{"id":76347,"date":"2020-04-02T01:42:40","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T23:42:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zhizn-bajta-dannyh"},"modified":"2020-04-02T01:42:40","modified_gmt":"2020-04-01T23:42:40","slug":"zhizn-bajta-dannyh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zhizn-bajta-dannyh","title":{"rendered":"Jeta e nj\u00eb byti t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Jeta
\n
\n\u00c7do ofrues i sh\u00ebrbimeve n\u00eb re ofron sh\u00ebrbimin e ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. K\u00ebto mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb depozita t\u00eb ftohta dhe t\u00eb ngrohta, Ice-cold, etj. T\u00eb ruash informacionin n\u00eb re \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e leht\u00eb. Por si ruheshin t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat 10, 20, 50 vite m\u00eb par\u00eb? Cloud4Y ka p\u00ebrkthyer nj\u00eb artikull interesant q\u00eb flet pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb bajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb ruhet n\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme, pasi vazhdimisht po shfaqen mbajt\u00ebs t\u00eb rinj, m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrparuar dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb p\u00ebr informacionin. Bajti \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi e ruajtjes dhe p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb informacionit digjital, e cila p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga tet\u00eb bit\u00eb. N\u00eb nj\u00eb bit mund t\u00eb regjistrohet ose 0 ose 1.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rastin e kartave perforuese, biti ruhet si pranin\u00eb\/shkallimin e nj\u00eb vrime n\u00eb kart\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb caktuar. N\u00ebse kthehemi pak m\u00eb tej n\u00eb histori n\u00eb lidhje me 'Makin\u00ebn Analitike t\u00eb Babbage', regjistrat q\u00eb ruanin numra ishin rrotulla t\u00eb l\u00ebkundura. N\u00eb pajisjet magnetike t\u00eb ruajtjes, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb kasetat dhe disk\u00ebt, biti paraqitet me polaritetin e nj\u00eb zone t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb filmit magnetik. N\u00eb memorjen dinamike me akses t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm (DRAM) moderne, biti shpesh p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet si nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb elektrike n\u00eb dy nivele, e cila ruhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje q\u00eb akumulon energji elektrike n\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb elektrike. Kapaciteti i ngarkuar apo i shkarkuar ruan bitin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb qershor 1956 Werner Buchholz<\/a><\/noindex> krijoi fjal\u00ebn byte<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar nj\u00eb grup bit\u00ebsh q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr kodimin e nj\u00eb simboli teksti<\/a><\/noindex>. Le t\u00eb flasim pak p\u00ebr kodimin e simboleve. T\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me standardin amerikan p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin e informacionit, ose ASCII (ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange). ASCII \u00ebsht\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb alfabetin anglez, prandaj \u00e7do shkronj\u00eb, num\u00ebr dhe simbol (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, +, -, \/, ",! etj.) \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar si nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb plot\u00eb 7-bit\u00ebsh nga 32 deri n\u00eb 127. Kjo nuk ishte shum\u00eb 'miq\u00ebsore' p\u00ebr gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb tjera. P\u00ebr t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, Unicode e zgjeroi ASCII-n. N\u00eb Unicode, \u00e7do simbol \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar si nj\u00eb pik\u00eb kodi, ose karakter, p\u00ebr shembull, letra e vog\u00ebl j \u2014 U+006A, ku U p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson Unicode dhe pastaj numri hexadecimal.<\/p>\n

UTF-8 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb standard p\u00ebr paraqitjen e simboleve n\u00eb form\u00ebn e tet\u00eb biteve, duke lejuar ruajtjen e secil\u00ebs pik\u00eb kodi n\u00eb gam\u00ebn 0-127 n\u00eb nj\u00eb bajt. N\u00ebse ne e p\u00ebrkujtojm\u00eb ASCII-n, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr simbolet n\u00eb anglisht, por simbolet e nj\u00eb gjuhe tjet\u00ebr shpesh shprehen n\u00eb dy ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb bajta. UTF-16 \u00ebsht\u00eb standardi p\u00ebr paraqitjen e simboleve n\u00eb form\u00ebn e 16 biteve, nd\u00ebrsa UTF-32 \u00ebsht\u00eb standardi p\u00ebr paraqitjen e simboleve n\u00eb form\u00ebn e 32 biteve. N\u00eb ASCII, \u00e7do simbol \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb bajt, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb Unicode, gj\u00eb q\u00eb shpesh nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e sakt\u00eb, nj\u00eb simbol mund t\u00eb z\u00ebr\u00eb 1, 2, 3 ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb bajta. N\u00eb artikull do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren grupe t\u00eb ndryshme dimensionale t\u00eb biteve. Numri i biteve n\u00eb nj\u00eb bajt ndryshon n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb konstruktit t\u00eb mbajt\u00ebsit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull do t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim n\u00ebp\u00ebr koh\u00eb p\u00ebrmes mbajt\u00ebsve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb informacionit p\u00ebr t'u zhytur n\u00eb historin\u00eb e ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb thellohemi n\u00eb studimin e \u00e7do mbajt\u00ebsi informacioni t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb q\u00eb ka ekzistuar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb. Para jush \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull informativ arg\u00ebtues, i cili asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk pretendon p\u00ebr r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb enciklopedike.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb. Supozoni se kemi nj\u00eb bajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash p\u00ebr ruajtje: letra j, ose n\u00eb form\u00ebn e bajtit t\u00eb koduar 6a, ose n\u00eb form\u00ebn binare 01001010. Gjat\u00eb udh\u00ebtimit ton\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00eb, bajti i dh\u00ebnash do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb disa teknologji ruajtjeje q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhen.<\/p>\n

1951<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nHistoria jon\u00eb fillon n\u00eb vitin 1951 me ruajt\u00ebsin me kaset\u00eb UNIVAC UNISERVO p\u00ebr kompjuterin UNIVAC 1. Ky ishte ruajt\u00ebsi i par\u00eb me kaset\u00eb, i krijuar p\u00ebr kompjuterin komercial. Kaseja ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb shiriti i holl\u00eb nikeli bronzi me gjer\u00ebsi 12.65 mm (t\u00eb quajtur Vicalloy) dhe gjat\u00ebsi pothuajse 366 metra. Bajtat tan\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb ruheshin me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi prej 7,200 simboresh n\u00eb sekond\u00eb n\u00eb kaset\u00eb, e cila l\u00ebvizte me shpejt\u00ebsi 2.54 metra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb historis\u00eb, ju mund t\u00eb matni shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e algoritmit t\u00eb ruajtjes sipas distanc\u00ebs s\u00eb kaluar nga kaseta.<\/p>\n

1952<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nT\u00eb kthehemi nj\u00eb vit p\u00ebrpara, n\u00eb 21 Maj 1952, kur IBM shpalli lansimin e nj\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb saj t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb kasetave magnetike, IBM 726. Tani, bajti yn\u00eb i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb transferohet nga kaseta metalike UNISERVO n\u00eb kaset\u00ebn magnetike IBM. Ky sht\u00ebpi i ri u tregua shum\u00eb i ngroht\u00eb p\u00ebr bajtin ton\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, pasi n\u00eb kaset\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruhen deri n\u00eb 2 milion\u00eb numra. Kjo kaset\u00eb magnetike me 7 kanale l\u00ebvizte me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi prej 1.9 metrash n\u00eb sekond\u00eb me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi transmetimi prej 12,500 numra<\/a><\/noindex> ose 7500 simbol\u00ebt<\/a><\/noindex> (n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb quajtura grupe kopjimi) n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. Si referenc\u00eb: n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull mesatar n\u00eb Habr\u00eb ka rreth 10,000 karaktere.<\/p>\n

