\u00eb nj\u00eb bajt variaton n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb mediumit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull do t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim n\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebrmes mediumeve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb informacionit me q\u00ebllim thellimin n\u00eb historin\u00eb e ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Kurrsesi nuk do t\u00eb studiojm\u00eb \u00e7do medium informacioni q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shpikur ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi. Para jush \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull informativ arg\u00ebtues, q\u00eb nuk pretendon p\u00ebr r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi enciklopedike.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb. Supozojm\u00eb se kemi nj\u00eb byte t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur: letra j, ose n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb byte t\u00eb koduar 6a, ose n\u00eb form\u00ebn binare 01001010. N\u00eb rrug\u00ebtimin ton\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00eb, ky byte t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb disa teknologji ruajtjeje q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhen.<\/p>\n

1951<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nHistoria jon\u00eb fillon n\u00eb vitin 1951 me ruajt\u00ebsin me kaset\u00eb UNIVAC UNISERVO p\u00ebr kompjuterin UNIVAC 1. Ky ishte ruajt\u00ebsi i par\u00eb me kaset\u00eb, i krijuar p\u00ebr kompjuterin komercial. Kaset\u00eb ishte e b\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb shirit i holl\u00eb nikeli t\u00eb bronz\u00ebs me gjer\u00ebsi 12.65 mm (i quajtur Vicalloy) dhe gjat\u00ebsi pothuajse 366 metra. Byte-t tan\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb ruheshin me shpejt\u00ebsi 7,200 karaktere n\u00eb sekond\u00eb n\u00eb kaset\u00eb, e cila l\u00ebvizte me shpejt\u00ebsi 2.54 metra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb historis\u00eb, mund t\u00eb matni shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e algoritmit t\u00eb ruajtjes sipas distanc\u00ebs s\u00eb kaluar nga kaseta.<\/p>\n

1952<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nLe vizitojm\u00eb nj\u00eb vit p\u00ebrpara, m\u00eb 21 maji 1952, kur IBM shpalli lancimin e nj\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb saj t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb band\u00ebs magnetike, IBM 726. Tani bytes tan\u00eb mund t\u00eb transferohet nga banda metalike UNISERVO n\u00eb band\u00ebn magnetike IBM. Ky sht\u00ebpi i ri ishte shum\u00eb komod p\u00ebr bytes ton\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, pasi banda mund t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb deri n\u00eb 2 milion numra. Ky band\u00eb magnetike me 7 kanale l\u00ebvizte me shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb 1,9 metra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb me nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb transferimi prej 12,500 numra<\/a><\/noindex> ose 7500 simbolet<\/a><\/noindex> (n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur grupe kopjimi) n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. P\u00ebr informacion: n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull mesatar n\u00eb Habra ka rreth 10,000 simbole.<\/p>\n

Kaseta IBM 726 kishte shtat\u00eb gjurm\u00eb, gjasht\u00eb prej t\u00eb cilave sh\u00ebrbenin p\u00ebr ruajtjen e informacionit, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb p\u00ebr kontrollin e paritetit. Nj\u00eb bobin\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante deri n\u00eb 400 metra kasete me gjer\u00ebsi 1,25 cm. Shpejt\u00ebsia e transferimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave teorikisht arrinte deri n\u00eb 12,5 mij\u00eb karaktere n\u00eb sekond\u00eb; dend\u00ebsia e regjistrimit ishte 40 bit p\u00ebr centimeter. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem, u p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb metod\u00eb \"kanali me vakuum\", ku cikli i kaset\u00ebs qarkullonte midis dy pikave. Kjo lejonte q\u00eb kaseta t\u00eb fillonte dhe ndalonte brenda nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb sekond\u00ebs. Kjo u arrit p\u00ebrmes vendosjes s\u00eb kolonave t\u00eb gjata me vakuum midis bobinave t\u00eb kaset\u00ebs dhe kokave p\u00ebr lexim\/shkrim p\u00ebr t\u00eb absorbuar rritjet e papritura t\u00eb tensionit n\u00eb kaset\u00eb, pa t\u00eb cilat kaseta zakonisht do t\u00eb thyshte. Nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb plastike e heqshme n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e pasme t\u00eb bobin\u00ebs s\u00eb kaset\u00ebs siguroi mbrojtje nga regjistrimi. megabajt<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Merrni parasysh kasetat VHS. \u00c7far\u00eb duhej t\u00eb b\u00ebni p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri filmin? T\u00eb kthehej kaseta mbrapsht! Sa her\u00eb keni nd\u00ebrruar kaset\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb laps p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos humbur baterit\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos marr\u00eb nj\u00eb kaset\u00eb t\u00eb grisur ose t\u00eb ngjitura? E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb mund t\u00eb thuhet edhe p\u00ebr kasetat q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb kompjutera. Programet nuk mund t\u00eb kalonin thjesht p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb kaset\u00ebs ose t\u00eb aksesonin rast\u00ebsisht t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat, ato mund t\u00eb lexonin dhe t\u00eb regjistronin t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat vet\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rregullt.<\/p>\n

1956<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nN\u00ebse kthehemi disa vjet mbrapa, n\u00eb vitin 1956, epoka e ruajtjes s\u00eb disqeve magnetik\u00eb filloi me p\u00ebrfundimin nga kompania IBM t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb sistemit informatik RAMAC 305, t\u00eb cilin kompania Zellerbach Paper do ta vendos\u00eb n\u00eb San Francisco<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kompjuter u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb hard disk me nj\u00eb kok\u00eb l\u00ebviz\u00ebse. Ruajt\u00ebsi i dh\u00ebnave RAMAC p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb pllaka metalike t\u00eb magnetizuara me diamet\u00ebr 60.96 cm, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruanin rreth pes\u00eb milion simbole t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, 7 bit p\u00ebr simbol, dhe t\u00eb rrotulloheshin me shpejt\u00ebsi 1200 rrotullime n\u00eb minut\u00eb. Kapaciteti i ruajtjes ishte rreth 3.75 megabajt.<\/p>\n

RAMAC mund\u00ebsoi akses n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale n\u00eb sasi t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, n\u00eb ndryshim nga kasetat magnetike ose kartat perforuese. Kompania IBM e reklamoi RAMAC si nj\u00eb pajisje q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruante ekuivalentin e 64,000 kartave perforuese<\/a><\/noindex>. M\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb RAMAC ishte futur koncepti i p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm t\u00eb transaksioneve nd\u00ebrsa ato ndodhnin, p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndihmuar n\u00eb nxjerrjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave menj\u00ebher\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa ato ishin ende t\u00eb fresk\u00ebta. Tani aksesin n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tona n\u00eb RAMAC mund ta realizonim me shpejt\u00ebsi 100,000 bit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. M\u00eb par\u00eb, gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb kasetave, ne detyroheshim t\u00eb regjistronim dhe t\u00eb lexonim t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat radhazi, dhe nuk mund t\u00eb kalonim rast\u00ebsisht n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb kaset\u00ebs. Aksesi i rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale ishte v\u00ebrtet revolucionar n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

