{"id":76505,"date":"2020-04-02T19:42:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-02T17:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4"},"modified":"2020-04-02T19:42:00","modified_gmt":"2020-04-02T17:42:00","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4","title":{"rendered":"L\u00ebshimi i filtrit t\u00eb paketave nftables 0.9.4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/marc.info\/?l=netfilter&#038;m=158575148505527&#038;w=2\">Publikuar<\/a><\/noindex> l\u00ebshimi i filtrit t\u00eb paketave <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/netfilter.org\/projects\/nftables\/\">nftables 0.9.4<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili po zhvillohet si z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim p\u00ebr iptables, ip6tables, arptables dhe ebtables duke unifikuar nd\u00ebrfaqet e filtrimit t\u00eb paketave p\u00ebr IPv4, IPv6, ARP dhe urat rrjet\u00eb. N\u00eb paket\u00ebn nftables p\u00ebrfshihen komponent\u00eb t\u00eb filtrit t\u00eb paketave q\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb nivelin e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs pun\u00ebn e siguron n\u00ebn-sistemi nf_tables, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs Linux q\u00eb nga l\u00ebshimi 3.13. Ndryshimet e nevojshme p\u00ebr funksionimin e l\u00ebshimit nftables 0.9.4 jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb deg\u00ebn e ardhshme t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52632\">Linux 5.6<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb nivelin themelor, ofrohet vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb interfac\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, e cila nuk varet nga protokolli i caktuar dhe ofron funksione baz\u00eb p\u00ebr nxjerrjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nga paketat, kryerjen e operacioneve me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat dhe menaxhimin e rrjedh\u00ebs. Rregullat e filtrimit dhe p\u00ebrpunuesit e caktuar p\u00ebr protokollet kompilohen direkt n\u00eb kodin e bytes n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ky kod narkohet n\u00eb kernel p\u00ebrmes interfec\u00ebs Netlink dhe ekzekutohet n\u00eb kernel n\u00eb nj\u00eb makin\u00eb virtuale t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, e ngjashme me BPF (Filtrat e Paketave Berkeley). Ky qasje lejon reduktimin e ndjesh\u00ebm t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb kodit t\u00eb filtrimit q\u00eb funksionon n\u00eb nivelin e kernelit dhe t\u00eb zhvendos\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha funksionet p\u00ebr analizimin e rregullave dhe logjik\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebs me protokollet n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb rejat kryesore:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr intervalet n\u00eb bashkime (konkatenim, lidhje t\u00eb caktuara adresash dhe portesh, q\u00eb leht\u00ebsojn\u00eb p\u00ebrputhjen). P\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr grupin \u00abwhitelist\u00bb, elementet e t\u00eb cilit jan\u00eb bashkime, caktimi i flagut \u00abinterval\u00bb do t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb se grupi mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb intervale n\u00eb bashkime (p\u00ebr bashkimin \u00abipv4_addr . ipv4_addr . inet_service\u00bb m\u00eb par\u00eb mund t\u00eb listoheshin p\u00ebrputhje t\u00eb sakta si \u00ab192.168.10.35 . 192.68.11.123 . 80\u00bb, nd\u00ebrsa tani mund t\u00eb caktohen grupe adresash \u00ab192.168.10.35-192.168.10.40 . 192.68.11.123-192.168.11.125 . 80\u00bb):\n<p>    table ip foo {<br \/>\n           set whitelist {<br \/>\n                   type ipv4_addr . ipv4_addr . inet_service<br \/>\n                   flags interval<br \/>\n                   elements = { 192.168.10.35-192.168.10.40 . 192.68.11.123-192.168.11.125 . 80 }<br \/>\n           }<\/p>\n<p>           chain bar {<br \/>\n                   type filter hook prerouting priority filter; policy drop;<br \/>\n                   ip saddr . ip daddr . tcp dport @whitelist accept<br \/>\n           }<br \/>\n    }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00eb grupe dhe listat map \u00ebsht\u00eb siguruar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb direktiv\u00ebs \u00abtypeof\u00bb, q\u00eb p\u00ebrcakton formatin e elementit gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrputhjes.<br \/>\n P\u00ebr shembull:<\/p>\n<p>     table ip foo {<br \/>\n            set whitelist {<br \/>\n                    typeof ip saddr<br \/>\n                    elements = { 192.168.10.35, 192.168.10.101, 192.168.10.135 }<br \/>\n            }<\/p>\n<p>            chain bar {<br \/>\n                    type filter hook prerouting priority filter; policy drop;<br \/>\n                    ip daddr @whitelist accept<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<\/p>\n<p>     table ip foo {<br \/>\n            map addr2mark {<br \/>\n                typeof ip saddr : meta mark<br \/>\n                elements = { 192.168.10.35 : 0x00000001, 192.168.10.135 : 0x00000002 }<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtuar mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrdorimin e bashkimeve n\u00eb NAT, e cila lejon specifikimin e adres\u00ebs dhe port\u00ebs gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb transformimeve NAT n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb listave map ose grupeve t\u00eb em\u00ebruara:\n<p>      nft add rule ip nat pre dnat ip addr . port to ip saddr map { 1.1.1.1 : 2.2.2.2 . 