Kaseta IBM 726 kishte shtat\u00eb \u043a\u0430\u043dale, gjasht\u00eb prej t\u00eb cilave sh\u00ebrbenin p\u00ebr ruajtjen e informacionit, dhe nj\u00eb - p\u00ebr kontrollin e paritetit. N\u00eb nj\u00eb bobin\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruhej deri n\u00eb 400 metra kasete me gjer\u00ebsi 1.25 cm. Shpejt\u00ebsia e transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave teorikisht arrinte 12,500 karaktere n\u00eb sekond\u00eb; dend\u00ebsia e regjistrimit ishte 40 bits p\u00ebr centimet\u00ebr. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem p\u00ebrdorej metoda \"kanali me vakuum\", ku cikli i kaset\u00ebs qarkullonte midis dy pikave. Kjo lejonte q\u00eb kaseta t\u00eb niste dhe t\u00eb ndalonte brenda nj\u00eb fraksioni t\u00eb sekond\u00ebs. K\u00ebt\u00eb e arrit\u00ebn duke instaluar kolona t\u00eb gjata vakum midis bobinave t\u00eb kaset\u00ebs dhe kokave p\u00ebr lexim\/shkrim p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrthithur rritjet e papritura t\u00eb tensionit n\u00eb kaset\u00eb, pa t\u00eb cilat kaseta zakonisht do t\u00eb thyhej. Nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb plastike e heqshme n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e pasme t\u00eb bobin\u00ebs s\u00eb kaset\u00ebs ofronte mbrojtje nga regjistrimi. N\u00eb nj\u00eb bobin\u00eb kasete mund t\u00eb ruhen rreth 1.1 megabajt\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Merrni parasysh kasetat VHS. \u00c7far\u00eb duhej t\u00eb b\u00ebnit p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri nj\u00eb film? T\u00eb ktheni kaset\u00ebn! Sa her\u00eb keni rrotulluar kaset\u00ebn n\u00eb laps p\u00ebr t\u00eb kursyer baterit\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur nj\u00eb kaset\u00eb t\u00eb thyer ose t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruar? E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb vlen edhe p\u00ebr kasetat q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr kompjuter\u00ebt. Programet nuk mund t\u00eb thyenin thjesht nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb kaset\u00ebs ose t\u00eb aksesonin t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat rast\u00ebsisht; ato mund t\u00eb lexonin dhe shkruanin t\u00eb dh\u00ebna vet\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb renditur.<\/p>\n

1956<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nN\u00ebse kalojm\u00eb disa vite p\u00ebrpara, n\u00eb vitin 1956, epoka e ruajtjes me disqe magnetik filloi me p\u00ebrfundimin nga IBM t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb sistemit kompjuterik RAMAC 305, i cili do t\u00eb furnizohet nga kompania Zellerbach Paper. San Francisko<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kompjuter u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb disk i ngurt\u00eb me kok\u00eb n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje. Nj\u00eb depozita RAMAC p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb pllaka metalike t\u00eb magnetizuara me diamet\u00ebr 60.96 cm, t\u00eb afta p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur rreth pes\u00eb milion karaktere t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, 7 bit p\u00ebr karakter, dhe p\u00ebr t'u rrotulluar me shpejt\u00ebsi 1200 rrotullime n\u00eb minut\u00eb. Kapaciteti i ruajtjes ishte rreth 3.75 megabajt.<\/p>\n

RAMAC lejonte akses n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale n\u00eb sasi t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, ndryshe nga banda magnetike ose kartat perforuese. Kompania IBM e reklamonte RAMAC si nj\u00eb pajisje q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruante ekvivalentin e 64,000 kartat perforuese<\/a><\/noindex>. M\u00eb par\u00eb, RAMAC kishte futur konceptin e p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm t\u00eb transaksioneve gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb tyre, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat t\u00eb mund t\u00eb nxirreshin menj\u00ebher\u00eb, derisa ato ishin akoma t\u00eb fresk\u00ebta. Tani aksesimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave tona n\u00eb RAMAC mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhej me shpejt\u00ebsi 100,000 bit p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. M\u00eb par\u00eb, gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb bandeve, na duhej t\u00eb shkruanim dhe lexonim t\u00eb dh\u00ebna n\u00eb nj\u00eb rend, dhe nuk mund t\u00eb kalonim rast\u00ebsisht n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb bandes. Aksi i rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale te t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ishte v\u00ebrtet revolucionar n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

1963<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nLe t\u00eb kthehemi n\u00eb vitin 1963, kur u prezantua DECtape. Emri i saj vinte nga kompanija Digital Equipment Corporation, e njohur si DEC. DECtape ishte e lir\u00eb dhe e besueshme, ndaj u p\u00ebrdor n\u00eb shum\u00eb gjenerata kompjuter\u00ebsh DEC. Ajo ishte nj\u00eb band\u00eb 19 mm, e laminuar dhe e kompresuar midis dy shtresave mylari n\u00eb nj\u00eb rol kat\u00ebr in\u00e7 (10.16 cm).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb krahasim me paraardh\u00ebsit e saj t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb dhe t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj, banda DECtape mund t\u00eb transportohej me dor\u00eb. Kjo e b\u00ebri at\u00eb nj\u00eb opsion t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer p\u00ebr kompjuter\u00ebt personal\u00eb. N\u00eb krahasim me analog\u00ebt e saj me 7 kanale, DECtape kishte 6 kanale t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, 2 kanale t\u00eb etiketave dhe 2 p\u00ebr impulset taktike. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat shkruheshin me shpejt\u00ebsi 350 bit p\u00ebr in\u00e7 (138 bit p\u00ebr cm). Bytes ton\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga 8 bit, por mund t\u00eb zgjerohet deri n\u00eb 12, mund t\u00eb transmetoheshin n\u00eb DECtape me shpejt\u00ebsi 8325 fjalish 12-bit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb me shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb bandes 93 (\u00b112) in\u00e7 n\u00eb sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb 8% m\u00eb shum\u00eb numer n\u00eb sekond\u00eb se sa n\u00eb banden metalike UNISERVO n\u00eb vitin 1952.
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

1967<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nKat\u00ebr vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1967, nj\u00eb ekip i vog\u00ebl i IBM filloi pun\u00ebn mbi nj\u00eb disk p\u00ebr IBM me emrin kodor Minnow<\/a><\/noindex>. At\u00ebher\u00eb, ekipi kishte p\u00ebr detyr\u00eb t\u00eb zhvillonte nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb besueshme dhe t\u00eb lir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngarkuar mikrokodet n\u00eb mainframe<\/a><\/noindex> IBM System\/370. Pas projektu \u00ebsht\u00eb rip\u00ebrcaktuar dhe p\u00ebrshtatur p\u00ebr ngarkimin e mikro-kodit n\u00eb kontrolluesin p\u00ebr IBM 3330 Direct Access Storage Facility me emrin kodor Merlin.<\/p>\n

Tani byti yn\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruhet n\u00eb disqet\u00eb fleksib\u00ebl 8-in\u00e7 Mylar me mbulim magnetik, t\u00eb njohura sot si disketat. N\u00eb koh\u00ebn e lansimit, produkti mori emrin IBM 23FD Floppy Disk Drive System. Disket mund t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb 80 kilobajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. Ndryshe nga disqet e forta, p\u00ebrdoruesi mund ta transferonte leht\u00ebsisht disket\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb mbajt\u00ebse mbrojt\u00ebse nga nj\u00eb disk tek tjetri. M\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1973, IBM l\u00ebshoi nj\u00eb disket\u00eb p\u00ebr lexim\/shkruarje q\u00eb pastaj u b\u00eb standard industrial. standard<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n\u00a0<\/p>\n