1963<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nLe t\u00eb kthehemi n\u00eb vitin 1963, kur u prezantua DECtape. Emri i saj erdhi nga kompanis\u00eb Digital Equipment Corporation, e njohur si DEC. DECtape ishte e p\u00ebrballueshme dhe e besueshme, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ajo u p\u00ebrdor n\u00eb shum\u00eb gjenerata t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve DEC. Kishte nj\u00eb kaset\u00eb 19 mm, e laminuar dhe e mbyllur midis dy shtresave mylari n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrotull kat\u00ebr in\u00e7 (10.16 cm).<\/p>\n

Ndryshe nga paraardh\u00ebsit e saj t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb dhe t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj, banda DECtape mund t\u00eb transportohej manualisht. Kjo e b\u00ebnte at\u00eb nj\u00eb opsion t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer p\u00ebr kompjuter\u00ebt personal\u00eb. Ndryshe nga analog\u00ebt me 7 pista, DECtape kishte 6 pista t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, 2 pista etiketash dhe 2 p\u00ebr impulset e taktim. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat regjistroheshin me shpejt\u00ebsi 350 bit p\u00ebr inch (138 bit p\u00ebr cm). Baiti yn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb 8 bit, por mund t\u00eb zgjerohet deri n\u00eb 12, mund t\u00eb transmetohej n\u00eb DECtape me shpejt\u00ebsi 8325 fjal\u00ebsh 12-bit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb me shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e band\u00ebs 93 (\u00b112) inch n\u00eb sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb 8% m\u00eb shum\u00eb numra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb se sa n\u00eb band\u00ebn metalike UNISERVO n\u00eb vitin 1952.
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

1967<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nKat\u00ebr vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1967, nj\u00eb ekip i vog\u00ebl i IBM filloi t\u00eb punonte mbi disqet IBM me kod emri Minnow<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, ekipi kishte si detyr\u00eb t\u00eb zhvillonte nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb besueshme dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrballueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngarkuar mikro-kodet n\u00eb mainframe<\/a><\/noindex> IBM System\/370. M\u00eb von\u00eb, projekti u rishikua dhe u riciklua p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngarkuar mikro-kodin n\u00eb kontrolluesin p\u00ebr IBM 3330 Tesisin e Ruajtjes me Qasje Direkte, me kod emri Merlin.<\/p>\n

Tani byte-i yn\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruhet n\u00eb disqet fleksib\u00ebl Mylar me mbules\u00eb magnetike 8-in\u00e7 t\u00eb aksesuar vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lexim, t\u00eb njohura sot si disket\u00eb. N\u00eb momentin e l\u00ebshimit, produkti mori emrin IBM 23FD Floppy Disk Drive System. Disket mund t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb 80 kilobajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. N\u00eb krahasim me disk\u00ebt e rrept\u00eb, p\u00ebrdoruesi mund t\u00eb transferonte leht\u00ebsisht disket\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtjell\u00ebs mbrojt\u00ebs nga nj\u00eb disk n\u00eb tjetrin. M\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1973, IBM l\u00ebshoi nj\u00eb disket\u00eb p\u00ebr lexim\/shkrim, e cila m\u00eb pas u b\u00eb standardi industrial. standardi<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

1969<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n\u00a0N\u00eb vitin 1969, n\u00eb bordin e anijes kozmike 'Apollo-11', e cila transportoi astronaut\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, u aktivizua kompjuteri i bordit AGC (Apollo Guidance Computer) me 'memorje me lidhje' (rope memory). Kjo memorie me lidhje ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb me dor\u00eb dhe kishte kapacitet p\u00ebr 72 kilobajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. Prodhimi i memories me lidhje ishte pun\u00eb e lodhshme, e ngadalt\u00eb dhe k\u00ebrkonte aft\u00ebsi t\u00eb ngjashme me ato t\u00eb thurjes; programi p\u00ebr t'u vendosur n\u00eb memorien me lidhje mund t\u00eb merrte muaj.<\/a><\/noindex>. Por kjo ishte instrumenti i duhur p\u00ebr ato koh\u00eb, kur ishte e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshiheshin sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e kufizuar. Kur telat kalonin p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb prej fijeve rrethore, ai p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte 1. Teli q\u00eb kalonte rreth fibr\u00ebs paraqiste 0. Byte yn\u00eb i dh\u00ebnave k\u00ebrkonte disa minuta p\u00ebr t'u lidhur me litarin.<\/p>\n

1977<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nN\u00eb vitin 1977 u publikua Commodore PET \u2014 kompjuteri i par\u00eb (i suksessh\u00ebm) personal. N\u00eb PET u p\u00ebrdor Commodore 1530 Datasette, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna plus kaset\u00eb. PET e shnd\u00ebrronte t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb sinjale zanore analoge, t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb pas ruheshin n\u00eb kaseta<\/a><\/noindex>. Kjo leht\u00ebsuara krijimin e nj\u00eb zgjidhjeje t\u00eb lir\u00eb dhe t\u00eb besueshme p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, ndon\u00ebse shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngadalta. Byte yn\u00eb i vog\u00ebl i dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb transmetohej me rreth 60-70 byte n\u00eb sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Kasetat mund t\u00eb ruanin rreth 100 kilobajt n\u00eb an\u00ebn 30-minut\u00ebshe, me dy an\u00eb p\u00ebr kaset\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb nj\u00eb an\u00eb t\u00eb kaset\u00ebs mund t\u00eb vendoseshin rreth dy imazhe prej 55 KB. Datasette u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn gjithashtu n\u00eb Commodore VIC-20 dhe Commodore 64.<\/p>\n

1978<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nNj\u00eb vit m\u00eb pas, n\u00eb 1978, MCA dhe Philips prezantuan LaserDisc n\u00ebn emrin \"Discovision\". Filmi \"Jaws\" ishte filmi i par\u00eb q\u00eb u shitet n\u00eb LaserDisc n\u00eb SHBA. Cil\u00ebsia e z\u00ebrit dhe videos n\u00eb t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb m\u00eb e mira se ajo e konkurrenc\u00ebs, por disku lazer doli t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb i shtrenjt\u00eb p\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn e konsumator\u00ebve. N\u00eb LaserDisc nuk mund t\u00eb regjistrohej, ndryshe nga kasetat VHS, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat njer\u00ebzit regjistronin programe televizive. Disket lazer funksiononin me video analogjike, z\u00eb FM stereofonik analogjik dhe modulim t\u00eb koduar me impulse, modulim<\/a><\/noindex>, ose PCM, audios digjital. Disket kishin nj\u00eb diamet\u00ebr prej 12 in\u00e7 (30.47 cm) dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebheshin nga dy disqe alumini nj\u00ebansh\u00eb t\u00eb mbuluar me plastik\u00eb. Sot, LaserDisc kujtohet si baza p\u00ebr CD dhe DVD.<\/p>\n

