{"id":76903,"date":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix"},"modified":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","slug":"samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","title":{"rendered":"Programet m\u00eb t\u00eb mrekullueshme Unix","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Autori i artikullit, Douglas McIlroy, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb matematicien, inxhinier dhe programues amerikan. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i njohur p\u00ebr zhvillimin e tubacis\u00eb n\u00eb sistemin operativ Unix, parimet e programimit t\u00eb orientuar nga komponent\u00ebt dhe disa utilitare origjinale: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ju takojn\u00eb programe v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme. Pas nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkimi n\u00eb kujtes\u00eb, p\u00ebrgatita nj\u00eb list\u00eb t\u00eb gur\u00ebve t\u00eb \u00e7muar t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb Unix gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb viteve. Kryesisht, k\u00ebto jan\u00eb programa mjaft t\u00eb rrall\u00eb dhe jo kaq t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm. Por ajo q\u00eb i ve\u00e7on \u00ebsht\u00eb origjinaliteti. Nuk mund ta imagjinoj se si mund t\u00eb kishte m\u00ebnduar p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb prej tyre.<\/p>\n

Ndani se cilat programe ju kan\u00eb impresionuar gjithashtu aq shum\u00eb?<\/p>\n

PDP-7 Unix<\/h1>\n

\nN\u00eb fillim, sistemi PDP-7 Unix vet\u00eb. Thjesht\u00ebsia dhe fuqia e saj m\u00eb detyruan t\u00eb kaloj nga nj\u00eb superkompjuter n\u00eb nj\u00eb makin\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimi m\u00eb i p\u00ebrkryer i sistemit hierarkik t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve, nj\u00eb shell e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb dhe menaxhimi i proceseve n\u00eb nivelin e p\u00ebrdoruesit, q\u00eb Multics n\u00eb superkompjuter\u00eb nuk arriti ta realizonte pas qindra viteve t\u00eb zhvillimit. Nd\u00ebrprerjet e Unix (p\u00ebr shembull, struktura e regjistrave n\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve) ishin po aq m\u00ebsuese dhe \u00e7liruese sa novacionet e saj (p\u00ebr shembull, redirektimi i hyrjes\/daljes n\u00eb shell).
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

dc<\/h1>\n

\nBiblioteka matematikore p\u00ebr kalkulator\u00ebt me sakt\u00ebsi t\u00eb ndryshueshme e Robert Morris p\u00ebrdorte analiz\u00ebn e gabimeve p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar sakt\u00ebsin\u00eb e nevojshme n\u00eb \u00e7do hap p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur sakt\u00ebsin\u00eb e k\u00ebrkuar nga p\u00ebrdoruesi. N\u00eb konferenc\u00ebn NATO mbi inxhinierin\u00eb e softuerit t\u00eb vitit 1968, un\u00eb propozoja procedura referuese q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ofronin rezultate t\u00eb \u00e7do sakt\u00ebsie t\u00eb d\u00ebshiruar, por nuk dija si t'i implementoja n\u00eb praktik\u00eb. dc vazhdon t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb program i vetmi q\u00eb un\u00eb di t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb till\u00eb.<\/p>\n

typo<\/h1>\n

\nTypo rendit fjal\u00ebt n\u00eb tekst sipas ngjashm\u00ebrive me tekstin tjet\u00ebr. Gabimet si ‘hte’ kan\u00eb tendenc\u00ebn t\u00eb shfaqen n\u00eb fund t\u00eb list\u00ebs. Robert Morris krenohej se programi do t\u00eb funksiononte nj\u00ebsoj p\u00ebr \u00e7do gjuh\u00eb. Edhe pse typo nuk ndihmon n\u00eb gjetjen e gabimeve fonetike, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb zbulim i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata q\u00eb shkruajn\u00eb tekst dhe ka sjell\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrfitime p\u00ebrpara se t\u00eb shfaqej nj\u00eb kontroll m\u00eb pak interesante, por m\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb t\u00eb ortografis\u00eb nga fjalori.<\/p>\n

Typo \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq e papritur brenda sa \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00eb. Algoritmi q\u00eb mat ngjashm\u00ebrin\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e shfaqjeve t\u00eb trigram\u00ebve, q\u00eb llogariten n\u00eb nj\u00eb matric\u00eb 26\u00d726\u00d726. N\u00eb nj\u00eb memorie t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, kishte pak hap\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebr numerat nj\u00ebbyte, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb u implementua nj\u00eb skem\u00eb p\u00ebr kompresimin e numrave t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj n\u00eb numra t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur tejkalimin, num\u00ebruesit u p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsuan n\u00eb nj\u00eb baz\u00eb probabiliteti, duke mbajtur nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb logaritmit t\u00eb vler\u00ebs s\u00eb num\u00ebruesit.<\/p>\n

