{"id":85029,"date":"2020-06-12T13:43:50","date_gmt":"2020-06-12T11:43:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/glubokoe-pogruzhenie-v-princzipy-raboty-wi-fi-6-ofdma-i-mu-mimo"},"modified":"2020-06-12T13:43:50","modified_gmt":"2020-06-12T11:43:50","slug":"glubokoe-pogruzhenie-v-princzipy-raboty-wi-fi-6-ofdma-i-mu-mimo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/glubokoe-pogruzhenie-v-princzipy-raboty-wi-fi-6-ofdma-i-mu-mimo","title":{"rendered":"Nj\u00eb thellim n\u00eb parimet e funksionimit t\u00eb Wi-Fi 6: OFDMA dhe MU-MIMO","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb zhvillimet e saj, Huawei fokusohet te Wi-Fi 6. Dhe pyetjet nga koleg\u00ebt dhe klient\u00ebt rreth brezit t\u00eb ri t\u00eb standardeve na nxit\u00ebn t\u00eb shkruajm\u00eb nj\u00eb postim mbi themelet teorike dhe parimet fizike t\u00eb inkorporuara n\u00eb t\u00eb. Nga historia, le t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb te fizika, duke e shqyrtuar me detaje se p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb nevojiten teknologjit\u00eb OFDMA dhe MU-MIMO. Do t\u00eb flasim gjithashtu se si nj\u00eb mjedis fizik i rigjeneruar thelb\u00ebsisht i transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave na lejon t\u00eb arrijm\u00eb nj\u00eb kapacitet t\u00eb garantuar t\u00eb kanaleve dhe nj\u00eb zvog\u00eblim t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb vonesave, saq\u00eb ato jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb krahasueshme me ato t\u00eb 'operator\u00ebve'. Dhe kjo ndodhi pavar\u00ebsisht faktit q\u00eb rrjetet moderne t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb 5G jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjta (n\u00eb mesatarisht 20-30 her\u00eb) se rrjetet e ngjashme me mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb brendshme n\u00eb Wi-Fi 6.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nP\u00ebr Huawei, tema \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak e rast\u00ebsishme: zgjidhjet me mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr Wi-Fi 6 jan\u00eb nd\u00ebr produktet tona m\u00eb inovative n\u00eb vitin 2020, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat u investuan burime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Ja nj\u00eb shembull: k\u00ebrkimet n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e materialeve na lejuan t\u00eb zgjedhim nj\u00eb aleatin, p\u00ebrdorimi i t\u00eb cilit n\u00eb elementet radio t\u00eb pikave t\u00eb qasjes rriti raportin 'sinjal - zhurm\u00eb' me 2-3 dB: i hapim kapel\u00ebn n\u00eb nderim t\u00eb Doron Ezri p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arritje.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Pak histori<\/h2>\n

\nHistoria e Wi-Fi ka kuptim t\u00eb filloj\u00eb nga viti 1971, kur n\u00eb Universitetin e Hawaii-t, profesori Norman Abramson me nj\u00eb grup koleg\u00ebsh zhvilloi, nd\u00ebrtoi dhe \u00e7eli nj\u00eb rrjet pa tela t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb paketave ALOHAnet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1980 u miratua nj\u00eb grup standardesh dhe protokollesh IEEE 802, q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruanin organizimin e dy nivel\u00ebve t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb modelit rrjetor OSI me shtat\u00eb nivele. Duhej t\u00eb prisnim 17 vjet t\u00eb gjat\u00eb deri n\u00eb l\u00ebshimin e versionit t\u00eb par\u00eb 802.11.<\/p>\n

Me miratimin n\u00eb vitin 1997 t\u00eb standardit 802.11, dy vjet para se t\u00eb krijohej organizata Wi-Fi Alliance, brezi i par\u00eb i teknologjis\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur sot t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave pa tela hyri n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e madhe. <\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Standardi IEEE 802. Brezat e Wi-Fi<\/h2>\n