1979<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nNj\u00eb vit m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb 1979, Alan Shugart dhe Finis Connor themeluan kompanin\u00eb Seagate Technology me iden\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb skalionuar diskun e harduerit n\u00eb nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me diskun 5 \u00bc-in\u00e7, i cili n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte standard. Produkti i tyre i par\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1980 ishte disku i fort\u00eb Seagate ST506 \u2014 disku i par\u00eb i fort\u00eb p\u00ebr kompjuter\u00eb kompakt\u00eb. Disku kishte kapacitet pes\u00eb megabajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte pes\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se diskun standard. Themeluesit arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb realizojn\u00eb q\u00ebllimin e tyre \u2014 t\u00eb zvog\u00eblojn\u00eb madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e diskut n\u00eb madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e diskut 5\u00bc-in\u00e7. Pajisja e re e ruajtjes p\u00ebrmbante nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb metalike t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb, e mbuluar nga t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt me nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb t\u00eb holl\u00eb materiali magnetik p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Byte-t tona t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb transmetoheshin n\u00eb disk me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi prej 625 kilobajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht nj\u00eb gif e till\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

1981<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nT\u00eb kalojm\u00eb disa vite p\u00ebrpara, n\u00eb vitin 1981, kur Sony prezantoi diskun e par\u00eb 3.5-in\u00e7. Kompania Hewlett-Packard ishte ndjek\u00ebsi i par\u00eb i k\u00ebsaj teknologjie n\u00eb vitin 1982 me HP-150. Kjo e b\u00ebri diskun 3.5-in\u00e7 t\u00eb njohur dhe i dha atij nj\u00eb p\u00ebrhapje t\u00eb gjer\u00eb n\u00eb industrin\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Disketat ishin nj\u00eb an\u00ebsore me kapacitet t\u00eb formatizuar prej 161.2 kilobajt\u00ebsh dhe kapacitet t\u00eb pa formatizuar prej 218.8 kilobajt\u00ebsh. N\u00eb vitin 1982 u lan\u00e7ua nj\u00eb version dy an\u00ebsh, dhe konsorciumi Microfloppy Industry Committee (MIC), i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga 23 kompani mediash, e vendosi specifikimin e diskes\u00eb 3.5-in\u00e7 mbi dizajnin origjinal t\u00eb Sony, duke e siguruar formatin n\u00eb histori ashtu si\u00e7 e njohim ne e dim\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Tani bajt\u00ebt tan\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb ruhen n\u00eb versionin fillestar t\u00eb nj\u00eb prej mediave m\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshme: disketa 3.5-in\u00e7. M\u00eb von\u00eb, nj\u00eb \u00e7ift diskesh 3.5-in\u00e7 me P\u00ebrgjat\u00eb Oregonit<\/a><\/noindex> u b\u00ebn\u00eb pjesa m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e f\u00ebmij\u00ebris\u00eb time.<\/p>\n

1984<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nS\u00eb shpejti pas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb vitin 1984, u njoftua p\u00ebr publikimin e CD-s\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, t\u00eb cilat ishin vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lexim (angl. Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, CD-ROM). K\u00ebto ishin CD-ROM me kapacitet 550 megabajt nga kompanit\u00eb Sony dhe Philips. Formati u rrit nga CD-t\u00eb me audio dixhitale, ose CD-DA, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrdoreshin p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen e muzik\u00ebs. CD-DA u zhvillua nga Sony dhe Philips n\u00eb vitin 1982, me kapacitet prej 74 minutash. Sipas legjend\u00ebs, kur Sony dhe Philips po negociojn\u00eb p\u00ebr standardin CD-DA, nj\u00eb nga kat\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit insistonte q\u00eb ai t\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb gjith\u00eb \"Simfonin\u00eb e N\u00ebnt\u00eb\". Produkti i par\u00eb i l\u00ebshuar n\u00eb CD ishte \"Enciklopedia Elektronike Grolier\", e cila doli n\u00eb vitin 1985. Enciklopedia p\u00ebrmbante n\u00ebnt\u00eb milion\u00eb fjal\u00eb, q\u00eb zinte vet\u00ebm 12% t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs diskale t\u00eb disponueshme, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 553 mebibajt\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Do t\u00eb kishim m\u00eb shum\u00eb se mjaft hap\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebr enciklopedin\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb bajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. Shpejt pas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb vitin 1985, kompanit\u00eb kompjuterike po punonin s\u00eb bashku p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb standard p\u00ebr disk\u00ebt q\u00eb \u00e7do kompjuter t\u00eb mund t\u00eb lexonte informacionin prej tyre.<\/p>\n

1984<\/h2>\n

\nPo ashtu n\u00eb vitin 1984, Fujio Masuoka zhvilloi nj\u00eb lloj t\u00eb ri memorjeje me porta fluturuese, t\u00eb quajtur memorie flash, e cila ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb fshihej dhe ri-shkruhej disa her\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Leht\u00eb ta kuptojm\u00eb se si funksionon memoria flash, e cila p\u00ebrdor transistora me gril\u00eb t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm. Transistor\u00ebt jan\u00eb grila elektrike q\u00eb mund t\u00eb aktivizohen dhe \u00e7aktivizohen ve\u00e7 e ve\u00e7. Pasi \u00e7do transistor mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb dy gjendje t\u00eb ndryshme (aktiv ose jo aktiv), ai mund t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb dy numra t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm: 0 dhe 1. Grila e l\u00ebvizshme i referohet gril\u00ebs s\u00eb dyt\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar n\u00eb mes t\u00eb transistorit. Kjo gril\u00eb e dyt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb izoluese me nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb t\u00eb holl\u00eb oksidi. K\u00ebta transistor\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin nj\u00eb tension t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb aplikuar n\u00eb gril\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar n\u00ebse jan\u00eb aktiv ose jo, e cila, nga ana tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebrkthehet n\u00eb 0 ose 1.
\n\u00a0
\nMe transistor\u00ebt me dyerve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme, kur nj\u00eb tension i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm aplikohet p\u00ebrmes shtres\u00ebs oksid, elektronet kalojn\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb dhe ngjiten n\u00eb dyer. Prandaj, edhe kur energjia \u00ebsht\u00eb ndalur, elektronet mbeten aty. Kur nuk ka elektrone n\u00eb dyert e l\u00ebvizshme, ato paraqesin 1, dhe kur elektronet jan\u00eb ngjitur, ato paraqesin 0. Procesi i kund\u00ebrt i k\u00ebtij procesi dhe aplikimi i tensionit t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes shtres\u00ebs oksid n\u00eb drejtimin e kund\u00ebrt b\u00ebn q\u00eb elektronet t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes dyerve t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme dhe t\u00eb rikthejn\u00eb transistorin n\u00eb gjendjen e tij fillestare. Prandaj, qelizat jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb programueshme dhe pa energji<\/a><\/noindex>. Bajti yn\u00eb mund t\u00eb programohet n\u00eb transistor, si 01001010, me elektronet, me elektronet q\u00eb jan\u00eb ngjitur n\u00eb dyert e l\u00ebvizshme, p\u00ebr t\u00eb paraqitur zeros.<\/p>\n

