{"id":80630,"date":"2020-05-07T13:43:03","date_gmt":"2020-05-07T11:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato"},"modified":"2020-05-07T13:43:03","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T11:43:03","slug":"istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-o-pervom-paraliche-interneta-proklyatie-signala-zanyato","title":{"rendered":"Historia e paraliz\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb Internetit: mallkimi i sinjalit 'i z\u00ebn\u00eb'","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Historia
\nShumica e ofruesve t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb internetit, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti AOL, nuk ishin t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb ofronin akses t\u00eb pakufizuar n\u00eb mes t\u00eb viteve '90. Ky q\u00ebndrim vazhdoi derisa u shfaq nj\u00eb shkel\u00ebs i papritur i rregullave: AT&T.<\/i><\/p>\n

Koha e fundit, n\u00eb kontekstin e internetit, \u00ebsht\u00eb diskutuar aktivisht p\u00ebr 'ngushticat' e tij. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft logjike, sepse tani t\u00eb gjith\u00eb po q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, duke u munduar t\u00eb lidhen me Zoom<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb modemi kabllor 12-vje\u00e7ar. Akoma, pavar\u00ebsisht dyshimeve t\u00eb shumta nga zyrtar\u00ebt dhe shoq\u00ebria, Internetit i po i q\u00ebndron mir\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb epidemis\u00eb COVID-19. Sidoqoft\u00eb, problemi i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb aksesin. Zonat rurale jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr aksesin e tmerrsh\u00ebm n\u00eb internet, ku p\u00ebrdoruesit duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrballen me DSL me shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb ul\u00ebt ose aksesi me satelit<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb moszbatimit t\u00eb legjislacionit, i cili nuk e plot\u00ebsoi k\u00ebt\u00eb boshll\u00ebk n\u00eb koh\u00eb. Por sot d\u00ebshiroj t\u00eb kthehem pak mbrapa dhe t\u00eb diskutoj periudh\u00ebn kur Interneti p\u00ebrjetonte probleme nga ofruesit. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull do t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb hasi Interneti kur aksesin e tij t\u00eb gjer\u00eb filloi t\u00eb fitonte popullaritet (dial-up). 'Vazhdo t\u00eb provosh, her\u00ebt a von\u00eb do t\u00eb arrish t\u00eb lidhet'.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nLe t\u00eb mendojm\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb reklam\u00eb: nj\u00eb njeri shkon n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e nj\u00eb miku p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00ebse ai \u00ebsht\u00eb gati t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb n\u00eb baseball, por n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb pranon se ai vet\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb. Pse erdhi n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb? Kjo reklam\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb gabim logjik.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dita kur AOL hapte portat e internetit<\/h3>\n

\nP\u00ebrdoruesit e internetit t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb prej koh\u00ebsh kishin dyshime ndaj America Online p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb modelit q\u00eb kishte krijuar. Kjo nuk ishte 'internet i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb' - kompania nuk i detyronte p\u00ebrdoruesit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdornin p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar lidhjen di\u00e7ka si Trumpet Winsock<\/a><\/noindex> ose nj\u00eb terminal; ajo ofronte nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe miq\u00ebsore, duke l\u00ebn\u00eb kontrollin p\u00ebr vete. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh kultur\u00ebn e mjeshtris\u00eb teknike q\u00eb krijoi internetin, nj\u00eb model i till\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim i leht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pas disa dekadash, rrjetet sociale t\u00eb m\u00ebdha do t\u00eb jen\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me AOL, por ofruesit do t\u00eb jen\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. Dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb vendimit t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb AOL mori m\u00eb 1 dhjetor 1996. N\u00eb at\u00eb dit\u00eb kompania ofroi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb akses t\u00eb pakufizuar n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin e saj p\u00ebr nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb fikse.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn, kompania ofronte tarifa t\u00eb ndryshme, nga t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb popullorja ishte 20 or\u00eb n\u00eb muaj dhe 3 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do or\u00eb shtes\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb muaj para hyrjes n\u00eb fuqi t\u00eb tarif\u00ebs s\u00eb re, AOL njoftoi se me 19.99 dollar\u00eb n\u00eb muaj, njer\u00ebzit do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb q\u00ebndronin online sa t\u00eb donin. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, kompania do t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsonte teknologjin\u00eb e qasjes, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit t\u00eb mund t\u00eb punonin p\u00ebrmes shfletuesit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm dhe jo p\u00ebrmes shfletuesit t\u00eb integruar t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit. Si\u00e7 theksoi at\u00ebher\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> kolumnisti Chicago Tribune<\/em> James Coates, ky ndryshim gjithashtu do t'i mund\u00ebsonte mb\u00ebshtetje Windows 95, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb kompania \"t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb ofrues t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb internetit me funksonalitetet e plota 32-bit p\u00ebr nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb fikse prej 20 dollar\u00ebsh n\u00eb muaj\". (P\u00ebrdoruesit m\u00eb n\u00eb fund mund t\u00eb linin pas d\u00ebshp\u00ebrimin e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb programeve t\u00eb shfletimit n\u00eb Windows 95, t\u00eb dizajnuara p\u00ebr Windows 3.1!)<\/p>\n