\nStandardi i par\u00eb, i mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb masive nga prodhuesit e pajisjeve, ishte 802.11b. Si\u00e7 mund ta shihni, frekuenca e risive q\u00eb nga fundi i shekullit t\u00eb XX ka qen\u00eb mjaft e q\u00ebndrueshme: p\u00ebr ndryshime cil\u00ebsore nevojitet koh\u00eb. N\u00eb vitet e fundit, puna kryesore \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e mjedisit fizik t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb sinjalit. P\u00ebr ta kuptuar m\u00eb mir\u00eb problematik\u00ebn moderne t\u00eb Wi-Fi, le t\u00eb kthehemi te themelet e tij fizike.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb rikujtojm\u00eb themelet!<\/h2>\n

\nVal\u00ebt radio jan\u00eb nj\u00eb rast specifik i valeve elektromagnetike \u2014 q\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen nga nj\u00eb burim i shqet\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb fushave elektrike dhe magnetike. Ato karakterizohen nga tre parametra t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm: vektori i val\u00ebs, si dhe vektor\u00ebt e intensitetit t\u00eb fushave elektrike dhe magnetike. T\u00eb tre jan\u00eb m\u00ebnd\u00ebsisht perpendicular me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin. Frekuenca e val\u00ebs, me k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, quhet numri i oscillacioneve t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritura q\u00eb ndodhin n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrsiatje kohe.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb fakte t\u00eb njohura. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur deri n\u00eb fund, ne duhet t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb nga fillimi.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb kushtuar frekuencave t\u00eb emetimit elektromagnetik, diapazoni radio z\u00eb vendin m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt (t\u00eb frekuencave t\u00eb ul\u00ebta). Aty p\u00ebrfshihen val\u00ebt elektromagnetike me frekuenc\u00eb oscillimi nga 3 Hz deri n\u00eb 3000 GHz. T\u00eb gjitha diapazonet e tjera, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb drit\u00ebn e dukshme, kan\u00eb nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nSa m\u00eb e lart\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb frekuenca, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb energji mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjell\u00eb val\u00ebs radio, megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ajo e ka m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb rrotullohet rreth pengesave dhe shuhen m\u00eb shpejt. E nj\u00ebjta e vlen p\u00ebr t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00ebn. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh k\u00ebto karakteristika, p\u00ebr funksionimin e Wi-Fi jan\u00eb zgjedhur dy diapazone kryesore frekuencash \u2014 2,4 GHz (shkalla e frekuencave nga 2,4000 deri n\u00eb 2,4835 GHz) dhe 5 GHz (shkallat e frekuencave 5,170-5,330, 5,490-5,730 dhe 5,735-5,835 GHz).<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nVal\u00ebt radio shp\u00ebrndahen n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha drejtimet dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar q\u00eb mesazhet t\u00eb mos ndikojn\u00eb nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb efektit t\u00eb interferenc\u00ebs, diapazoni i frekuencave zakonisht ndahen n\u00eb segmente t\u00eb ngushta \u2014 kanale me nj\u00eb ose tjet\u00ebr gjer\u00ebsi breze<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00eb diagramin m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, shihet se kanalet 1 dhe 2 t\u00eb af\u00ebrta me gjer\u00ebsi breze 20 MHz do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyjn\u00eb me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrsa kanalet 1 dhe 6 nuk do ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Signali brenda kanalit transmetohet p\u00ebrmes val\u00ebs radio n\u00eb nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar bart\u00ebse. P\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar informacionin, parametrat e val\u00ebs mund t\u00eb modulohen<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb, amplitud\u00eb ose faz\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Ndara e kanaleve n\u00eb diapazonet e frekuencave Wi-Fi<\/h2>\n

\nDiapazoni i frekuenc\u00ebs 2,4 GHz \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb 14 kanale q\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht mbivendosen me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin me nj\u00eb gjer\u00ebsi optimale 20 MHz. Disa her\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb konsideruar se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb organizuar nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar pa kabllo. Shpejt u zbulua se kapaciteti i diapazonit ishte shteruar me shpejt\u00ebsi, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb i \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar diapazoni 5 GHz, kapaciteti spektral i t\u00eb cilit \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 kanaleve me 20 megaherc\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen kanale me gjer\u00ebsi 40 dhe 80 MHz.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur m\u00eb tej efikasitetin e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb spektrit t\u00eb frekuencave, tani p\u00ebrdoret gjer\u00ebsisht teknologjia e mnoh\u00ebsimit me ndarje ortogonale t\u00eb frekuencave (OFDM).OFDM<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n