1969<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n\u00a0N\u00eb vitin 1969, n\u00eb bordin e anijes kozmike \"Apollo 11\", e cila transportonte astronaut\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb dhe kthim, u njoftua kompjuteri onboard AGC (Apollo Guidance Computer) me \"memorie telash\" (rope memory). Kjo memorie telash ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb me dor\u00eb dhe mund t\u00eb mbante 72 kilobajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. Prodhimi i memories telash ishte i pun\u00ebs intensifikues dhe k\u00ebrkonte aft\u00ebsi t\u00eb ngjashme me at\u00eb t\u00eb endjes; p\u00ebr t\u00eb endur programin n\u00eb memorien telash, mund t\u00eb nevojiteshin muaj<\/a><\/noindex>. Por kjo ishte mjeti i duhur p\u00ebr koh\u00ebt kur ishte e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb mbushej maksimumi n\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb kufizuar t\u00eb rrept\u00eb. Kur tela kalonte p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb nga fibrave rrethore, ajo p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte 1. Tela q\u00eb kalonte rreth fibr\u00ebs p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte 0. Byti yn\u00eb i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave k\u00ebrkonte disa minuta endjeje nga personi.<\/p>\n

1977<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nN\u00eb vitin 1977, u l\u00ebshua Commodore PET \u2014 kompjuteri i par\u00eb (i suksessh\u00ebm) personal. N\u00eb PET u p\u00ebrdor Commodore 1530 Datasette, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna plus kaset\u00eb. PET e shnd\u00ebrronte t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb sinjale zanore analoge, t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb von\u00eb ruheshin n\u00eb kaseta<\/a><\/noindex>. Kjo mund\u00ebsoi krijimin e nj\u00eb zgjidhjeje ekonomike dhe t\u00eb besueshme p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, ndon\u00ebse shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngadalta. Byti yn\u00eb i vog\u00ebl i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb transmetohej me shpejt\u00ebsi rreth 60-70 byte n\u00eb sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Kasetat mund t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb rreth 100 kilobajt p\u00ebr an\u00ebn 30-minut\u00ebshe, me dy an\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb kaset\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb nj\u00eb an\u00eb t\u00eb kaset\u00ebs mund t\u00eb vendoseshin rreth dy imazhe 55 KB. Datasette u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn gjithashtu n\u00eb Commodore VIC-20 dhe Commodore 64.<\/p>\n

1978<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nPas nj\u00eb vit, n\u00eb vitin 1978, MCA dhe Philips prezantuan LaserDisc me emrin \u00abDiscovision\u00bb. Filmi \u00abBuz\u00ebqeshja\u00bb u b\u00eb filmi i par\u00eb q\u00eb u shit n\u00eb LaserDisc n\u00eb SHBA. Cil\u00ebsia e z\u00ebrit dhe videos ishte shum\u00eb m\u00eb e mir\u00eb se sa konkurrent\u00ebt, por disku lazer doli t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb i shtrenjt\u00eb p\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn e konsumator\u00ebve. N\u00eb LaserDisc nuk mund t\u00eb regjistrohej, ndryshe nga kasetat VHS, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat njer\u00ebzit regjistronin emisionet televizive. Disku lazer punonte me video analoge, z\u00eb analog FM stereo dhe modulim kodik impulsesh, modulimi<\/a><\/noindex>, ose PCM, audio dixhital. Disku kishte diamet\u00ebr 12 in\u00e7 (30,47 cm) dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga dy disqe aluminimi me nj\u00eb an\u00eb, t\u00eb mbuluara me plastik\u00eb. Sot, LaserDisc kujtohet si baza e CD dhe DVD.<\/p>\n

1979<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nNj\u00eb vit m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1979, Alan Shugart dhe Phyillis Conner themeluan kompanin\u00eb Seagate Technology me iden\u00eb e shkall\u00ebzimit t\u00eb diskut t\u00eb harduerit p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb at\u00eb me madh\u00ebsi t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me disket\u00ebn 5 \u00bc in\u00e7, q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte standardi. Produkti i tyre i par\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1980 ishte disku i harduerit Seagate ST506 \u2014 disku i par\u00eb i harduerit p\u00ebr kompjuter\u00ebt kompakt. Disku mbante pes\u00eb megabajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte pes\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se disket\u00eb standarde. Themeluesit arrit\u00ebn q\u00ebllimin e tyre \u2014 t\u00eb reduktonin madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e diskut n\u00eb madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e disket\u00ebs 5\u00bc in\u00e7. Pajisja e re e ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga nj\u00eb pllakat metalike e fort\u00eb, e mbuluar nga t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt me nj\u00eb t\u00eb holl\u00eb shtres\u00eb materiali magnetik p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Bajtat tona t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb kalonin n\u00eb disk me shpejt\u00ebsi 625 kilobajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht kaq GIF<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

1981<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nLe t\u00eb zhvendosim p\u00ebr disa vjet p\u00ebrpara, n\u00eb vitin 1981, kur Sony prezantoi disketat e para 3,5 in\u00e7. Kompania Hewlett-Packard u b\u00eb ndiq\u00ebsi i par\u00eb i k\u00ebsaj teknologjie n\u00eb vitin 1982 me HP-150. Kjo e b\u00ebri t\u00eb njohur disket\u00ebn 3,5 in\u00e7 dhe e b\u00ebri at\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapur gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb industrin\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Disketat ishin me nj\u00eb an\u00eb me kapacitet t\u00eb formatizuar 161.2 kilobajt dhe kapacitet t\u00eb pap\u00ebrfunduar 218.8 kilobajt. N\u00eb vitin 1982 u l\u00ebshua nj\u00eb version me dy an\u00eb, dhe konsorciumi Microfloppy Industry Committee (MIC) i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga 23 kompani mediatike, themeloi specifikimin e disket\u00ebs 3,5 in\u00e7 mbi dizajnin origjinal t\u00eb Sony, duke e konsoliduar formatin n\u00eb histori ashtu si\u00e7 e njohim. e njohim<\/a><\/noindex>. Tani bajtat tona t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb ruhen n\u00eb versionin e hersh\u00ebm t\u00eb nj\u00eb prej mediumeve m\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshme: disku 3,5 in\u00e7. M\u00eb von\u00eb, nj\u00eb \u00e7ift disketash 3,5 in\u00e7 me Shtegun Oregon<\/a><\/noindex> u b\u00ebn\u00eb pjesa m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e f\u00ebmij\u00ebris\u00eb sime.<\/p>\n

1984<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nS\u00eb shpejti pas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb vitin 1984, u shpall l\u00ebshimi i kompakt-disqit me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb disponueshme vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lexim (angl. Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, CD-ROM). K\u00ebto ishin CD-ROM me kapacitet 550 megabajt nga kompanit\u00eb Sony dhe Philips. Formati u zhvillua nga kompakt-disk\u00ebt me audio digjitale, ose CD-DA, t\u00eb cilat u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen e muzik\u00ebs. CD-DA u zhvillua nga Sony dhe Philips n\u00eb vitin 1982, kapaciteti i tij ishte 74 minuta. Sipas legjend\u00ebs, kur Sony dhe Philips ishin n\u00eb negociata p\u00ebr standardin CD-DA, nj\u00eb nga kat\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit insistonin q\u00eb ai t\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00ebr\u00eb \"Simfonin\u00eb e N\u00ebnt\u00eb.\" Produkti i par\u00eb q\u00eb u l\u00ebshua n\u00eb kompakt-disk ishte \"Enciklopedia Elektronike Grolier\", e cila doli n\u00eb vitin 1985. Enciklopedia kishte n\u00ebnt\u00eb milion fjal\u00eb, q\u00eb zinin vet\u00ebm 12% t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs s\u00eb disponueshme n\u00eb disk, q\u00eb ishin 553 mebibajt<\/a><\/noindex>. Do t\u00eb kishim m\u00eb shum\u00eb se mjaft hap\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebr enciklopedin\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb byte t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. S\u00eb shpejti pas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb vitin 1985, kompanit\u00eb kompjuterike punuan s\u00eb bashku p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb standard p\u00ebr disqet, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb \u00e7do kompjuter t\u00eb mund t\u00eb lexonte informacionin nga ato.<\/p>\n