Konstruksioni i Masuokas ishte pak m\u00eb i aksesuesh\u00ebm, por m\u00eb pak fleksib\u00ebl se PROM-et (EEPROM) q\u00eb fshihet elektrikisht, pasi k\u00ebrkonte disa grupe qelizash q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb fshiheshin s\u00eb bashku, por kjo gjithashtu shpjegohej nga shpejt\u00ebsia e tij.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, Masuoka punonte n\u00eb Toshiba. P\u00ebrfundimisht, ai u largua p\u00ebr t'u pun\u00ebsuar n\u00eb Universitetin Tohoku, pasi ndjehej i pak\u00ebnaqur q\u00eb kompania nuk e kishte shp\u00ebrblyer p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e tij. Masuoka e paditi Toshib\u00ebn p\u00ebr kompensim. N\u00eb vitin 2006, ai mori 87 milion yuan, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ekuivalente me 758 mij\u00eb dollar\u00eb amerikan\u00eb. Kjo vazhdon t\u00eb duket e pap\u00ebrfillshme, duke marr\u00eb parasysh se sa ndikim pati memoria flash n\u00eb industri.<\/p>\n

Duke folur p\u00ebr memorien flash, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb theksojm\u00eb gjithashtu ndryshimin mes memorjes flash NOR dhe NAND. Si\u00e7 e dim\u00eb nga Masuoka, memoria flash ruan informacione n\u00eb qelizat e m\u00e9moris\u00eb, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga tranzistor\u00eb me gril\u00eb flotante. Emrat e teknologjive jan\u00eb lidhur drejtp\u00ebrdrejt me m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si jan\u00eb organizuar qelizat e m\u00e9moris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb memorien NOR, qelizat e ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb memories lidhen paralelisht, duke ofruar qasje t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme. Kjo arkitektur\u00eb lejon t\u00eb reduktoj\u00eb koh\u00ebn e leximit t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr qasje t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme n\u00eb instruksionet e mikroprocesorit. Memoria NOR \u00ebsht\u00eb perfekte p\u00ebr aplikacione me densitet m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb kryesisht vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lexim. Pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, shumica e CPU-ve ngarkojn\u00eb firmuerin e tyre, zakonisht nga memoria NOR. Masuoka dhe koleg\u00ebt e tij prezantuan shpikjen e flash-it NOR n\u00eb vitin 1984 dhe NAND flash n\u00eb 1987<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Zhvilluesit e NAND Flash hoq\u00ebn dor\u00eb nga mund\u00ebsia e aksesit t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb qeliz\u00ebs s\u00eb memories. Kjo ofron nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb \u00e7ipit dhe nj\u00eb kosto m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebr bit. Arkitektura e memories Flash NAND p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga transistor\u00ebt e memories t\u00eb lidhur n\u00eb seri, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb tet\u00eb pjes\u00eb. Kjo arrin nj\u00eb dend\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb ruajtjes, nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb qeliz\u00ebs s\u00eb memories, si dhe nj\u00eb regjistrim dhe fshirje m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, pasi mund t\u00eb programoj\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht blloqet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Kjo arrihet p\u00ebrmes nevoj\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb rishtypur t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat kur ato nuk shkruhen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rregullt dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tashm\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb n\u00eb bllok<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

1991<\/h2>\n

\nT\u00eb kthehemi n\u00eb vitin 1991, kur u krijua prototipi i diskut t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb (SSD) nga kompania SanDisk, n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb e njohur si SunDisk<\/a><\/noindex>. Dizajni p\u00ebrfshinte nj\u00eb grumbull flash memorjeje, \u00e7ipa memories pa energji dhe nj\u00eb kontrollues inteligjent p\u00ebr zbulimin dhe korrigjimin automatik t\u00eb qelizave me defekte. Kapaciteti i diskut ishte 20 megabajt n\u00eb nj\u00eb format prej 2.5 in\u00e7, dhe \u00e7mimi i tij vler\u00ebsohej rreth 1000 dollar\u00ebve. Ky disk u p\u00ebrdor nga kompania IBM n\u00eb kompjuterin ThinkPad<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

1994<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nNj\u00eb nga formatet e informacionit q\u00eb m\u00eb p\u00eblqente nga f\u00ebmij\u00ebria ishin Zip Disk. N\u00eb vitin 1994, kompania Iomega lansoi Zip Disk, nj\u00eb kartush\u00eb 100-megabajt n\u00eb formatin 3,5 in\u00e7, pak m\u00eb e trash\u00eb se nj\u00eb disk 3,5 in\u00e7 standard. Versionet m\u00eb t\u00eb vonshme t\u00eb disk\u00ebve mund t\u00eb ruanin deri n\u00eb 2 gigabajt. Pikat e forta t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre disk\u00ebve ishin se kishin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn madh\u00ebsi si disketat, por me kapacitet m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tona mund t\u00eb shkruheshin n\u00eb Zip-disk me shpejt\u00ebsi 1,4 megabajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. P\u00ebr t'u krahasuar: n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, disku 1,44 megabajt 3,5 in\u00e7 shkruheshin me shpejt\u00ebsi rreth 16 kilobajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. N\u00eb Zip-disk, kokat lexojn\u00eb\/shkruajn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat pa kontakt, si\u00e7 fluturojn\u00eb mbi sip\u00ebrfaqe, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me funksionimin e nj\u00eb disku t\u00eb madh, por ndryshon nga parimi i pun\u00ebs i disketave t\u00eb tjera. Shum\u00eb shpejt, Zip-disk\u00ebt dol\u00ebn jasht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb problemeve me besueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe disponueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

1994<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nN\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit, SanDisk prezantoi CompactFlash, i cili u p\u00ebrdor gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb kamerat digjitale. Si n\u00eb rastin e disqeve kompakte, shpejt\u00ebsia e CompactFlash-bazuar n\u00eb klasifikimet 'x', si 8x, 20x, 133x, etj. Shpejt\u00ebsia maksimale e transfert\u00ebs t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash llogaritet mbi shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e transmetimit t\u00eb audios origjinale CD, 150 kilobajt p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb. Shpejt\u00ebsia e transmetimit shfaqet si R = Kx150 kB\/s, ku R \u00ebsht\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsia e transmetimit dhe K \u00ebsht\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsia nominale. K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebr 133x CompactFlash, bajti yn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash do t\u00eb shkruhet n\u00eb 133x150 kB\/s ose rreth 19,950 kB\/s ose 19.95 MB\/s. Shoqata CompactFlash u krijua n\u00eb vitin 1995 me q\u00ebllimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb standard industrial p\u00ebr kartat e memories t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb flash.<\/p>\n