30 }<\/p>\n<p>      nft add map ip nat destinations { type ipv4_addr . inet_service : ipv4_addr . inet_service \\; }<br \/>\n      nft add rule ip nat pre dnat ip addr . port to ip saddr . tcp dport map @destinations<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr p\u00ebrshpejtimin e pajisjes duke nxjerr\u00eb disa operacione filtrimi n\u00eb krah\u00ebt e kart\u00ebs rrjetit. P\u00ebrshpejtimi aktivizohet p\u00ebrmes utilitarit ethtool (\"ethtool -K eth0 hw-tc-offload on\"), pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs aktivizohet n\u00eb nftables p\u00ebr zinxhirin kryesor duke p\u00ebrdorur flagun \"offload\". Me p\u00ebrdorimin e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs Linux 5.6, mb\u00ebshtetet p\u00ebrshpejtimi i pajisjes p\u00ebr p\u00ebrputhjen e fushave t\u00eb titullit dhe verifikimin e interfaces s\u00eb ardhshme n\u00eb kombinim me marrjen, hedhjen, kopjimin (dup) dhe ridrejtimin (fwd) e pakove. N\u00eb shembullin m\u00eb posht\u00eb, operacionet e hedhjes s\u00eb pakove q\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga adresa 192.168.30.20 realizohen n\u00eb nivelin e kart\u00ebs rrjetit, pa transferimin e pakove n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb:\n<p>     # cat file.nft<br \/>\n     table netdev x {<br \/>\n            chain y {<br \/>\n                type filter hook ingress device eth0 priority 10; flags offload;<br \/>\n                ip saddr 192.168.30.20 drop<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<br \/>\n     # nft -f file.nft<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Informimi mbi vendin e gabimit n\u00eb rregulla \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar.\n<p>     # nft delete rule ip y z handle 7<br \/>\n     Gabim: Nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunohej rregulla: Nuk ka nj\u00eb skedar ose drejtor.<br \/>\n     delete rule ip y z handle 7<br \/>\n                    ^<\/p>\n<p>     # nft delete rule ip x x handle 7<br \/>\n     Gabim: Nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunohej rregulla: Nuk ka nj\u00eb skedar ose drejtor.<br \/>\n     delete rule ip x x handle 7<br \/>\n                               ^<\/p>\n<p>     # nft delete table twst<br \/>\n     Gabim: Skedar ose direktor nuk ekziston; a donit t\u00eb thoni tabela 'test' n\u00eb familjen ip?<br \/>\n     delete table twst<br \/>\n                  ^^^^<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb shembullin e par\u00eb tregohet se tabela 'y' nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranishme n\u00eb sistem, n\u00eb t\u00eb dytin se mungon p\u00ebrpunuesi '7', nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb t\u00eb tretin se jepet nj\u00eb sugjerim mbi nj\u00eb gabim n\u00eb shkrim gjat\u00eb shkruajtjes s\u00eb emrit t\u00eb tabel\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr verifikimin e slave-interfisit p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrcaktimit 'meta sdif' ose 'meta sdifname':\n<p>        ... meta sdifname vrf1 ...<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr operacionin e l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb djatht\u00eb ose t\u00eb majt\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr t\u00eb zhvendosur nj\u00eb etiket\u00eb ekzistuese paketi n\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00eb p\u00ebr 1 bit dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur bitin m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl n\u00eb 1:\n<p>        ... meta mark set meta mark lshift 1 or 0x1 ...<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Implementuar opsioni '-V' p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar informacione t\u00eb zgjeruara mbi versionin.\n<p>     # nft -V<br \/>\n       nftables v0.9.4 (Jive at Five)<br \/>\n          cli:          readline<br \/>\n          json:         po<br \/>\n          minigmp:      jo<br \/>\n          libxtables:   po<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Opsionet e komand\u00ebs tani duhet t\u00eb specifikohen patjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrpara komandave. P\u00ebr shembull, duhet t\u00eb shkruhet &#171;nft -a list ruleset&#187;, nd\u00ebrsa ekzekutimi i &#171;nft list ruleset -a&#187; do t\u00eb shkaktoj\u00eb nj\u00eb gabim.\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Burimi: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52656\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 0.9.4, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 nftables \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 nf_tables, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-novosti-interneta"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 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