Por ky vendim u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb pendulum q\u00eb l\u00ebvizte n\u00eb t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt. Gjat\u00eb disa muajve pas hyrjes n\u00eb fuqi t\u00eb tarif\u00ebs, aksesimi i rrjetit AOL ishte praktikisht i pamundur \u2014 linjat vazhdimisht ishin t\u00eb z\u00ebna. Disa njer\u00ebz p\u00ebrpiqeshin ta zgjidhnin problemin duke bler\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb telefoni t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, q\u00eb t\u00eb ishte vazhdimisht e z\u00ebn\u00eb dhe ata t\u00eb mos duhej t\u00eb riktheheshin p\u00ebr t\u00eb telefonuar s\u00ebrish. Rind\u00ebrrimi ishte nj\u00eb mundim. P\u00ebrdoruesi ndodhej pran\u00eb nj\u00eb deti t\u00eb gjer\u00eb digjital, por duhej ta telefononte p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur aty.<\/p>\n

\"Historia
\nProblemi p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohej edhe nga fakti q\u00eb n\u00eb mesin e viteve 1990, AOL shp\u00ebrndau nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb madhe disqesh te p\u00ebrdoruesit. (Foto: monkerino\/Flickr<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, fakti se sa i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm ishte ky ndryshim p\u00ebr modelin e biznesit t\u00eb AOL-it mbeti m\u00eb pak i duksh\u00ebm. Nj\u00eb her\u00eb, ofruesi m\u00eb i madh i internetit n\u00eb bot\u00eb hapi aksesin n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb internetin dhe u largua nga modeli i tij i biznesit me skem\u00ebn \"karot\u00eb\", t\u00eb cilin e ndiqnin shumica e sh\u00ebrbimeve online n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Derisa deri n\u00eb at\u00eb moment, sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb tilla online si AOL, s\u00eb bashku me paraardh\u00ebsit e saj si CompuServe<\/a><\/noindex> dhe Prodigy<\/a><\/noindex>, kishin modele \u00e7mimesh t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb volumet e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura; me kalimin e koh\u00ebs ato b\u00ebheshin m\u00eb pak<\/em>, e jo m\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjta. \u00cbsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb theksohet se kompanit\u00eb trash\u00ebguan strategjin\u00eb e \u00e7mimeve nga tabelat elektronike t\u00eb shpalljeve dhe platformat e aksesit digjital, p.sh. nga sh\u00ebrbimi online t\u00eb informacionit Dow Jones<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb ngarkonin shtes\u00eb<\/i> page charges along with hourly payments. This model isn\u2019t particularly consumer-friendly and created a barrier to the appealing level of Internet accessibility we enjoy today.<\/p>\n