1997<\/h2>\n

\nDisa vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1997, u l\u00ebshua disku kompakt me mund\u00ebsi rinovimi (CD-RW). Ky disk optik u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, si dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb kopjuar dhe transferuar skedar\u00eb n\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb ndryshme. Mund t\u00eb rib\u00ebhen disqet kompakte rreth 1000 her\u00eb, e cila n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb nuk ishte nj\u00eb faktor kufizues, pasi p\u00ebrdoruesit rrall\u00eb rib\u00ebn t\u00eb dh\u00ebna.<\/p>\n

CD-RW jan\u00eb t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb e ndryshimit t\u00eb reflektueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqes. N\u00eb rastin e CD-RW, devijimet fazore n\u00eb nj\u00eb mbulim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga argjendi, telluri dhe indiumi, shkaktojn\u00eb aft\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb reflektuar ose jo rrezet e leximit, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb 0 ose 1. Kur lidhja \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje kristaline, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjysm\u00eb e tejdukshme, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb 1. Kur lidhja shkrihet n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje amorfe, ajo b\u00ebhet e tejdukshme dhe e pa reflektueshme, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> 0. K\u00ebshtu, ne mund t\u00eb regjistronim bajtin ton\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash si 01001010.<\/p>\n

DVD-t\u00eb n\u00eb fund mor\u00ebn pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb tregut nga CD-RW.<\/p>\n

1999<\/h2>\n

\nLe teckimi i vitit 1999, kur IBM prezantoi disqet e durores m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl n\u00eb bot\u00eb: disqet mikro IBM me kapacitet 170 dhe 340 MB. K\u00ebto ishin disqe t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb durores me p\u00ebrmasa 2.54 cm, t\u00eb destinuara p\u00ebr t'u instaluar n\u00eb slotet CompactFlash Type II. U planifikua t\u00eb krijohet nj\u00eb pajisje q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej si CompactFlash, por me nj\u00eb kapacitet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh memorie. Megjithat\u00eb, shum\u00eb shpejt ato u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuan nga memorjet USB-flash, dhe m\u00eb pas nga kartat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha CompactFlash, kur k\u00ebto t\u00eb fundit u b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme. Si disqet e tjera t\u00eb durores, disqet mikro ishin mekanike dhe p\u00ebrmbanin disqe t\u00eb vogla rrotulluese.<\/p>\n

2000<\/h2>\n

\nNj\u00eb vit m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 2000, u prezantuan memorjet USB-flash. K\u00ebto memorje p\u00ebrb\u00ebheshin nga memorja flash, e p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb format t\u00eb vog\u00ebl me nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe USB. N\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb versionit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqes USB q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej, shpejt\u00ebsia mund t\u00eb ndryshonte. USB 1.1 ishte i kufizuar n\u00eb 1.5 megabit p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa USB 2.0 mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballonte deri n\u00eb 35 megabit p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb. sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, dhe USB 3.0 ka nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi prej 625 megabit p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa pajisjet USB 3.1 tip C u shpall\u00ebn n\u00eb mars 2015 dhe kishin shpejt\u00ebsi leximi\/shkruajti prej 530 megabit p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb. Ndryshe nga disketat dhe disk\u00ebt optik, pajisjet USB jan\u00eb m\u00eb pak t\u00eb ndjeshme ndaj g\u00ebrvishtjeve, megjithat\u00eb ato ofrojn\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, si dhe p\u00ebr transferimin dhe kopjimin e skedar\u00ebve. Disk\u00ebt p\u00ebr disketat dhe disk\u00ebt kompakt shpejt u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuan nga portat USB.<\/p>\n

2005<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nN\u00eb vitin 2005, prodhuesit e disqeve t\u00eb forta (HDD) filluan t\u00eb ofronin produkte q\u00eb p\u00ebrdornin regjistrimin magnetik p\u00ebrpendikular, ose PMR. Mjaft interesante, kjo ndodhi po at\u00ebher\u00eb kur iPod Nano shpalli p\u00ebrdorimin e memories flash n\u00eb vend t\u00eb disqeve t\u00eb forta 1-in\u00e7 n\u00eb iPod Mini.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb disku i zakonsh\u00ebm i ngurt\u00eb p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb disqe t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb, t\u00eb mbuluara me nj\u00eb film magnetik, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga grimca t\u00eb vogla magnetike. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat shkruhen kur kryesi magnetike kalon pak mbi disqin rotativ. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e ngjashme me nj\u00eb gramofon tradicional, me dallimin se n\u00eb gramofon gishti \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kontakt fizik me diskun. Nd\u00ebrsa disqet rrotullohen, ajri q\u00eb preket me to krijon nj\u00eb er\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb. Ashtu si ajri mbi krahun e nj\u00eb avioni prodhon lift, ajri gjeneron lift n\u00eb kryesin e sip\u00ebrfaqes aerodinamike. kryesi disku<\/a><\/noindex>. Kryesi ndryshon shpejt magnetizmin e nj\u00eb zone magnetike grimcash n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb pola e saj magnetike t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb lart ose posht\u00eb, duke sh\u00ebnuar 1 ose 0.
\n\u00a0
\nParaardh\u00ebsi i PMR ishte regjistrimi magnetik longitudinal, ose LMR. Densiteti i regjistrimit PMR mund t\u00eb tejkaloj\u00eb densitetin e regjistrimit LMR m\u00eb shum\u00eb se tre her\u00eb. Dallimi kryesor midis PMR dhe LMR q\u00ebndron n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e grimcave dhe orientimin magnetik t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb ruajtura n\u00eb mediumet PMR, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb kolumnar dhe jo longitudinal. PMR ofron stabilitet termik m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb raport m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar sinjal-zhurm\u00eb (SNR) p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ndarjes m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb grimcave dhe barazis\u00eb. Ajo gjithashtu ka nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb regjistrimi m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar fal\u00eb fushave m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqishme t\u00eb kok\u00ebs dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb magnetike t\u00eb mediumit. Si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb rasti me LMR, kufizimet themelore t\u00eb PMR bazohen n\u00eb stabilitetin termik t\u00eb bit\u00ebve t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb regjistruar dhe nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb mjaftueshme SNR p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar informacionin e regjistruar.<\/p>\n

2007<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 2007 u njoftua l\u00ebshimi i hard diskut t\u00eb par\u00eb me kapacitet 1 TB nga Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000 p\u00ebrdori pes\u00eb pllaka 3.5-in\u00e7, 200-gigabajt dhe u rrotullua me shpejt\u00ebsi 7200<\/a><\/noindex> ob\/min. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi e madhe krahasuar me diskun e par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb, IBM RAMAC 350, i cili kishte nj\u00eb kapacitet prej rreth 3.75 megabajt\u00ebsh. O, sa p\u00ebrpara kemi ecur p\u00ebr 51 vjet! Por prisni, ka di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