eqn<\/h1>\n

\nMe shfaqjen e fotonabave, ishte e mundur, por jasht\u00ebzakonisht e lodhshme, t\u00eb printohej notation e matematik\u00ebs klasike. Lorinda Cherry vendosi t\u00eb zhvillonte nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimi me nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, dhe shpejt iu bashkua Brian Kernighan. Hapi i tyre brilant ishte t\u00eb shpreheshin traditat gojore n\u00eb form\u00ebn e shkruar, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb eqn doli t\u00eb ishte jasht\u00ebzakonisht e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u m\u00ebsuar. Nj\u00eb preprocessori i par\u00eb i gjuh\u00ebs p\u00ebrshkrimore t\u00eb shprehjeve matematikore, eqn q\u00eb nga at\u00ebher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar shum\u00eb pak.<\/p>\n

struct<\/h1>\n

\nBrenda projektit WWB (Writer\u2019s Workbench) Brenda Baker nisa zhvillimin e konvertuesit t\u00eb saj Fortan-to-Ratfor pavar\u00ebsisht k\u00ebshill\u00ebs s\u00eb shefit t\u00eb saj \u2014 mua. Mendova se kjo mund t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb nj\u00eb riorganizim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb kodit burimor. Ai do t\u00eb ishte i lir\u00eb nga numrat e operator\u00ebve, por p\u00ebrndryshe jo m\u00eb i lexuesh\u00ebm se kodi i strukturuar mir\u00eb Fortran. Brenda e provodhi se isha n\u00eb gabim. Ajo gjeti se \u00e7do program Fortran kishte nj\u00eb form\u00eb kanonike t\u00eb strukturuar.<\/p>\n

pascal<\/h1>\n

\nDiagnostikimi i sintaks\u00ebs n\u00eb kompajlerin e krijuar nga grupi i Sue Graham n\u00eb Berkeley ishte m\u00eb i dobishmi nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb q\u00eb kam par\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb \u2014 dhe ndodhi automatikisht. Kur ndodhte nj\u00eb gabim sintaksor, kompajleri sugjeronte t\u00eb shtonte nj\u00eb lexem\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb vazhduar analizimin sintaksor. Asnj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar se \u00e7far\u00eb nuk shkonte. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb kompajler, e m\u00ebsova Pascal p\u00ebr nj\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje, pa pasur asnj\u00eb manual n\u00eb duar.<\/p>\n

parts<\/h1>\n

\nModuli i fshehur brenda paket\u00ebs WWB (Writer’s Workbench) parts<\/code> Lorinda Cherry p\u00ebrcakton pjes\u00ebt e fjal\u00ebsh p\u00ebr fjal\u00ebt n\u00eb tekstin n\u00eb anglisht duke u bazuar vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb fjalor t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, rregullat e p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebris\u00eb dhe gramatik\u00ebs. Nga kjo annotim, programi WWB prodhon tregues stilometrik\u00eb t\u00eb tekstit, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebria e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsve, fjalit\u00eb n\u00ebnordhuese dhe fjalit\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuara. Kur Lorinda i dha nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb n\u00eb programin televiziv Today n\u00eb NBC dhe foli p\u00ebr verifikimin inovativ t\u00eb gramatik\u00ebs n\u00eb tekstet e WWB, kjo ishte hera e par\u00eb q\u00eb Unix p\u00ebrmendej n\u00eb televizion.<\/p>\n

egrep<\/h1>\n

\nAl Aho shpresonte q\u00eb njoh\u00ebsi i tij deterministik i shprehjeve t\u00eb rregullta do ta kalonte njoh\u00ebsin klasik t\u00eb Kenit. Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, ai i fundit p\u00ebrfundonte tashm\u00eb kalimin p\u00ebrmes shprehjeve komplekse t\u00eb rregullave, nd\u00ebrsa egrep<\/code> nd\u00ebrtonte automatik\u00ebn e tij deterministike. P\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb gar\u00eb, Al Aho kap\u00ebrceu mallkimin e rritjes eksponenciale t\u00eb tabel\u00ebs s\u00eb gjendjeve t\u00eb automait, duke shpikur nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar n\u00eb fluks vet\u00ebm ato regjistrime t\u00eb tabel\u00ebs q\u00eb v\u00ebrtet vizitohen gjat\u00eb njohjes.<\/p>\n

crabs<\/h1>\n

\nMeta-programi mahnit\u00ebs i Luca Cardelli p\u00ebr sistemin e dritareve Blit prodhoi krab virtual q\u00eb endeshin n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn bosh t\u00eb ekranit, duke kafshuar gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb skajet e dritareve aktive.<\/p>\n

Disa mendime t\u00eb zakonshme<\/h1>\n

\nNd\u00ebrsa kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme nga jasht\u00eb, teoria dhe algoritmet kan\u00eb luajtur nj\u00eb rol vendimtar n\u00eb krijimin e shumic\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre programeve: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. N\u00eb fakt, ajo q\u00eb surprizon m\u00eb shum\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i pazakont\u00eb i teoris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Autor\u00ebt origjinal\u00eb t\u00eb gati gjysm\u00eb liste \u2014 pascal, struct, parts, eqn \u2014 ishin gra, q\u00eb e kalon shum\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrjen demografike t\u00eb grave n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e shkencave kompjuterike.<\/p>\n

Douglas McIlroy
\nMars, 2020<\/i>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00a0\u2014 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 Unix, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d Unix \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Programet m\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyera t\u00eb Unix | ProHoster","description":"Autori i artikullit, Douglas Makilroy, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb matematicien, inxhinier dhe programues 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