Of course, there were other bottlenecks as well. Modems were slow on both sides of the equation \u2014 in the mid-1990s, the most common modems were still 2400 and 9600 baud, and speeds were artificially limited by the quality of connections on the other end of the line. Even if you had a 28.8 kilobit modem, if your online provider could only deliver 9600 baud, you were out of luck.<\/p>\n

Arguably, the most significant barrier to constant access was the business model. The early Internet providers simply didn\u2019t know whether it made sense to grant us more access to the Internet, and whether a business model without hourly payments would be justified. They also had infrastructure issues: if you offer unlimited Internet to everyone, you better have the infrastructure capable of handling all those requests.<\/p>\n

In his 2016 book How the Internet Became Commercial: Innovation, Privatization, and the Birth of a New Network<\/em><\/a><\/noindex> Shane Greenstein explains why the prices for Internet access were a serious problem. No one knew exactly what would become the winning argument for the Internet era. Here\u2019s how Greenstein describes the two philosophical camps within the provider world:<\/p>\n

Two viewpoints emerged. One of them paid great attention to user complaints regarding the loss of control. Users noted that surfing the World Wide Web was hypnotic. It was difficult for users to keep track of time while online. Moreover, monitoring the time spent online was practically impossible if multiple users were present in one household. Providers sympathetic to these user complaints believed that an acceptable solution would be unlimited usage for a fixed monthly fee. Raising the price would cover the additional costs of unlimited access, but the question of how much this increase should be remained open. Such pricing plans are typically referred to as \u2018flat rate\u2019<\/em> ose \u2018unlimited\u2019<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Pika e kund\u00ebrt u kontrastua me t\u00eb par\u00ebn. N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, besohej se ankesa e p\u00ebrdoruesve ishte e p\u00ebrkohshme dhe p\u00ebrdoruesit e rinj duhej t\u00eb \"trajnoheshin\" p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndjekur koh\u00ebn e tyre. Mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsit e k\u00ebsaj pik\u00ebpamjeje citonin si shembuj telefonat mobil\u00eb dhe tabelat elektronike t\u00eb njoftimeve. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, telefonia celulare filloi t\u00eb zhvillohej, dhe tarifimi p\u00ebr minut\u00eb nuk e frik\u00ebsonte p\u00ebrdoruesit. Duke u dukur, nj\u00eb firm\u00eb sip\u00ebrmarr\u00ebse q\u00eb ofronte sh\u00ebrbime p\u00ebr tabelat elektronike t\u00eb njoftimeve (bulletin board, BBS) \u2014 AOL, madje u rrit fal\u00eb k\u00ebsaj tarifimi. Ofruesit q\u00eb mbronin k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje shpreh\u00ebn besimin se pagesa p\u00ebr v\u00ebllimin e sh\u00ebrbimeve do t\u00eb fitonte, dhe inkurajuan hulumtimin e kombinimeve t\u00eb reja q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtateshin m\u00eb mir\u00eb me modelin e zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb shfletimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve teknikisht t\u00eb paekspertizuar.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nKjo \u00e7oi n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb mjerueshme, dhe nuk ishte krejt\u00ebsisht e qart\u00eb se cila nga modelet do t\u00eb siguronte m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrfitime. Ana q\u00eb e shkriu k\u00ebt\u00eb nyje gordiane ndryshoi gjith\u00e7ka. P\u00ebr ironi, ajo ishte AT&T.<\/p>\n

\"Historia
\nNj\u00eb nga reklamave t\u00eb vjetra t\u00eb AT&T WorldNet \u2014 ofruesi i par\u00eb i internetit q\u00eb ofroi qasje t\u00eb pakufizuar me nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb fikse. (Marr\u00eb nga Newspapers.com<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

Si AT&T e b\u00ebri qasjen e pakufizuar standardin de facto p\u00ebr internetin mainstream<\/h3>\n