2009<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 2009 filluan punimet teknike p\u00ebr krijimin e nj\u00eb memorjeje ekspres q\u00eb nuk konsumonte energji, ose NVMe<\/a><\/noindex>. Memoria e paq\u00ebndrueshme (NVM) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj memorie q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebrher\u00eb, ndryshe nga memoria e varur nga energjia, e cila k\u00ebrkon furnizim t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat. NVMe p\u00ebrmbush nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe t\u00eb shkall\u00ebzueshme t\u00eb host-controller p\u00ebr komponent\u00ebt periferik\u00eb t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb ruajt\u00ebs me gjysm\u00ebp\u00ebr\u00e7ues, t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur nga teknologjia PCIe, prandaj dhe emri NVMe. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 90 kompani jan\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb grupit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs p\u00ebr zhvillimin e projektit. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar mbi rezultatet e pun\u00ebs p\u00ebr p\u00ebrcaktimin e specifikimit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqes s\u00eb hostessit t\u00eb memories e paq\u00ebndrueshme (NVMHCIS). Disket m\u00eb t\u00eb mira t\u00eb NVMe deri m\u00eb sot mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunojn\u00eb rreth 3500 megabajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb gjat\u00eb leximit dhe 3300 megabajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb gjat\u00eb shkrimit. Shkruani bajtin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00ebs j, nga e cila filluam, shum\u00eb shpejt krahasuar me disa minuta t\u00eb endjes manuale t\u00eb memories s\u00eb litarit p\u00ebr Kompjuterin e Udh\u00ebzimeve Apollo.<\/p>\n

E tashmja dhe e ardhmja<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Memoria e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb ruajtjes<\/h3>\n

\nTani, kur ne kemi b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim n\u00eb koh\u00eb (ha!), le t\u00eb shohim gjendjen aktuale t\u00eb Memories Storage Class Memory. SCM, si NVM, \u00ebsht\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme, por SCM ofron gjithashtu performanc\u00eb q\u00eb tejkalon ose \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me at\u00eb t\u00eb memories kryesore, si dhe adresueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e byte-ve<\/a><\/noindex>. Q\u00ebllimi i SCM \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb disa probleme t\u00eb sotme me cache, si densiteti i ul\u00ebt i memories statike t\u00eb aksesit t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm (SRAM). Me memorien dinamike t\u00eb aksesit t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm (DRAM) ne mund t\u00eb arrijm\u00eb nj\u00eb densitet m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, por kjo arrihet me kosto t\u00eb nj\u00eb qasjeje m\u00eb t\u00eb ngadalt\u00eb. DRAM gjithashtu vuan nga nevoja p\u00ebr energji t\u00eb vazhdueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb rinovuar memorien. Le t\u00eb shpjegojm\u00eb pak rreth k\u00ebsaj. Energjia \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, sepse ngarkesa elektrike n\u00eb kondensator\u00ebt leht\u00eb ik\u00ebn, pra pa nd\u00ebrhyrje, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb \u00e7ip do t\u00eb humbasin s\u00eb shpejti. P\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb dep\u00ebrtim, DRAM k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb skem\u00eb t\u00eb jashtme rinovimi t\u00eb memories, e cila n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb periodike riprogramon t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb kondensator\u00eb, duke i rikthyer ato n\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebn fillestare.<\/p>\n

Memoria e bazuar n\u00eb ndryshimin e faz\u00ebs (Phase-change memory, PCM)<\/h3>\n

\nKemi shqyrtuar m\u00eb par\u00eb se si ndryshon faza p\u00ebr CD-RW. PCM \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme. Materiali p\u00ebr ndryshimin e faz\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb zakonisht Ge-Sb-Te, i njohur gjithashtu si GST, i cili mund t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb n\u00eb dy gjendje t\u00eb ndryshme: amorf dhe kristalor. Gjendja amorfe ka nj\u00eb rezistenc\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, e cila tregon 0, nd\u00ebrsa gjendja kristalore tregon 1. Duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb vlera t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash rezistencave nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse, PCM mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur shum\u00eb gjendje n\u00eb form\u00ebn e MLC<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Memoria me aksess random me moment transferimi (STT-RAM)<\/h3>\n

\nSTT-RAM p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga dy shtresa ferromagnetike t\u00eb magnet\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm, t\u00eb ndara nga nj\u00eb dielektrik, pra nj\u00eb izoluese q\u00eb mund t\u00eb transmetoj\u00eb energjin\u00eb elektrike pa e p\u00ebr\u00e7uar. Ajo ruan bitet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb ndryshimin e direksioneve magnetike. Nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb magnetike, e quajtur mb\u00ebshtetje, ka nj\u00eb drejtim magnetik t\u00eb fiksuar, nd\u00ebrsa shtresa tjet\u00ebr magnetike, e quajtur e lir\u00eb, ka nj\u00eb drejtim magnetik q\u00eb kontrollohet nga rryma e kaluar. P\u00ebr 1, drejtimi i magnetizimit t\u00eb dy shtresave p\u00ebrputhet. P\u00ebr 0, t\u00eb dy shtresat kan\u00eb drejtime magnetike t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta.<\/p>\n

Memoria resistive me akses t\u00eb rastit (Resistive random access memory, ReRAM)
\nNj\u00eb qeliz\u00eb ReRAM p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga dy elektrod\u00eb metalik\u00eb t\u00eb ndar\u00eb nga nj\u00eb sloj oksidi metalik. Duket pak si dizajni i memorjes Flash Masuoka, ku elektronet kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes slojit t\u00eb oksidit dhe ngjiten n\u00eb portat fluturuese ose anasjelltas. Sidoqoft\u00eb, n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e ReRAM, gjendja e qelis\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb koncentracionit t\u00eb oksigjenit t\u00eb lir\u00eb n\u00eb slojin e oksidit metalik.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse k\u00ebto teknologji jan\u00eb premtuese, ato kan\u00eb disa disavantazhe. PCM dhe STT-RAM kan\u00eb vonesa t\u00eb larta gjat\u00eb shkruajtjes. Von\u00ebsat e PCM jan\u00eb dhjet\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se ato t\u00eb DRAM, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr STT-RAM ato jan\u00eb dhjet\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se ato t\u00eb SRAM. PCM dhe ReRAM kan\u00eb nj\u00eb kufi p\u00ebr koh\u00ebzgjatjen e shkruarjes deri n\u00eb shfaqjen e nj\u00eb gabimi serioz, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se elementi i memorjes ngjitet n\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb gusht 2015, kompania Intel njoftoi lan\u00e7imin e Optane, produktit t\u00eb saj t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar mbi baz\u00ebn e 3DXPoint. Optane pretendohet se ka nj\u00eb performanc\u00eb 1000 her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb se disqet SSD NAND, ndon\u00ebse \u00e7mimi \u00ebsht\u00eb kat\u00ebr deri pes\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se ai i memories flash. Optane tregon se SCM nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb teknologji eksperimentale. Do t\u00eb jet\u00eb interesante t\u00eb ndjekim zhvillimin e k\u00ebtyre teknologjive.<\/p>\n

Disqet e forta (HDD)<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Disku i gazit helik (HHDD)<\/h3>\n