1984<\/h2>\n

\nPo ashtu n\u00eb vitin 1984, Fujio Masuoka zhvilloi nj\u00eb lloj t\u00eb ri memorjeje me der\u00eb fluturuese, t\u00eb cilin e quajti memorje flash, e cila ishte e aft\u00eb t\u00eb fshihej dhe t\u00eb ri-shkruhej shum\u00eb her\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb ndalojm\u00eb pak te memorja flash, e cila p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb tranzistor me der\u00eb fluturuese. Tranzistor\u00ebt jan\u00eb porta elektrike q\u00eb mund t\u00eb aktivizohen dhe \u00e7aktivizohen ndaras. Nd\u00ebrsa secili tranzistor mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb dy gjendje t\u00eb ndryshme (aktiv dhe pasiv), ai mund t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb dy numra t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm: 0 dhe 1. Deri fluturuese i referohet der\u00ebs s\u00eb dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shtuar n\u00eb tranzistorin e mes\u00ebm. Kjo der\u00eb e dyt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e izoluar me nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb t\u00eb holl\u00eb oksidi. K\u00ebta tranzistor\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin nj\u00eb tension t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb aplikuar n\u00eb der\u00ebn e tranzistorit p\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb aktiv apo pasiv, q\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet n\u00eb 0 ose 1.
\n\u00a0
\nMe hap\u00ebsira t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme, kur nj\u00eb tension i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm aplikohet p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb shtrese oksidike, elektronet kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes saj dhe ngecin n\u00eb hap\u00ebsirat. Prandaj, edhe kur energia \u00ebsht\u00eb e nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb, elektronet q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb aty. Kur hap\u00ebsirat e l\u00ebvizshme nuk kan\u00eb elektron, ato paraqesin 1, dhe kur elektronet ngelin \u2014 0. Procesi i kund\u00ebrt dhe aplikimi i nj\u00eb tensioni t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes shtres\u00ebs oksidike n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, b\u00ebn q\u00eb elektronet t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes hap\u00ebsirave t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme dhe t\u00eb rikthejn\u00eb tranzistorin n\u00eb gjendjen e tij origjinale. Prandaj, qelizat b\u00ebhen t\u00eb programueshme dhe t\u00eb pavarura nga energjia<\/a><\/noindex>. Baiti yn\u00eb mund t\u00eb programohet n\u00eb tranzistor n\u00eb form\u00ebn 01001010, me elektronet q\u00eb ngelin n\u00eb hap\u00ebsirat e l\u00ebvizshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb paraqitur zero.<\/p>\n

Konstruksioni i Masuoka ishte pak m\u00eb i arritsh\u00ebm, por m\u00eb pak i fleksibil se PROM-i q\u00eb fshihet elektrikisht (EEPROM), pasi k\u00ebrkonte disa grupe qelizash q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb fshiheshin s\u00eb bashku, por kjo gjithashtu shpjegohej nga shpejt\u00ebsia e tij.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, Masuoka punonte n\u00eb Toshiba. N\u00eb fund, ai u largua p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar n\u00eb Universitetin Tohoku, sepse ishte i pak\u00ebnaqur q\u00eb kompania nuk e shp\u00ebrbleu p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e tij. Masuoka paditi Toshiba p\u00ebr kompensim. N\u00eb vitin 2006, ai mori 87 milion yen, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ekuivalente me 758,000 dollar\u00eb amerikan\u00eb. Kjo ende duket e pak\u00ebt, duke e pasur parasysh se sa ndikim ka pasur flash-memory n\u00eb industri.<\/p>\n

Duke folur p\u00ebr flash-memory, \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim ndryshimin midis flash-memory NOR dhe NAND. Si\u00e7 e dim\u00eb nga Masuoka, flash ruan informacionin n\u00eb qelizat e memories q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga transistora me hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme. Emrat e teknologjive lidhen drejtp\u00ebrdrejt me m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si jan\u00eb organizuar qelizat e memories.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb flash-memory NOR, qelizat e ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb memories lidhen paralelisht, duke siguruar akses t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Kjo arkitektur\u00eb redukton koh\u00ebn e leximit t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr aksesin e rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb instrukcioni e mikroprocesor\u00ebve. Flash-memory NOR \u00ebsht\u00eb ideale p\u00ebr aplikacione me densitet m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, q\u00eb jan\u00eb kryesisht p\u00ebr lexim. Pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, shumica e CPU-ve ngarkojn\u00eb firmware e tyre, shpesh nga flash-memory NOR. Masuoka dhe koleg\u00ebt e tij prezantuan shpikjen e flash-it NOR n\u00eb vitin 1984 dhe NAND flash n\u00eb 1987<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Zhvilluesit e NAND Flash pranuan heqjen e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr qasje t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb qelizave t\u00eb memories. Kjo ofron nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb \u00e7ipit dhe nj\u00eb kostos m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebr bit. Arkitektura e memories Flash NAND p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga tranzistor\u00eb memories t\u00eb lidhur n\u00eb seri, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga tet\u00eb pjes\u00eb. Fal\u00eb k\u00ebsaj arrihet nj\u00eb densitet i lart\u00eb i ruajtjes, nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl e qeliz\u00ebs s\u00eb memories si dhe nj\u00eb shkrim dhe fshirje m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, pasi ajo mund t\u00eb programoj\u00eb blloqe t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht. Kjo arrihet p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nevoj\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb rishtypur t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat kur ato nuk regjistrohen n\u00eb seri dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tashm\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb n\u00eb bllok<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

1991<\/h2>\n

\nLe t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1991, kur u krijua prototipi i diskut solid (SSD) nga kompania SanDisk, e cila n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte e njohur si SunDisk<\/a><\/noindex>. Dizajni kombinonte nj\u00eb matrik\u00eb flash, \u00e7ipa memories q\u00eb nuk humbin energjin\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb kontrollues inteligjent p\u00ebr zbulimin dhe korrigjimin automatik t\u00eb qelizave defektoze. Kapaciteti i diskut ishte 20 megabajt me format 2.5 in\u00e7, dhe \u00e7mimi i saj vler\u00ebsohej rreth 1000 dollar\u00eb amerikan. Ky disk u p\u00ebrdor nga kompania IBM n\u00eb kompjuterin ThinkPad<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