Ajo p\u00ebrfshin p\u00ebrdorimin e disa frekuencave n\u00ebn-transportuese p\u00ebrve\u00e7 frekuenc\u00ebs kryesore n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin kanal, q\u00eb mund\u00ebson transmetimin paralel t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. OFDM lejon shp\u00ebrndarjen e trafikut n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme \u00abgranulare\u00bb, por p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb saj, ruan disa mang\u00ebsi t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Nd\u00ebr ato jan\u00eb parimet e pun\u00ebs sipas protokollit rrjetor CSMA\/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance), sipas t\u00eb cilit n\u00eb disa momente t\u00eb caktuara nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb kryesore dhe n\u00ebn-transportuese.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Fluxet hap\u00ebsinore<\/h2>\n

\nNj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur kapacitetin e rrjetit wireless \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i fluxeve hap\u00ebsinore.<\/p>\n

Pika e aksesit ka disa module radiove (nj\u00eb, dy ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb) t\u00eb lidhura me disa antena. K\u00ebto antena d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb skem\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar dhe modulacion dhe ne marrim informacionin e d\u00ebrguar p\u00ebrmes mjedisit wireless. Nj\u00eb flux hap\u00ebsinor mund t\u00eb formohet midis nj\u00eb antene fizike t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb (modulit radio) t\u00eb pik\u00ebs s\u00eb aksesit dhe pajisjes s\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit. Fal\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, sasia totale e informacionit t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar nga pika e aksesit rritet shum\u00ebfish me numrin e fluxeve (antenave). <\/p>\n

Sipas standarteve aktuale, n\u00eb diapazonin e 2.4 GHz mund t\u00eb realizohen deri n\u00eb kat\u00ebr fluxe hap\u00ebsinore, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb diapazonin e 5 GHz deri n\u00eb tet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nNj\u00ebher\u00eb, gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs n\u00eb diapazonet 2,4 dhe 5 GHz, ne orientoheshim vet\u00ebm mbi numrin e modul\u00ebve radio. Prania e modulit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb radio i jepte fleksibilitet shtes\u00eb, pasi lejonte pajisjet e vjetra t\u00eb abonent\u00ebve t\u00eb funksiononin n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 2,4 GHz, nd\u00ebrsa ato t\u00eb reja n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 5 GHz. Me shfaqjen e modul\u00ebve t\u00eb tret\u00eb dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb, shp\u00ebrthyen disa probleme. Elementet emetuese kan\u00eb prirjen t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrje me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn, e cila rrit kostot e pajisjes p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nevoj\u00ebs p\u00ebr nj\u00eb projektim m\u00eb cil\u00ebsor dhe p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e pik\u00ebs s\u00eb qasjes me filtra kompensues. Prandaj, vet\u00ebm s\u00eb fundmi \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb e mundur mb\u00ebshtetjeja e nj\u00ebkohshme e 16 rrjedhave hap\u00ebsinore n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb qasje.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Shpejt\u00ebsia praktike dhe teorike<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb mekanizmave t\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb OFDM, ne nuk mund\u00ebm t\u00eb arrijm\u00eb kapacitetin maksimal t\u00eb rrjetit. Llogaritjet teorike p\u00ebr zbatimin praktik t\u00eb OFDM jan\u00eb kryer shum\u00eb koh\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe vet\u00ebm n\u00eb lidhje me mjedise ideale, ku pritej nj\u00eb raport i mjaftuesh\u00ebm i sinjalit n\u00eb zhurm\u00eb (SNR) dhe probabiliteti i gabimit p\u00ebr bit (BER). N\u00eb kushte moderne, me nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb lart\u00eb zhurme n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha spektrat radiofrekvencor q\u00eb na interesojn\u00eb, treguesit e kapacitetit t\u00eb rrjeteve me baz\u00eb OFDM jan\u00eb t\u00eb mjeruesh\u00ebm. Dhe protokolli deri von\u00eb vazhdoi t\u00eb kishte k\u00ebto disavantazhe, derisa teknologjia OFDMA (access multiple me ndarjen ortogonale t\u00eb frekuencave) erdhi n\u00eb ndihm\u00eb. M\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb - pak m\u00eb von\u00eb.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr antennas<\/h2>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nSi\u00e7 e dini, \u00e7do anten\u00eb ka nj\u00eb koeficient fitimi, n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb cilit formohet nj\u00eb model hap\u00ebsinor i shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb sinjalit (beamforming) me nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe t\u00eb caktuar mbulimi (nuk i merren parasysh refleksionet e sinjaleve, etj.). Pik\u00ebrisht mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb bazohej gjithmon\u00eb mendimi i projektuesve p\u00ebr vendndodhjen e pikave t\u00eb qasjes. P\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, forma e modelit mbeti e pandryshuar dhe vet\u00ebm u rrit ose u zvog\u00eblua n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjes\u00ebtim me karakteristikat e anten\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nElementet moderne t\u00eb anten\u00ebs po b\u00ebhen gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb menaxhuesh\u00ebm dhe lejojn\u00eb ndryshimin dinamik t\u00eb modelit hap\u00ebsinor t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb sinjalit n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e majt\u00eb t\u00eb figur\u00ebs m\u00eb sip\u00ebr ilustrohet parimi i shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb val\u00ebve t\u00eb radios duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb antin\u00eb standarde t\u00eb shum\u00ebdrejt\u00ebshe. Duke rritur fuqin\u00eb e sinjalit, ne mund t\u00eb ndryshonim vet\u00ebm rrezen e shtrirjes n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb mund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndikuar ndjesh\u00ebm n\u00eb cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb kanalit - KQI (T\u00eb Dh\u00ebnat Kryesore mbi Cil\u00ebsin\u00eb). Ky tregues \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr organizimin e komunikimeve n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb shpesht\u00eb t\u00eb pajisjes s\u00eb abonentit n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis pa tel.<\/p>\n