\nAta q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohur me historin\u00eb e AT&T e din\u00eb se kjo kompani n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi nuk ka qen\u00eb ajo q\u00eb prishte barrierat.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb shum\u00eb, ajo kishte tendenc\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur status quo. Mjafton t\u00eb dini p\u00ebr historin\u00eb e sistemit TTY, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin haker\u00ebt e d\u00ebgjuesh\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex>, duke k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb komunikimi me miqt\u00eb e tyre, n\u00eb thelb shpik\u00ebn nj\u00eb konvertues akustik (nj\u00eb pajisje n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn mund t\u00eb vendosni me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb telefonin mbi nj\u00eb mikrofon dhe altoparlant), p\u00ebr t\u00eb anashkaluar kufizimin \"Mama Bell\", q\u00eb nuk lejonte pajisje t\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb lidhej me linjat e saj telefonike.<\/p>\n

Por n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1996, kur AT&T lan\u00e7oi sh\u00ebrbimin WorldNet, shum\u00eb\u00e7ka ndryshoi. Porti telefonik RJ11, i p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha modem\u00ebt e fillimit t\u00eb viteve 1990, u shfaq si rezultat i nj\u00eb vendimi gjykate q\u00eb ndalonte AT&T t\u00eb kufizonte p\u00ebrdorimin e periferik\u00ebve t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm. Fal\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, kemi marr\u00eb sekretar\u00ebt automatik\u00eb, telefonat pa tel dhe\u2026 modem\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1996, kompania u gjend n\u00eb nj\u00eb pozicion t\u00eb \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb shkel\u00ebse e rregullave t\u00eb industris\u00eb s\u00eb re t\u00eb Internetit. Ajo ishte e mjaftueshme e madhe, sa njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb kurr\u00eb nuk kishin p\u00ebrdorur sh\u00ebrbimet e ofruesve, p\u00ebrfundimisht vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb provonin ato, dhe fal\u00eb zgjedhjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb fikse, kompania arriti t\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues aktiv\u00eb \u2014 19.95 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr qasje t\u00eb pakufizuar, n\u00ebse kishit aktivizuar sh\u00ebrbimin e telefonat\u00ebs nd\u00ebrqytet\u00ebse t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb, dhe 24.95 dollar\u00eb, n\u00ebse nuk ishte aktivizuar. P\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb ofert\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse, kompania u ofroi p\u00ebrdoruesve pes\u00eb or\u00eb falas<\/a><\/noindex> qasje n\u00eb Internet n\u00eb muaj p\u00ebr vitin e par\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit. (Gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet se ajo ofronte shpejt\u00ebsi prej 28.8 kilobit\u00ebsh \u2014 mjaft e lart\u00eb p\u00ebr ato koh\u00eb.)<\/p>\n

Sipas Greensteinit, problemi ishte n\u00eb bastin p\u00ebr masivitet. Fal\u00eb k\u00ebsaj \u00e7mimi t\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebr qasje n\u00eb Internet, kompania n\u00eb thelb shpresonte p\u00ebr lidhjen e dhjet\u00ebra milionave njer\u00ebzish me WorldNet \u2014 dhe n\u00ebse nuk mund t\u00eb garantonte at\u00eb, nuk do t\u00eb kishte asgj\u00eb. \"AT&T mori p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr rreziqe t\u00eb kalkuluara, duke zgjedhur krijimin e nj\u00eb modeli sh\u00ebrbimi q\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb sillte fitim, n\u00ebse nuk p\u00ebrdorej gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb shum\u00eb qytete t\u00eb SHBA.\"<\/p>\n