1994<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nNj\u00eb nga mediumet e informacionit q\u00eb m\u00eb p\u00eblqente q\u00eb nga f\u00ebmij\u00ebria ishin Zip Disks. N\u00eb vitin 1994, kompania Iomega lan\u00e7oi Zip Disk, nj\u00eb kartush 100 megabajt\u00ebsh me nj\u00eb format 3.5 in\u00e7, pak m\u00eb i trash\u00eb se disku standard 3.5 in\u00e7. Versionet m\u00eb t\u00eb vonshme t\u00eb disk\u00ebve mund t\u00eb ruanin deri n\u00eb 2 gigabajt. Pika e mir\u00eb e k\u00ebtyre disk\u00ebve ishte se ata ishin me madh\u00ebsi si disketat, por kishin kapacitet p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna. Byte-at tan\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb regjistroheshin n\u00eb Zip-disk me shpejt\u00ebsi 1.4 megabajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. P\u00ebr krahasim, n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, 1.44 megabajt t\u00eb disket\u00ebs 3.5 in\u00e7 regjistroheshin me shpejt\u00ebsi rreth 16 kilobajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. N\u00eb Zip-disk, head-at lexojn\u00eb\/shkruajn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna pa kontakt, sikur t\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb mbi sip\u00ebrfaqen, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me funksionin e nj\u00eb disku t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb, por ndryshon nga parimi i funksionimit t\u00eb disketave t\u00eb tjera. S\u00eb shpejti Zip-disket u b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb problemeve me besueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe disponueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

1994<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nI nj\u00eb vit t\u00eb till\u00eb, SanDisk prezantoi CompactFlash, e cila u p\u00ebrdor gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb kamerat digjitale. Si n\u00eb rastin e disqeve kompakt, shpejt\u00ebsia e CompactFlash bazohet n\u00eb klasat 'x', si 8x, 20x, 133x etj. Shpejt\u00ebsia maksimale e transferimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave llogaritet n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb transferimit t\u00eb audios origjinale CD, 150 kilobajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. Shpejt\u00ebsia e transferimit duket si R = Kx150 kB\/s, ku R \u00ebsht\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsia e transferimit dhe K \u00ebsht\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsia nominale. Pra, p\u00ebr 133x CompactFlash, bajti yn\u00eb i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave do t\u00eb shkruhej me 133x150 kB\/s ose rreth 19,950 kB\/s ose 19.95 MB\/s. Shoqata CompactFlash u themelua n\u00eb vitin 1995 me q\u00ebllimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb standard industrial p\u00ebr kartat e memories t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb memorie flash.<\/p>\n

1997<\/h2>\n

\nDisa vite m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1997, u lansua disku kompakt me mund\u00ebsi riprogramimi (CD-RW). Ky disk optik u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, si dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb kopjuar dhe transferuar skedar\u00eb n\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb ndryshme. Disqet kompakte mund t\u00eb riprogramohen rreth 1000 her\u00eb, gj\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb nuk ishte nj\u00eb faktor kufizues, pasi p\u00ebrdoruesit rrall\u00eb riprogramonin t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat.<\/p>\n

CD-RW bazohen n\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb e ndryshimit t\u00eb reflektivitetit t\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqes. N\u00eb rastin e CD-RW, ndryshimet fazore n\u00eb nj\u00eb mbules\u00eb speciale, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga argjendi, telluri dhe indium, shkaktojn\u00eb aft\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb reflektuar ose jo rrezen lexuese, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb 0 ose 1. Kur lidhja ndodhet n\u00eb gjendje kristalore, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjysm\u00eb transparente, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb 1. Kur lidhja shkrin n\u00eb gjendjen amorfe, ajo b\u00ebhet opake dhe jo-reflektuese, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> 0. Pra, ne mund ta shkruajm\u00eb bajtin ton\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash si 01001010.<\/p>\n

DVD-t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimisht zune nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb tregut nga CD-RW.<\/p>\n

1999<\/h2>\n

\nLe t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1999, kur IBM prezantoi disk\u00ebt e harduerit m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl n\u00eb bot\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb: disk\u00ebt e vegj\u00ebl IBM me kapacitet 170 dhe 340 MB. K\u00ebto ishin disqe t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl t\u00eb harduerit me p\u00ebrmasa 2.54 cm, t\u00eb destinuara p\u00ebr t'u instaluar n\u00eb vendet e CompactFlash Type II. Ishte planifikuar t\u00eb krijohej nj\u00eb pajisje q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej si CompactFlash, por me kapacitet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh memoriesh. Megjithat\u00eb, ato u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuan shpejt nga pajisjet USB dhe pastaj nga kartat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha CompactFlash, kur u b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme. Si disqet e tjera t\u00eb harduerit, disk\u00ebt e vegj\u00ebl ishin mekanik\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrmbanin disqe t\u00eb vogla q\u00eb rrotulloheshin.<\/p>\n

2000<\/h2>\n

\nNj\u00eb vit m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 2000, u prezantuan memorizimet USB. Ato p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga memorie flash, t\u00eb mbyllur n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl me nd\u00ebrfaqe USB. N\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb versionit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqes USB q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret, shpejt\u00ebsia mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb. USB 1.1 \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar n\u00eb 1.5 megabit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa USB 2.0 mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunoj\u00eb deri n\u00eb 35 megabit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, dhe USB 3.0 deri n\u00eb 625 megabit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. Memorizimet e para USB 3.1 t\u00eb tipit C u njoftuan n\u00eb mars t\u00eb vitit 2015 dhe kishin shpejt\u00ebsi leximi\/shkrimi prej 530 megabit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. Ndryshe nga disketat dhe disk\u00ebt optik\u00eb, pajisjet USB jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr tu g\u00ebrvishtur, por ato kan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, si dhe p\u00ebr transferimin dhe kopjimin e skedar\u00ebve. Disk\u00ebt p\u00ebr disketat dhe disk\u00ebt e kompakt shpejt u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuan nga portet USB.<\/p>\n

2005<\/h2>\n

\n\"Jeta
\n
\nN\u00eb vitin 2005, prodhuesit e disk\u00ebve t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb (HDD) filluan t\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb produkte q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin regjistrimin magnetik p\u00ebrperndor\u00ebsh, ose PMR. Mjaft interesante \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb kjo ndodhi n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb kur iPod Nano njoftoi se do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte memorien flash n\u00eb vend t\u00eb disk\u00ebve t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb 1-in\u00e7 n\u00eb iPod Mini.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb disk i zakonsh\u00ebm i ngurt\u00eb p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb apo m\u00eb shum\u00eb disqe t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb, t\u00eb mbuluar me nj\u00eb film magnetik t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm, p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga kokrriza magnetike t\u00eb vogla. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat regjistrohen kur kok\u00eb regjistruesi magnetik kalon pak mbi disqin q\u00eb rrotullohet. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e ngjashme me nj\u00eb turnabel tradicional, me dallimin se n\u00eb turnabel, gjilp\u00ebra \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kontakt fizik me diskun. Nd\u00ebrsa disqet rrotullohen, ajri q\u00eb prek ato krijon nj\u00eb er\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb. Nj\u00ebsoj si ajri mbi krahun e nj\u00eb avioni krijon forc\u00ebn e ngritjes, ajri gjeneron forc\u00ebn e ngritjes n\u00eb kok\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrfaqes aerodinamike kok\u00ebn e disqeve<\/a><\/noindex>. Koka shpejt ndryshon magnetizmin e nj\u00eb zone magnetike t\u00eb kokrrizave n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb poli magnetik i saj t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb lart ose posht\u00eb, duke treguar 1 ose 0.
\n\u00a0
\nParaardh\u00ebs i PMR ishte regjistrimi magnetik longitudinal, ose LMR. Densiteti i regjistrimit PMR mund t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb densitetin e regjistrimit LMR m\u00eb shum\u00eb se tri her\u00eb. Dallimi kryesor midis PMR dhe LMR \u00ebsht\u00eb se struktura e grimcave dhe orientimi magnetik i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb ruajtura n\u00eb mbajt\u00ebsit PMR \u00ebsht\u00eb kolonare, e jo longitudinale. PMR ka stabilitet termik m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb raport t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar sinjal-zhurm\u00eb (SNR) fal\u00eb ndarjes m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb grimcave dhe uniformitetit. Ajo gjithashtu dallon p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb regjistrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar fal\u00eb fushave m\u00eb t\u00eb forta t\u00eb kok\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimit t\u00eb koordinimit magnetik t\u00eb mbajt\u00ebsit. Si LMR, kufizimet themelore t\u00eb PMR bazohen n\u00eb stabilitetin termik t\u00eb grumbujve t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb regjistruara me magnet dhe nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasur nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb mjaftueshme SNR p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar informacionin e regjistruar.<\/p>\n