Zgjidhja e problemit ishte aplikimi i nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb madh antinash t\u00eb vogla, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb rregullohen n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale, duke formuar modele shp\u00ebrndarjeje n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb pozicionit hap\u00ebsinor t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit. <\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, arrit\u00ebm t\u00eb afroheshim me p\u00ebrdorimin e teknologjis\u00eb MU-MIMO (Shum\u00eb-P\u00ebrdorues, Shum\u00eb t\u00eb Hyrjeve, Shum\u00eb Daljesh). Me ndihm\u00ebn e saj, pika e aksesit formon n\u00eb \u00e7do moment flukset e emetimit t\u00eb orientuara sakt\u00ebsisht n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb pajisjeve t\u00eb abonent\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Nga fizika n\u00eb standardet 802.11<\/h2>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nMe zhvillimin e standardeve Wi-Fi, ndryshuan parimet e funksionimit me nivelin fizik t\u00eb rrjetit. P\u00ebrdorimi i mekanizmave t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb modulaci\u00f3nit kishte mund\u00ebsuar - duke filluar nga versionet 802.11g\/n - q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbahen shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr informacione n\u00eb nj\u00eb interval kohor dhe, p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, t\u00eb punonin me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb madh p\u00ebrdoruesish. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, kjo arrihej edhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb flukseve hap\u00ebsinore. Dhe fleksibiliteti i ri n\u00eb lidhje me gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e kanalit lejonte formimin e nj\u00eb numri m\u00eb t\u00eb madh burimesh p\u00ebr MIMO.<\/p>\n

Viti tjet\u00ebr planifikohet miratimi i standardit Wi-Fi 7. \u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb me ardhjen e tij? P\u00ebrve\u00e7 rritjes s\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe shtimit t\u00eb gam\u00ebs 6 GHz, do t\u00eb ket\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me kanale t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb agreguar, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb 320 MHz. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht interesante n\u00eb kontekstin e p\u00ebrdorimit industrial.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Kapaciteti teoretik i kalimit t\u00eb Wi-Fi 6<\/h2>\n