\nDisku helik \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb disk i fort\u00eb me kapacitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb (HDD), i mbushur me heli dhe i mbyllur hermetikisht gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb prodhimit. Si\u00e7 u p\u00ebrmend m\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr disqet e forta, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me nj\u00eb lojtar q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb t\u00eb rrotullueshme me nj\u00eb mbulese magnetike. Disqet tipike t\u00eb forta thjesht kan\u00eb aj\u00ebr brenda hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs, megjithat\u00eb ky aj\u00ebr shkakton pak rezistenc\u00eb gjat\u00eb rrotullimit t\u00eb pllakave.<\/p>\n

Balon\u00ebt me helen fluturojn\u00eb sepse heliumi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i leht\u00eb se ajri. N\u00eb fakt, heliumi p\u00ebrb\u00ebn 1\/7 t\u00eb densitetit t\u00eb ajrit, \u00e7ka lejon t\u00eb zvog\u00eblohet forca e frenimit gjat\u00eb rrotullimit t\u00eb pllakave, duke shkaktuar nj\u00eb reduktim t\u00eb sasis\u00eb s\u00eb energjis\u00eb s\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr rrotullimin e disqeve. Megjithat\u00eb, kjo ve\u00e7ori \u00ebsht\u00eb dyt\u00ebsore, karakteristika kryesore e heliumit \u00ebsht\u00eb se ai lejon t\u00eb paketohen 7 pllaka n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin format q\u00eb zakonisht p\u00ebrmbante vet\u00ebm 5. N\u00ebse e kujtojm\u00eb analogjin\u00eb me krahun e avionit ton\u00eb, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje perfekte. Duke qen\u00eb se heliumi zvog\u00eblon rezistenc\u00ebn, turbulenca eliminohet.<\/p>\n

Gjithashtu, ne e dim\u00eb se balonat me heli fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb zbresin pas disa dit\u00ebsh, sepse heli del prej tyre. E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb mund t\u00eb thuhet edhe p\u00ebr magazinat. Kaluan vite p\u00ebrpara se prodhuesit t\u00eb arrinin t\u00eb krijonin nj\u00eb en\u00eb q\u00eb parandalon deljen e heliumit nga formati gjat\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb disqeve. Kompania Backblaze kreu eksperimente dhe zbuloi se disqet e forta me helium kishin nj\u00eb norm\u00eb gabimi vjetore prej 1,03%, nd\u00ebrsa ato standarde 1,06%. Sigurisht, kjo diferenc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb aq e vog\u00ebl saq\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb nxjerr\u00ebsh nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm nga kjo. mjaft e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Forma e mbushur me helium mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb nj\u00eb disk t\u00eb fort\u00eb, t\u00eb inkapsuluar duke p\u00ebrdorur PMR, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin fol\u00ebm m\u00eb lart, ose regjistrimin magnetik me mikroval\u00eb (MAMR) ose regjistrimin magnetik me ngrohje (HAMR). \u00c7do teknologji magnetike p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb kombinohet me helium n\u00eb vend t\u00eb ajrit. N\u00eb vitin 2014, kompania HGST kombinoi dy teknologji t\u00eb p\u00ebrparuara n\u00eb diskun e saj t\u00eb fort\u00eb me helium me kapacitet prej 10 TB, i cili p\u00ebrdorte regjistrimin magnetik t\u00eb mbuluar t\u00eb menaxhuar nga hosti, ose SMR (Shingled magnetic recording). Le t\u00eb ndalemi pak te SMR dhe pastaj t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb MAMR dhe HAMR.<\/p>\n

Teknologjia e regjistrimit magnetik me pllaka<\/h3>\n

\nM\u00eb par\u00eb kemi shqyrtuar regjistrimin magnetik perpendicular (PMR), i cili ishte paraardh\u00ebsi i SMR. Ndryshe nga PMR, SMR regjistron shina t\u00eb reja q\u00eb mbulojn\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e nj\u00eb shinel t\u00eb regjistruar m\u00eb par\u00eb. Kjo, nga ana e saj, e b\u00ebn shinen e m\u00ebparshme m\u00eb t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb, duke siguruar nj\u00eb densitet m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb shinelash. Emri i teknologjis\u00eb lidhet me faktin q\u00eb shinavat e mbivendosura duken shum\u00eb si pllakat n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ati.<\/p>\n

SMR \u00e7on n\u00eb nj\u00eb proces shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuar t\u00eb shkrimit, pasi gjat\u00eb regjistrimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb shin\u00eb, shina fqinj\u00ebsore rregullohet p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. Kjo nuk shfaqet kur baza e disku \u00ebsht\u00eb e zbraz\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat jan\u00eb kontinuar. Por sapo filloni t\u00eb regjistroni n\u00eb nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb shinash q\u00eb tashm\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ekzistuese fshihen. N\u00ebse nj\u00eb shin\u00eb fqinje p\u00ebrmban t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, ajo duhet t\u00eb rregullohet. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e ngjashme me NAND flash, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn fol\u00ebm m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Dispozitivet SMR lejojn\u00eb t\u00eb fshehin k\u00ebt\u00eb kompleksitet p\u00ebrmes menaxhimit t\u00eb softuerit t\u00eb integruar, duke rezultuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe t\u00eb ngjashme me \u00e7do hard disk tjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, pajisjet SMR, t\u00eb menaxhuara nga hosti, pa nj\u00eb adaptim t\u00eb posa\u00e7\u00ebm t\u00eb aplikacioneve dhe sistemeve operative, nuk do t\u00eb lejojn\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e k\u00ebtyre disqeve. Hosti duhet t\u00eb kryej\u00eb shkrimin n\u00eb pajisjet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb strikte t\u00eb nj\u00ebpasnj\u00ebshme. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, performanca e pajisjeve \u00ebsht\u00eb 100% e parashikueshme. Kompania Seagate filloi shp\u00ebrndarjen e disqeve SMR n\u00eb vitin 2013, duke pretenduar se densiteti i tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb 25% m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se kalon<\/a><\/noindex> densiteti PMR.<\/p>\n

Regjistrimi magnetik me mikroval\u00eb (MAMR)<\/h3>\n

\nRegjistrimi magnetik i ndihmuar me mikroval\u00eb (MAMR) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknologji e memories magnetike q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor energjin\u00eb e ngjashme me HAMR (do ti shqyrtojm\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb). Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e MAMR \u00ebsht\u00eb Osilatorja e Momenteve Spin (STO) ose \"gjeneratori i bazuar n\u00eb spinet n\u00eb rrotullim\". Vet\u00eb STO ndodhet shum\u00eb af\u00ebr kok\u00ebs s\u00eb regjistrimit. Kur aplikohet nj\u00eb rrym\u00eb n\u00eb STO, ndodh gjenerimi i nj\u00eb fushe elektromagnetike rrethore me frekuenc\u00eb 20-40 GHz p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb polarizimit t\u00eb spinave t\u00eb elektron\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb prezenc\u00ebn e nj\u00eb fushe t\u00eb till\u00eb n\u00eb ferromagnetik\u00ebt e p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr MAMR, ndodh rezonanca, e cila \u00e7on n\u00eb precesionin e momenteve magnetike t\u00eb domain\u00ebve n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb. N\u00eb thelb, momenti magnetik devijon nga akset e tij dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndryshuar drejtimin e tij (p\u00ebrmbysja), kok\u00ebs s\u00eb regjistrimit i nevojitet duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb pak energji.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrdorimi i teknologjis\u00eb MAMR lejon marrjen e substancave ferromagnetike me forc\u00eb koercitive m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se mund t\u00eb ulen dimensionet e domain\u00ebve magnetik\u00eb pa shqet\u00ebsimin se do t\u00eb shkaktohet nj\u00eb efekt superparamagnetik. Generatori STO ndihmon n\u00eb zvog\u00eblimin e dimensioneve t\u00eb kok\u00ebs s\u00eb regjistrimit, duke mund\u00ebsuar regjistrimin e informacionit n\u00eb domain\u00eb magnetik\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, dhe p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb rrit densitetin e regjistrimit.<\/p>\n