2007<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 2007 u njoftua p\u00ebr lansimin e hard diskut t\u00eb par\u00eb me kapacitet 1 TB nga Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000 p\u00ebrdorte pes\u00eb pllaka 3,5-in\u00e7 200-gigabajt dhe kishte nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi rrotullimi 7200<\/a><\/noindex> rpm. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi e madhe n\u00eb krahasim me hard diskun e par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb IBM RAMAC 350, i cili kishte nj\u00eb kapacitet prej rreth 3.75 megabajt. O, sa shum\u00eb kemi avancuar n\u00eb 51 vjet! Por presi, ka di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

2009<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 2009 filluan punimet teknike p\u00ebr krijimin e memories ekspres pa energji, ose NVMe<\/a><\/noindex>. Memoria pa energji (NVM) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj memorie q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebrher\u00eb, p\u00ebr dallim nga memoria q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon energji t\u00eb vazhdueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat. NVMe plot\u00ebson nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe p\u00ebr host-kontrollues t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr komponent\u00ebt periferik\u00eb t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb drive me gjysm\u00ebp\u00ebr\u00e7ues me mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr teknologjin\u00eb PCIe, andaj edhe emri NVMe. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 90 kompani u b\u00ebn\u00eb pjes\u00eb e grupit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs p\u00ebr zhvillimin e projektit. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto u bazuan n\u00eb rezultatet e punimeve p\u00ebr p\u00ebrcaktimin e specifikimeve t\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqes p\u00ebr host-kontrolluesin e memories pa energji (NVMHCIS). Disket m\u00eb t\u00eb mira sot NVMe mund t\u00eb trajtojn\u00eb rreth 3500 megabajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb p\u00ebr lexim dhe 3300 megabajt n\u00eb sekond\u00eb p\u00ebr shkruajtje. Shkruaj nj\u00eb bajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash j, nga t\u00eb cilat ne filluam, mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet shum\u00eb shpejt krahasuar me disa minuta t\u00eb endjes manuale t\u00eb memories me tel p\u00ebr Kompjuterin Ndihm\u00ebs t\u00eb Apollo.<\/p>\n

Tani dhe e ardhmja<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Memoria e Klas\u00ebs s\u00eb Ruajtjes<\/h3>\n

\nTani, tani, kur ne kemi udh\u00ebtuar n\u00eb koh\u00eb (ha!), le t\u00eb shikojm\u00eb gjendjen aktuale t\u00eb memories Storage Class Memory. SCM, si NVM, \u00ebsht\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme, por SCM gjithashtu ofron performanc\u00eb q\u00eb e tejkalon ose \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me memorien kryesore, si dhe adresueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e byte-ve<\/a><\/noindex>. Q\u00ebllimi i SCM \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb disa probleme t\u00eb sotme me cache, si densiteti i ul\u00ebt i memorieve statike RAM (SRAM). Me ndihm\u00ebn e memorieve t\u00eb rastit dinamike (DRAM), ne mund t\u00eb arrijm\u00eb nj\u00eb densitet m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, por kjo arrihet me kosto t\u00eb nj\u00eb qasjeje m\u00eb t\u00eb ngadalshme. DRAM gjithashtu vuajn\u00eb nga nevoja p\u00ebr energji t\u00eb vazhdueshme p\u00ebr rinovimin e memories. Le t\u00eb hulumtojm\u00eb pak p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb. Energjia \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, pasi ngarkesa elektrike n\u00eb kondensator\u00eb ik\u00ebn ngadal\u00eb, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb pa nd\u00ebrhyrje, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb \u00e7ip do t\u00eb humblen s\u00eb shpejti. P\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar nj\u00eb rrjedhje t\u00eb till\u00eb, DRAM k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm rinovimi, i cili p\u00ebrs\u00ebris imagin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb kondensator\u00eb periodikisht, duke i rikthyer ato n\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebn e tyre fillestare.<\/p>\n

Memoria e bazuar n\u00eb ndryshimin e fazave (Phase-change memory, PCM)<\/h3>\n

\nM\u00eb par\u00eb kemi shqyrtuar se si ndryshohet faza p\u00ebr CD-RW. PCM \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme. Materiali p\u00ebr ndryshimin e faz\u00ebs zakonisht \u00ebsht\u00eb Ge-Sb-Te, gjithashtu i njohur si GST, i cili mund t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb n\u00eb dy shtresa t\u00eb ndryshme: amorfe dhe kristaline. Shtresa amorfe ka nj\u00eb q\u00ebndrim m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, q\u00eb i jep vler\u00ebn 0, nd\u00ebrsa shtresa kristaline, q\u00eb i jep vler\u00ebn 1. Duke i caktuar vlerat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave rezistencave nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse, PCM mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur gjendje t\u00eb shumta n\u00eb form\u00ebn e MLC<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Memoria e rastit me \u00e7iftin e transferimit t\u00eb spinit (STT-RAM)<\/h3>\n

\nSTT-RAM p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga dy shtresa ferromagnetike, t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme magnetike, t\u00eb ndara nga nj\u00eb dielektrik, pra nj\u00eb izolues q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjell\u00eb forc\u00ebn elektrike pa kaluar. Ajo ruan bit\u00ebt e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, t\u00eb cilat bazohen n\u00eb dallimin e orientimeve magnetike. Nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb magnetike, e quajtur referuese, ka nj\u00eb orientim magnetik t\u00eb vendosur, nd\u00ebrsa shtresa tjet\u00ebr magnetike, e quajtur e lir\u00eb, ka nj\u00eb orientim magnetik q\u00eb kontrollohet nga p\u00ebr\u00e7ueshm\u00ebria e rrym\u00ebs. P\u00ebr 1, orientimi i magnetizimit t\u00eb dy shtresave rreshtohet. P\u00ebr 0, t\u00eb dy shtresat kan\u00eb orientime magnetike t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta.<\/p>\n

Memoria resistive me akses t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm (Resistive random access memory, ReRAM)
\nNj\u00eb qelis\u00eb ReRAM p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga dy elektroda metalike, t\u00eb ndara nga nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb oksidi metali. Pak a shum\u00eb i ngjan dizajnit t\u00eb memories flash Masuoka, ku elektronet dep\u00ebrtojn\u00eb n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn e oksidit dhe ngecin n\u00eb portat fluturuese ose anasjelltas. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e ReRAM, gjendja e qelis\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet mbi baz\u00ebn e p\u00ebrqendrimit t\u00eb oksigjenit t\u00eb lir\u00eb n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn e oksidit t\u00eb metalit.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse k\u00ebto teknologji jan\u00eb premtuese, ato kan\u00eb ende disa disavantazhe. PCM dhe STT-RAM kan\u00eb vonesa t\u00eb larta gjat\u00eb shkrimit. Von\u00ebsat e PCM jan\u00eb dhjet\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se sa ato t\u00eb DRAM, nd\u00ebrsa ato t\u00eb STT-RAM jan\u00eb dhjet\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se sa SRAM. PCM dhe ReRAM kan\u00eb nj\u00eb kufizim n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e shkrimit deri n\u00eb shfaqjen e nj\u00eb gabimi t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se elementi i memories ngec n\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb gusht 2015, kompania Intel shpalli lansimin e Optane, produktit t\u00eb saj t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar mbi baz\u00ebn e 3DXPoint. Optane pohon se performanca \u00ebsht\u00eb 1000 her\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se ajo e disqeve solide NAND, nd\u00ebrsa \u00e7mimi \u00ebsht\u00eb kat\u00ebr deri pes\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se ai i memories flash. Optane \u00ebsht\u00eb prova se SCM nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb teknologji eksperimentale. Do t\u00eb jet\u00eb interesante t\u00eb ndiqni zhvillimin e k\u00ebtyre teknologjive.<\/p>\n