AT&T nuk ishte kompania e par\u00eb me tarif\u00eb fikse \u2014 personalisht kam p\u00ebrdorur sh\u00ebrbimet e nj\u00eb ofruesi t\u00eb Internetit q\u00eb ofronte qasje t\u00eb pakufizuar p\u00ebrmes dial-up q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1994. M\u00eb duhej ta p\u00ebrdorja, pasi entuziazmi im i tep\u00ebrt p\u00ebr telefonatat nd\u00ebrqytet\u00ebse n\u00eb BBS n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim doli n\u00eb faturat telefonike t\u00eb prind\u00ebrve t\u00eb mi. Por AT&T ishte aq e madhe, sa mundi t\u00eb p\u00ebrballonte lan\u00e7imin e nj\u00eb ofruesi t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb Internetit me tarif\u00eb fikse, q\u00eb do t\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrronte konkurrentin e saj m\u00eb pak t\u00eb madh rajonal.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb artikullin New York Times<\/em> nga autori i njohur teknik John Markoff<\/a><\/noindex> thuhet se n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb caktuar, AT&T donte t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtonte nj\u00eb \"kopsht t\u00eb mbyllur\", ashtu si b\u00ebnte AOL ose Microsoft me MSN-n\u00eb e saj. Por rreth vitit 1995, kompania vendosi thjesht t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb nj\u00eb tub p\u00ebr n\u00eb Internet duke p\u00ebrdorur standarde t\u00eb hapura.<\/p>\n

Markoff shkruante: \"N\u00ebse AT&T nd\u00ebrtone nj\u00eb portal t\u00ebrheq\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrballuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb Internet, do t'u ndjekin klient\u00ebt? Dhe n\u00ebse do t'u ndjekin, do t\u00eb mbetet di\u00e7ka e pandryshuar n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e telekomunikacionit?\"<\/p>\n

Sigurisht, p\u00ebrgjigjja p\u00ebr pyetjen e dyt\u00eb ishte negative. Por jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb AT&T, ndon\u00ebse ajo fitoi nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh p\u00ebrdoruesish, duke vendosur nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb fikse p\u00ebr internetin pa kufi. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kjo industri u ndryshua p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb reaksioni<\/em> n\u00eb daljen e AT&T n\u00eb treg, e cila vendosi nj\u00eb standard t\u00eb ri p\u00ebr qasshm\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb internet.<\/p>\n

Shkalla e pritshm\u00ebrive u rrit. Tani, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos mbetur pas, \u00e7do ofrues n\u00eb vend duhej t\u00eb ofronte sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb qasshm\u00ebris\u00eb pa kufi, t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme n\u00eb \u00e7mim me WorldNet.<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 v\u00eb n\u00eb dukje Grinstein n\u00eb libri i tij<\/a><\/noindex>, kjo kishte pasur ndikim shkat\u00ebrrues n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e re t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve n\u00eb internet: AOL dhe MSN u b\u00ebn\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet e vetme mjaft t\u00eb m\u00ebdha p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur nj\u00eb \u00e7mim t\u00eb till\u00eb. (E v\u00ebrejtshme \u00ebsht\u00eb se CompuServe reagoi me lan\u00e7imin e sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb saj Sprynet<\/a><\/noindex> me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin \u00e7mim fiks prej 19,95 dollar\u00ebsh si WorldNet.) Por AT&T p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte shqet\u00ebsim edhe p\u00ebr \"f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e Bell\"<\/a><\/noindex>: rreth nj\u00eb dekad\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, Komisioni Federal i Komunikimeve miratoi nj\u00eb vendim q\u00eb lejonte linjat e transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb t\u00eb mos respektonin rregullat e formimit t\u00eb \u00e7mimeve p\u00ebr pages\u00ebn e thirrjeve lokale.<\/p>\n

AOL, e cila kishte nj\u00eb biznes t\u00eb madh n\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen q\u00eb ekzistonte n\u00eb sistemin e saj, fillimisht p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb luante n\u00eb t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt, duke ofruar nj\u00eb version m\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb saj, i cili funksiononte mbi lidhjen e AT&T.<\/p>\n

Por shpejt edhe saj iu desh t\u00eb pajtohej me standardin e ri \u2014 k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn p\u00ebr tarifim fikse p\u00ebr qasshm\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb internet p\u00ebrmes dial-up. Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb vendim i till\u00eb solli nj\u00eb mori problemesh.<\/p>\n