Kompania Western Digital, e njohur gjithashtu si WD, e prezantoi k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji n\u00eb vitin 2017. Shpejt pas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb vitin 2018, kompania Toshiba e mb\u00ebshteti k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji. Nd\u00ebrsa kompanit\u00eb WD dhe Toshiba jan\u00eb t\u00eb angazhuara n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin e teknologjis\u00eb MAMR, kompania Seagate po baston n\u00eb HAMR.<\/p>\n

Regjistrimi termomagnetik (HAMR)<\/h3>\n

\nRegjistrimi magnetik i asistuar nga nxeht\u00ebsia (HAMR) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknologji e ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb kursen energji, duke lejuar nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb konsiderueshme t\u00eb sasis\u00eb s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje magnetike, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb hard disk, p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb t\u00eb siguruar nga nj\u00eb lazer, q\u00eb ndihmon n\u00eb shkruarjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb hard diskut. Fal\u00eb nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb, bit\u00ebt e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave vendosen shum\u00eb m\u00eb af\u00ebr nj\u00ebri-tjetrit n\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje, \u00e7ka rrit densitetin dhe kapacitetin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n

Kjo teknologji \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u realizuar. Nj\u00eb lazer me fuqi 200 mW ngroh shpejt ngren\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb zon\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl deri n\u00eb 400 \u00b0C para regjistrimit, pa penguar dhe pa d\u00ebmtuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e tjera n\u00eb disk. Procesi i ngrohjes, regjistrimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe ftohjes duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb p\u00ebr m\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb nanosekond\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushur k\u00ebto k\u00ebrkesa, ishte e nevojshme zhvillimi i plazmon\u00ebve sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsor\u00eb n\u00eb nanomasa, t\u00eb njohur gjithashtu si lazer me drejtim sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsor, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb ngrohjes direkte me lazer, si dhe lloje t\u00eb reja pllakash qelqi dhe mbulesash termoreguese, q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb ngrohjen e shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb pikave pa d\u00ebmtuar kok\u00ebn e regjistrimit ose t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e af\u00ebrta, dhe nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb problemasht t\u00eb tjera teknike q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb tejkaloheshin.<\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht shprehjeve t\u00eb shumta skeptike, kompania Seagate demonstroi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji n\u00eb vitin 2013. Disket e para filluan t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen n\u00eb vitin 2018.<\/p>\n

Fundi i filmit, kthehu n\u00eb fillim!<\/h2>\n

\nNe filluam n\u00eb vitin 1951 dhe p\u00ebrfundojm\u00eb artikullin duke hedhur nj\u00eb sy n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen e teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb ruajtjes. Ruajtja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave ka ndryshuar ndjesh\u00ebm me kalimin e koh\u00ebs: nga shirita papel n\u00eb metalik dhe magnetik, kujtes\u00eb me tel, disqe rotuese, disqe optik, kujtes\u00eb flash dhe t\u00eb tjera. Gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrparimit kan\u00eb dal\u00eb pajisje m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta, kompakte dhe me performanc\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse e krahasojm\u00eb NVMe me shirita metalik UNISERVO t\u00eb vitit 1951, NVMe mund t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb 486,111% m\u00eb shum\u00eb shifra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. N\u00ebse e krahasojm\u00eb NVMe me disqet Zip, q\u00eb m\u00eb p\u00eblqenin n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri, NVMe mund t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb 213,623% m\u00eb shum\u00eb shifra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb.<\/p>\n

E vetmja gj\u00eb q\u00eb mbetet e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i 0 dhe 1. M\u00ebnyrat me t\u00eb cilat ne e b\u00ebjm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb shum\u00eb. Shpresoj q\u00eb her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr kur t\u00eb regjistroni nj\u00eb CD-RW me k\u00ebng\u00eb p\u00ebr mikun tuaj ose t\u00eb ruani nj\u00eb video familjare n\u00eb Optical Disc Archive, t\u00eb mendoni se si sip\u00ebrfaqja jo reflektuese shnd\u00ebrron 0, nd\u00ebrsa sip\u00ebrfaqja reflektuese shnd\u00ebrron n\u00eb 1. Ose n\u00ebse po shkruani nj\u00eb mikstape n\u00eb kaset\u00eb, mbani mend se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e lidhur me Datasette, e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb Commodore PET. N\u00eb fund, mos harroni t\u00eb jeni t\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe t\u00eb rregulloni.<\/p>\n

Faleminderit \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0438<\/a><\/noindex> dhe \u0420\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0410\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0443<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr copat e shijshme (nuk mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj asgj\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb) gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb artikullit!<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb dobishme mund t\u00eb lexoni n\u00eb blog Cloud4Y<\/a><\/noindex><\/b><\/p>\n

\u2192 Pezullime n\u00eb harta topografike t\u00eb Zvicr\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Markat e kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb viteve '90, pjesa 1<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Si kaloi n\u00eb burg mamaja e hakera dhe infektuese kompjuterin e shefit <\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Diagnostika e lidhjeve rrjet n\u00eb router-in virtual EDGE<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Si u \"thye\" banka<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Regjistrohuni n\u00eb kanalin ton\u00eb Telegram<\/a><\/noindex>-kanal, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos humbur artikujt e tjer\u00eb! Shkruajm\u00eb jo m\u00eb shpesh se dy her\u00eb n\u00eb jav\u00eb dhe vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr tema t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Po ashtu, kujtojm\u00eb se Cloud4Y mund t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb qasje t\u00eb sigurt dhe t\u00eb besueshme n\u00eb aplikacionet e biznesit dhe informacionet e nevojshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar vazhdim\u00ebsin\u00eb e biznesit. Puna n\u00eb distanc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb barrier\u00eb shtes\u00eb n\u00eb luft\u00ebn kund\u00ebr p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb coronavirusit. Detajet p\u00ebr menaxher\u00ebt tan\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb internetit<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430, Ice-cold, \u0438 \u0442.\u0434. \u0412 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 10, 20, 50 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434? 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