\nFormula teorike p\u00ebr llogaritjen e shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb nominale s\u00eb Wi-Fi 6 \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e komplikuar dhe varet nga shum\u00eb parametra, duke filluar nga numri i flukseve hap\u00ebsinore dhe duke p\u00ebrfunduar me informacionin q\u00eb mund t\u00eb vendosim n\u00eb n\u00ebn-n\u00ebnshkrimin (ose n\u00ebn-n\u00ebnshkrimet, n\u00ebse ka disa) n\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi kohe.<\/p>\n

Si e shihni, shum\u00eb\u00e7ka varet nga rrjedhat hap\u00ebsinore. Sidoqoft\u00eb, rritja e numrit t\u00eb tyre s\u00eb bashku me p\u00ebrdorimin e STC (Kodimi Hap\u00ebsin\u00eb-Koh\u00eb) dhe MRC (Kombinimi i Marrjes Maksimale) p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsonte performanc\u00ebn e zgjidhjeve pa tel n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Teknologjit\u00eb e reja ky\u00e7e t\u00eb nivelit fizik<\/h2>\n

\nT\u00eb kalojm\u00eb te teknologjit\u00eb ky\u00e7e t\u00eb nivelit fizik - dhe t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me nivelin e par\u00eb t\u00eb modelit OSI t\u00eb rrjetit.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nT\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb se n\u00eb OFDM p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i caktuar n\u00ebnpjes\u00ebsh, t\u00eb cilat, pa prekur nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn, jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb transmetojn\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi informacioni. <\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb shembullin ton\u00eb, ne p\u00ebrdorim frekuenc\u00ebn 5,220 GHz, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban 48 n\u00ebnkanale. Duke agreguar k\u00ebt\u00eb kanal, ne do t\u00eb kemi m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00ebnpjes\u00eb, n\u00eb secil\u00ebn prej t\u00eb cilave aplikohet nj\u00eb skem\u00eb e vetme modulimi.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb Wi-Fi 5 p\u00ebrdoret modulimi katror 256 QAM (Modulimi i Amplitud\u00ebs Kat\u00ebrk\u00ebnd\u00ebshe), i cili lejon formimin e nj\u00eb fush\u00eb 16 x 16 pikash brenda nj\u00eb frekuence n\u00eb nj\u00eb slot kohe, q\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb sipas amplitud\u00ebs dhe faz\u00ebs. \u00c7\u00ebshtja \u00ebsht\u00eb se vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb stacion mund t\u00eb transmetoj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e bart\u00ebsit.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nMultipeksimi me ndarjen ortogonale t\u00eb frekuencave t\u00eb kanaleve (OFDMA) erdhi nga bota e operator\u00ebve t\u00eb \u0645\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644it, p\u00ebrhapi nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me LTE dhe aplikohet p\u00ebr organizimin e downlink (kanalit t\u00eb komunikimit me abonentin). Ai lejon t\u00eb punoj\u00eb me kanalin n\u00eb nivelin e ashtuquajtur t\u00eb nj\u00ebsive t\u00eb burimeve. K\u00ebto nj\u00ebsi ndihmojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb bllokun n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb caktuar komponent\u00ebsh. Brenda bllokut, ne mund t\u00eb mos punojm\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do moment me nj\u00eb element emetues t\u00eb vet\u00ebm (p\u00ebrdorues ose pik\u00eb qasje), por t\u00eb kombinojm\u00eb dhjet\u00ebra element\u00eb. Kjo lejon arritjen e rezultateve t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\n\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Lidhja e thjesht\u00eb e kanaleve n\u00eb Wi-Fi 6<\/h2>\n

\nLidhja e kanaleve (Channel Bonding) n\u00eb Wi-Fi 6 lejon marrjen e kanaleve t\u00eb bashkuara me gjer\u00ebsi nga 20 deri n\u00eb 160 MHz. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, lidhja nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb b\u00ebhet n\u00eb frekuenca t\u00eb af\u00ebrta. P\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb bllok mund t\u00eb merret nga frekuenca 5,17 GHz, nd\u00ebrsa tjetri - nga frekuenca 5,135 GHz. Kjo lejon nd\u00ebrtimin fleksib\u00ebl t\u00eb mjedisit radiologjik edhe n\u00eb prani t\u00eb faktor\u00ebve t\u00eb fort\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrjes ose n\u00eb fqinj\u00ebsi me stacione t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb transmetojn\u00eb vazhdimisht.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Nga SIMO te MIMO<\/h2>\n