60.3%<\/h3>\n

\nK\u00ebshtu ishte niveli i refuzimeve t\u00eb thirrjeve t\u00eb AOL<\/strong> sipas nj\u00eb studimi t\u00eb pranver\u00ebs 1997<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u00eb kryer nga firma Inverse, e specializuar n\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e internetit. Ky vler\u00ebsim ishte gati dy her\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se ai i kompanis\u00eb s\u00eb dyt\u00eb n\u00eb list\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebshtimeve t\u00eb tilla, dhe p\u00ebr shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi rezultoi si pasoj\u00eb e optimizimit t\u00eb dob\u00ebt t\u00eb rrjetit t\u00eb pajisjeve dial-up. P\u00ebr krahasim: niveli i refuzimeve t\u00eb CompuServe (e cila rezultoi si kompania m\u00eb e mir\u00eb n\u00eb studim) ishte 6.5 p\u00ebr qind.<\/p>\n

\"Historia
\nModemi 28.8 kilobit, i vler\u00ebsuar lart\u00eb nga p\u00ebrdoruesit e internetit n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi n\u00eb mesin e viteve 1990. (Les Orchard\/Flickr<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/em><\/p>\n

Shtypja e sinjaleve \"e z\u00ebn\u00eb\": pse p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb internet u b\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb tmerr n\u00eb vitin 1997<\/h3>\n

\nK\u00ebto jav\u00ebt e fundit, kam d\u00ebgjuar shpesh nj\u00eb pyetje - a do t\u00eb p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb Interneti ngarkes\u00ebn e rritur? E nj\u00ebjta pyetje u b\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1997, kur gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz filluan t\u00eb kalonin or\u00eb duke q\u00ebndruar online.<\/p>\n

Doli se p\u00ebrgjigjja ishte negative, dhe jo p\u00ebr shkak se ishte e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb aksesoheshin faqet e internetit p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb interesit t\u00eb rritur. M\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ishte t\u00eb aksesoheshin linjat telefonike.<\/p>\n

(Faqet e ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb internetit u n\u00ebnshtruan streset-testit p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ngjarjeve t\u00eb trishtueshme m\u00eb 11 Shtator 2001, kur Interneti filloi t\u00eb asfiksiohej n\u00ebn ngarkes\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb interesit t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr lajmet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, si dhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb konsiderueshme t\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb nga qyteteve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb bot\u00ebs.)<\/p>\n