Disqet e forta (HDD)<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Disku i fort\u00eb me helium (HHDD)<\/h3>\n

\nDisku me helium \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb disk i fort\u00eb me kapacitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb (HDD), i mbushur me helium dhe i mbyllur hermetikisht gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb prodhimit. Ashtu si disqet e tjera t\u00eb forta, si\u00e7 e kemi th\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb si nj\u00eb luajt\u00ebs me nj\u00eb pllakat\u00eb rotulluese me nj\u00eb mbules\u00eb magnetike. Disqet tipike t\u00eb forta thjesht kan\u00eb aj\u00ebr brenda hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs, megjithat\u00eb ky aj\u00ebr shkakton disa rezistenc\u00eb gjat\u00eb rotulllimit t\u00eb pllakatave.<\/p>\n

Topat e helium fluturojn\u00eb sepse helium \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i leht\u00eb se ajri. Faktikisht, helium p\u00ebrb\u00ebn 1\/7 t\u00eb dend\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb ajrit, q\u00eb lejon t\u00eb zvog\u00eblohet forca e ngadal\u00ebsimit gjat\u00eb rotullimit t\u00eb pllakatave, duke shkaktuar ulje t\u00eb sasis\u00eb s\u00eb energjis\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr rotullimin e disqeve. Megjithat\u00eb, kjo ve\u00e7ori \u00ebsht\u00eb dyt\u00ebsore, karakteristika kryesore e heliumit ishte se lejon paketimin e 7 pllakatave n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin form\u00eb q\u00eb zakonisht priste vet\u00ebm 5. N\u00ebse e kujtojm\u00eb analogjin\u00eb me krahun e avionit ton\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb analogji e p\u00ebrsosur. Duke qen\u00eb se helium zvog\u00eblon rezistenc\u00ebn, turbulenca p\u00ebrjashtohet.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tona tregojn\u00eb se balonat helio, pas disa dit\u00ebsh, fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb zbresin, sepse helium po del nga ato. E nj\u00ebjta mund t\u00eb thuhet edhe p\u00ebr disqet. Kaluar vitet, prodhuesit arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb nj\u00eb kontejner q\u00eb parandalon t\u00eb dalin heliumi nga forma gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb jet\u00ebgjat\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb disku. Kompania Backblaze kreu eksperimente dhe zbuloi se gabimi vjetor i disqeve t\u00eb ngadalt\u00eb me helium ishte 1,03%, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr standardet ishte 1,06%. Sigurisht, kjo diferenc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq e vog\u00ebl sa q\u00eb t\u00eb mos arrihet nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. mjaft e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Forma e diskuar e mbushur me helium mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb nj\u00eb disk t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb, i kapur me p\u00ebrdorimin e PMR, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin fol\u00ebm m\u00eb lart, ose teknologji magnetike mikroval\u00eb (MAMR) ose regjistrim magnetik me ngrohje (HAMR). \u00c7do teknologji magnetike e ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb kombinohet me helium n\u00eb vend t\u00eb ajrit. N\u00eb vitin 2014, kompania HGST bashkoi dy teknologji t\u00eb avancuara n\u00eb diskun e saj t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb me helium me kapacitet 10 TB, i cili p\u00ebrdorte regjistrimin magnetik t\u00eb mbuluar nga hosti, ose SMR (Shingled magnetic recording). Pak do t\u00eb ndalemi te SMR dhe m\u00eb pas do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb MAMR dhe HAMR.<\/p>\n

Teknologjia e regjistrimit magnetik t\u00eb mbuluar<\/h3>\n

\nM\u00eb par\u00eb shqyrtuam regjistrimin magnetik perpendicular (PMR), i cili ishte paraardh\u00ebsi i SMR. Ndryshe nga PMR, SMR regjistron rrug\u00eb t\u00eb reja q\u00eb mbulojn\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb rrug\u00ebs magnetike t\u00eb regjistruar m\u00eb par\u00eb. Kjo, nga ana e saj, e b\u00ebn rrug\u00ebn e kaluar m\u00eb t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb, duke siguruar nj\u00eb densitet m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb rrug\u00ebve. Emri i teknologjis\u00eb lidhet me faktin se rrug\u00ebt e mbuluara duken shum\u00eb si \u00e7atit\u00eb me pllaka.<\/p>\n

SMR \u00e7on n\u00eb nj\u00eb proces shum\u00eb m\u00eb kompleks t\u00eb regjistrimit, pasi gjat\u00eb regjistrimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb, rruga p\u00ebrkrenare regjistrohet p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. Kjo nuk shfaqet kur sip\u00ebrfaqja e diskut \u00ebsht\u00eb e zbraz\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebpasnj\u00ebshme. Por sapo filloni regjistrimin n\u00eb nj\u00eb seri rrug\u00ebsh q\u00eb tashm\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ekzistuese p\u00ebrkrenar\u00eb fshihen. N\u00ebse rruga p\u00ebrkrenare p\u00ebrmban t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, at\u00ebher\u00eb ajo duhet t\u00eb regjistrohet p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e ngjashme me NAND flash, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin fol\u00ebm m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Dispozitivet SMR lejoj\u00eb t\u00eb fshehin k\u00ebt\u00eb kompleksitet p\u00ebrmes menaxhimit t\u00eb softuerit t\u00eb integruar, duke rezultuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe t\u00eb ngjashme me \u00e7do disk t\u00eb fort\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, pajisjet SMR t\u00eb menaxhuara nga hosti nuk do t\u00eb lejojn\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e k\u00ebtyre disqeve pa adaptime t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb aplikacioneve dhe sistemeve operative. Hosti duhet t\u00eb kryej\u00eb shkrimin n\u00eb pajisje n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb strikte dhe rradhazi. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, performanca e pajisjeve \u00ebsht\u00eb 100% e parashikueshme. Kompania Seagate filloi d\u00ebrgesat e disqeve SMR n\u00eb vitin 2013, duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se dend\u00ebsia e tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb 25% shkon p\u00ebrtej<\/a><\/noindex> dend\u00ebsia PMR.<\/p>\n