Infrastruktura e AOL, e cila tashm\u00eb po p\u00ebrjetonte stres p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb popullaritetit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit, thjesht nuk ishte e dizajnuar p\u00ebr ngarkes\u00ebn shtes\u00eb. N\u00eb Janar 1997, m\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb muaj pas ofrimit t\u00eb qasjes s\u00eb pakufizuar, avokat\u00ebt nga e gjith\u00eb vendi filluan t\u00eb ushtrojn\u00eb presion mbi kompanin\u00eb. AOL ishte e detyruar t\u00eb premtonte kthimin e parave p\u00ebr klient\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb kufizonte shkall\u00ebn e reklamave derisa t\u00eb mund t\u00eb zgjidhte problemin me infrastruktur\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Sipas informacioni The Baltimore Sun<\/em><\/a><\/noindex>, AOL af\u00ebrsisht dyfishoi numrin e modemeve t\u00eb disponueshme p\u00ebr abonent\u00ebt, por p\u00ebr \u00e7do person q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte sistemin telefonik p\u00ebr akses n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe merrte sinjalin 'i z\u00ebn\u00eb', ishte e qart\u00eb se problemi ishte m\u00eb serioz: sistemi telefonik nuk ishte i dizajnuar p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, dhe kjo dukej krejt\u00ebsisht e qart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb artikullin Sun<\/em> u tha se struktura e rrjetit telefonik nuk ishte e destinuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e linjave me 24\/7, t\u00eb cilat u stimuluan nga modem\u00ebt dial-up. Dhe nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb e till\u00eb n\u00eb rrjetin telefonik e detyroi \u2018Bell kids\u2019 t\u00eb provonin (pa sukses) t\u00eb vendosin nj\u00eb tarif\u00eb shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim. Komisioni Federal i Komunikimeve (FCC) nuk e pranoi k\u00ebt\u00eb, prandaj zgjidhja e vetme reale p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb bllokim do t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb teknologji e re q\u00eb do t\u00eb kapte k\u00ebto linja telefonike, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ndodhi me kalimin e koh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\u00abNe p\u00ebrdorim rrjetet telefonike normale sepse ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb pranishme\u00bb, shkruante autori Michael J. Horowitz. \u00abAto jan\u00eb t\u00eb ngadalta dhe t\u00eb paq\u00ebndrueshme n\u00eb transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, dhe nuk ka asnj\u00eb arsye t\u00eb pandajshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat nevojat e p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb Internetit duhet t\u00eb konfliktin me interesat e atyre q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb thirrje vozit\u00ebse.\u00bb<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nKjo do t\u00eb thoshte se p\u00ebr t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn disa vite ishim t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb p\u00ebrdornim nj\u00eb sistem krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb paq\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, i cili ndikonim jo vet\u00ebm te p\u00ebrdoruesit e AOL, por edhe te t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb n\u00ebse Tod Rundgren, autori i njohur i k\u00ebng\u00ebs p\u00ebr zem\u00ebrimin dhe frustrimin e nj\u00eb njeriu q\u00eb nuk arrin t\u00eb lidhet me ofruesin e internetit, ishte p\u00ebrdorues i AOL ose ndonj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi tjet\u00ebr: \"I urrej ofruesin tim t\u00eb mallkuar<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Sipas Greenstein, ofruesit p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb shpiknin modele alternative biznesi p\u00ebr t\u00eb nxitur p\u00ebrdoruesit q\u00eb t\u00eb lidhen me internetin m\u00eb rrall\u00eb, duke provuar t\u00eb ngarkonin tarifa m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta ose duke i shtyr\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht agresiv\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidhnin nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim tjet\u00ebr duke hequr dor\u00eb nga ofrimi i aksesit t\u00eb pakufizuar. Megjithat\u00eb, pas hapjes s\u00eb kutis\u00eb s\u00eb Pandor\u00ebs, ishte e qart\u00eb se aksesit t\u00eb pakufizuar tashm\u00eb i ishte dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb standard.<\/p>\n

\"Sapo tregu n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi kaloi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb model, ofruesit nuk mund\u00ebn t\u00eb gjenin shum\u00eb adhurues t\u00eb alternativave t\u00eb saj,\" shkruan Greenstein. \"Forcat e konkurrenc\u00ebs u orientuan nga preferencat e p\u00ebrdoruesve \u2014 aksesi i pakufizuar.\"<\/p>\n

WorldNet i AT&T nuk kishte asnj\u00eb imunitet nga problemet shkaktuar nga sh\u00ebrbimi i internetit t\u00eb pakufizuar. Deri n\u00eb mars 1998, vet\u00ebm dy vite pas lan\u00e7imit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit, kompania njoftoi se do t\u00eb ngarkonte p\u00ebrdoruesit 99 cent\u00eb p\u00ebr or\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr \u00e7do or\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebrtej 150 or\u00ebve mujore. 150 or\u00eb gjithsesi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr mjaft arsyesh\u00ebm, rreth pes\u00eb or\u00eb \u00e7do dit\u00eb. Ato mund t\u00eb harxhohen n\u00ebse n\u00eb vend t\u00eb shikimit t\u00eb \"Miqt\u00eb\"<\/em> do t\u00eb kaloni \u00e7do nat\u00eb n\u00eb internet, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb padyshim m\u00eb pak se premtimi i internetit \"t\u00eb pakufizuar\".<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket AOL, duket se ajo arriti nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb mir\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatshme konkurrence: pas shpenzimeve t\u00eb qindra miliona dollar\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar arkitektur\u00ebn e saj, kompania bleu CompuServe n\u00eb vitin 1997<\/a><\/noindex>, duke dyfishuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb goditje kapacitetin e saj t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve dial-up. Sipas Greenstein, n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb kompania shiti pajisjet e saj dial-up dhe ia dor\u00ebzoi kontraktor\u00ebve, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb sinjalet \"t\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb\" t\u00eb ishin nj\u00eb problem i dikujt tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse mendoni p\u00ebr t\u00eb, zgjidhja ishte gati gjeniale.<\/p>\n