Regjistrimi magnetik me mikroval\u00eb (MAMR)<\/h3>\n

\nRegjistrimi magnetik me ndihm\u00eb mikrovale (MAMR) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknologji e kujtes\u00ebs magnetike q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor energji t\u00eb ngjashme me HAMR (q\u00eb do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb). Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e MAMR \u00ebsht\u00eb Oscilatori i Torkut Spin (STO) ose 'gjeneratori i bazuar n\u00eb rotacionin e spin\u00ebve'. Vet\u00eb STO ndodhet shum\u00eb af\u00ebr kok\u00ebs s\u00eb regjistrimit. Kur applyhet nj\u00eb rrym\u00eb n\u00eb STO, ndodh gjenerimi i nj\u00eb fushe elektromagnetike rrethore me frekuenc\u00eb 20-40 GHz p\u00ebrmes polarizimit t\u00eb spin\u00ebve t\u00eb elektron\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebn ndikimin e k\u00ebtij fushe n\u00eb ferromagnetin e p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr MAMR, ndodh rezonanca q\u00eb \u00e7on n\u00eb precesionin e momenteve magnetike t\u00eb domain\u00ebve n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb. N\u00eb thelb, momenti magnetik devijohet nga boshti i tij dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndryshuar drejtimin e tij (rrotullimin), kok\u00ebs s\u00eb regjistrimit i nevojitet shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak energji.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrdorimi i teknologjis\u00eb MAMR lejon t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren substanca ferromagnetike me forc\u00eb koercitive m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb mundur zvoglimin e madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb domain\u00ebve magnetik\u00eb pa frik\u00ebn e shkaktimit t\u00eb efektit superparamagnetik. Gjeneratori STO ndihmon n\u00eb zvoglimin e madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb kok\u00ebs s\u00eb regjistrimit, duke mund\u00ebsuar regjistrimin e informacionit n\u00eb domain\u00eb magnetik\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, dhe k\u00ebshtu rrit densitetin e regjistrimit.<\/p>\n

Kompania Western Digital, e njohur gjithashtu si WD, e prezantoi k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji n\u00eb vitin 2017. Shpejt pas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb vitin 2018, kompania Toshiba mb\u00ebshteti k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji. Nd\u00ebrsa kompanit\u00eb WD dhe Toshiba jan\u00eb t\u00eb angazhuara n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin e teknologjis\u00eb MAMR, kompania Seagate p\u00ebrqendrohet n\u00eb HAMR.<\/p>\n

Regjistrimi termomagnetik (HAMR)<\/h3>\n

\nSistemi i regjistrimit magnetik me ndihm\u00ebn e nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb (HAMR) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknologji e ruajtjes energji-efikase q\u00eb lejon nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb konsiderueshme t\u00eb sasis\u00eb s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje magnetike, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb disk i fort\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrdorur nxeht\u00ebsin\u00eb e dh\u00ebn\u00eb nga nj\u00eb lazer p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndihmuar n\u00eb regjistrimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb diskut t\u00eb fort\u00eb. Fal\u00eb nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb, bytyr t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash vendosen shum\u00eb m\u00eb af\u00ebr nj\u00ebri-tjetrit n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e diskut, gj\u00eb q\u00eb lejon rritjen e dend\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe kapacitetit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n

Kjo teknologji \u00ebsht\u00eb relativisht e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u zbatuar. Nj\u00eb lazer me fuqi 200 mW ngroh shpejt nj\u00eb zon\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl deri n\u00eb 400 \u00b0C para regjistrimit, pa penguar dhe d\u00ebmtuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e tjera n\u00eb disk. Procesi i ngrohjes, regjistrimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe ftohjes duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb brenda pak nanosekondash. P\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur k\u00ebto probleme, ishte e nevojshme t\u00eb zhvilloheshin plazmona sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsor\u00eb me dimensione nano, gjithashtu t\u00eb njohur si lazer me ndihm\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrfaqes, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 ngrohjes direkte me lazer, si dhe lloje t\u00eb reja t\u00eb pllakave qelqi dhe mbulesave termoregulatore q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb ngrohjen e shpejt\u00eb pa d\u00ebm n\u00eb kok\u00ebn e regjistrimit ose ndonj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb p\u00ebrreth, si dhe shum\u00eb probleme t\u00eb tjera teknike q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb kapen.<\/a><\/noindex> Megjith\u00ebse ka pasur shum\u00eb shprehje skepticizmi, kompania Seagate demonstroi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji n\u00eb vitin 2013. Disku i par\u00eb filloi t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndaheshin n\u00eb vitin 2018.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebnd p\u00ebrfundimi, kthehu n\u00eb fillim!<\/p>\n

Ne filluam nga viti 1951 dhe p\u00ebrfundojm\u00eb artikullin duke e shikuar t\u00eb ardhmen e teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb ruajtjes. Ruajtja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave ka ndryshuar ndjesh\u00ebm n\u00eb koh\u00eb: nga shiritat e letr\u00ebs deri te metali dhe magneti, ruajtja me tela, disqet rrotulluese, disqet optik\u00eb, memoria flash dhe shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjera. Me p\u00ebrparimin, jan\u00eb shfaqur pajisje m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta, m\u00eb kompakte dhe m\u00eb performante p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00ebse e krahasojm\u00eb NVMe me shiritat metalike UNISERVO t\u00eb vitit 1951, NVMe mund t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb 486,111% m\u00eb shum\u00eb numra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. N\u00ebse e krahasojm\u00eb NVMe me disqet Zip, q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb preferuarat e mia nga f\u00ebmij\u00ebria, NVMe mund t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb 213,623% m\u00eb shum\u00eb numra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse e krahasojm\u00eb NVMe me kaset\u00ebn metalike UNISERVO t\u00eb vitit 1951, NVMe mund t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb 486,111% m\u00eb shum\u00eb numra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. N\u00ebse e krahasojm\u00eb NVMe me disqet Zip, q\u00eb ishin preferuarat e mia n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri, NVMe mund t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb 213,623% m\u00eb shum\u00eb numra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb.<\/p>\n

E vetmja q\u00eb mbetet e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i 0 dhe 1. Metodat me t\u00eb cilat e realizojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb shum\u00eb. Shpresoj q\u00eb her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, kur t\u00eb regjistroni nj\u00eb CD-RW me k\u00ebng\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb mik ose t\u00eb ruani nj\u00eb video sht\u00ebpiake n\u00eb Arkiv\u00ebn e Diskut Optik, t\u00eb mendoni se si nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe q\u00eb nuk reflekton e kthen n\u00eb 0, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe reflektuese n\u00eb 1. Ose n\u00ebse po krijoni nj\u00eb mixtape n\u00eb kaset\u00eb, kujtoni se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb ngusht\u00ebsisht e lidhur me Datasette, p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb Commodore PET. P\u00ebrfundimisht, mos harroni t\u00eb jeni t\u00eb sjellsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb rrotulloni.<\/p>\n

anonim kommentatorit Robert Mustak<\/a><\/noindex> dhe Rick Alterra<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr copat e shijshme (nuk mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj asgj\u00eb p\u00ebr vete) gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb artikullit!<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb tjet\u00ebr mund t\u00eb lexoni n\u00eb blog Cloud4Y<\/a><\/noindex><\/b><\/p>\n

\u2192 Easter eggs n\u00eb hartat topografike t\u00eb Zvicr\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Markat e kompjuter\u00ebve nga vitet '90, pjesa 1<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Si n\u00ebna e nj\u00eb hakeri hyri n\u00eb burg dhe infektuoi kompjuterin e shefit <\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Diagnoza e lidhjeve t\u00eb rrjetit n\u00eb routerin virtual EDGE<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2192 Si \"u prish\" banka<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Abonohuni n\u00eb Telegram<\/a><\/noindex>-kanali, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos humbur artikullin e ardhsh\u00ebm! Shkruajm\u00eb jo m\u00eb shpesh se dy her\u00eb n\u00eb jav\u00eb dhe vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Gjithashtu, ju kujtojm\u00eb se Cloud4Y mund t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb akses t\u00eb sigurt dhe t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb aplikacionet e biznesit dhe informacionin e nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb garantuar vazhdim\u00ebsin\u00eb e biznesit. Pun\u00ebsimi n\u00eb distanc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb barier\u00eb shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrhapjen e koronavirusit. Detajet \u2013 tek menaxher\u00ebt tan\u00eb n\u00eb website<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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