Sot duket e qart\u00eb<\/strong>, q\u00eb ne ishim t\u00eb fatit t\u00eb kishim qasje t\u00eb pakufizuar n\u00eb Internet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, mund t\u00eb imagjinohet se student\u00ebt e kolegjit, n\u00eb konviktet e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve kishte linja T1, ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb zhg\u00ebnjyer nga teknologjit\u00eb jasht\u00eb kampus\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. Pabarazia ishte aq e dukshme, sa nuk mund t\u00eb vazhdonte p\u00ebrher\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00eb produktiv\u00eb t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb, na nevojitej qasje e pakufizuar p\u00ebrmes k\u00ebtyre kabllove.<\/p>\n

(P\u00ebrkujtoni fjal\u00ebt e mia: shum\u00eb t\u00eb rinj q\u00eb studionin n\u00eb kolegje n\u00eb vitet '90 dhe fillimin e viteve 2000, ndoshta e zgjat\u00ebn q\u00ebndres\u00ebn e tyre n\u00eb institucione arsimore vet\u00ebm sepse u nevojitej qasje n\u00eb internetin me shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte i rrall\u00eb. T\u00eb merrni nj\u00eb diplom\u00eb t\u00eb dyt\u00eb? Me k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi, mjafton q\u00eb shkarkimi t\u00eb ishte i shpejt\u00eb!)<\/p>\n

Me siguri, Interneti n\u00eb konvikte ishte mahnit\u00ebs, por modem\u00ebt dial-up nuk mund t\u00eb ofronin shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb tilla n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi. Megjithat\u00eb, disavantazhet e qasjes me linj\u00eb telefonike p\u00ebrfundimisht \u00e7uan n\u00eb zhvillimin e teknologjive m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara; DSL (e cila p\u00ebrdorte linjat telefonike ekzistuese p\u00ebr transmetim t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave) dhe Interneti me kabllo (i cili p\u00ebrdorte linjat p\u00ebr lidhjen e q\u00eb gjithashtu k\u00ebrkonte koh\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>) ndihmuan shumic\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb arrinin shpejt\u00ebsit\u00eb e Internetit q\u00eb dikur ishin t\u00eb arritshme vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kampuset universitare.<\/p>\n

Kur po shkruaja k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull, mendoja: si do dukej bota n\u00ebse nj\u00eb infeksion si COVID-19 do kishte dal\u00eb kur ne zakonisht ishim online me dial-up, pasi duket se s\u00ebmundjet e tilla shfaqen \u00e7do nj\u00ebqind vjet. A do ishte po ashtu e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr ne t\u00eb punonim n\u00eb distanc\u00eb si sot? A do e pengonte sinjali 'n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim' zhvillimin e ekonomis\u00eb? N\u00ebse AOL do t\u00eb fshihte numrat e aksesit nga p\u00ebrdoruesit e saj, si\u00e7 dyshonin ata, a do t\u00eb kishte pasur protesta?<\/p>\n

A do t\u00eb mundnim ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb porosisim mallra n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi?<\/p>\n

Nuk kam p\u00ebrgjigje p\u00ebr k\u00ebto pyetje, por e di se p\u00ebrsa i p\u00ebrket Internetit, n\u00eb kontekstin e komunikimit, n\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishim t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb q\u00ebndronim n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, k\u00ebsaj here \u00ebsht\u00eb koha m\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nuk mund t\u00eb imagjinoj se \u00e7far\u00eb do kishte ndodhur n\u00ebse sinjali 'n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim' do t\u00eb shtohej n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb at\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb q\u00eb po ndiejm\u00eb tani n\u00eb kushte karantine.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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