\nMetoda MIMO nuk ishte gjithmon\u00eb me ne. Nj\u00ebher\u00eb, lidhja celulare ishte e kufizuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn SIMO, e cila n\u00ebnkuptonte pranin\u00eb e disa antenave n\u00eb stacionin e abonentit, q\u00eb punonin n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb informacion. <\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nMU-MIMO \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar informacionin te p\u00ebrdoruesit duke shfryt\u00ebzuar t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fondin aktual t\u00eb antenave. Kjo heq kufizimet q\u00eb deri tani ishin imponuar nga protokolli CSMA\/CA, t\u00eb lidhura me d\u00ebrgimin e tokeneve p\u00ebr pajisjet e abonent\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar. Tani p\u00ebrdoruesit bashkohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb grup dhe \u00e7do an\u00ebtar i grupit merr pjes\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb burimeve t\u00eb fondit t\u00eb antenave t\u00eb pik\u00ebs s\u00eb qasjes, dhe jo duke pritur radh\u00ebn e tij.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Formimi i rrezeve t\u00eb radios<\/h2>\n

\nNj\u00eb rregull i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i funksionimit t\u00eb MU-MIMO \u00ebsht\u00eb ruajtja e nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyre operimi t\u00eb fondit t\u00eb antenave, e cila nuk do t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb mbivendosjen e val\u00ebve t\u00eb radios dhe humbjen e informacionit p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrzierjes s\u00eb fazave.<\/p>\n

Kjo k\u00ebrkon llogaritje t\u00eb komplikuara matematike n\u00eb an\u00ebn e pik\u00ebs s\u00eb qasjes. N\u00ebse terminali mb\u00ebshtet k\u00ebt\u00eb funksion, MU-MIMO i lejon atij t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb pik\u00ebs s\u00eb qasjes, me cilin vones\u00eb merr sinjalin n\u00eb secil\u00ebn anten\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa pika e qasjes, nga ana e saj, p\u00ebrshtat antenat e saj p\u00ebr t\u00eb formuar nj\u00eb rreze t\u00eb drejtuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb optimale.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb na jep kjo n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi?<\/h2>\n

\nQ\u00ebllimet aktuale t\u00eb aplikimit t\u00eb Wi-Fi t\u00eb brezit t\u00eb kaluar jan\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar me rrethe t\u00eb bardha me numra n\u00eb tabel\u00eb. Rrethet blu (shih ilustrimin m\u00eb sip\u00ebr) p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e Wi-Fi 6, nd\u00ebrsa ato gri \u2014 jan\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje e s\u00eb ardhmes s\u00eb af\u00ebrt.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfitimet kryesore q\u00eb sjellin zgjidhjet e reja me mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr OFDMA lidhen me nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e burimeve, t\u00eb realizuara n\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me TDM (Multipleximi i Nd\u00ebrprerjeve t\u00eb Koh\u00ebs). Kjo nuk ka ekzistuar m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb Wi-Fi. Kjo lejon kontrollin e qart\u00eb t\u00eb band\u00ebs s\u00eb dedikuar, duke siguruar nj\u00eb koh\u00eb minimale t\u00eb kalimit t\u00eb sinjalit n\u00ebp\u00ebr mjedis dhe nivelin e k\u00ebrkuar t\u00eb besueshm\u00ebris\u00eb. E mira \u00ebsht\u00eb se askush nuk ka dyshime se treguesit e besueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Wi-Fi kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim.<\/p>\n

Historia zhvillohet n\u00eb spirale, dhe situata aktuale \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb formuar dikur rreth Ethernet. At\u00ebher\u00eb, u formua mendimi q\u00eb mjedisi i transmetimit CSMA\/CD (Qasja e Ndjeshme t\u00eb Transportit me Kontrollin e Kolizionit) nuk siguron asnj\u00eb kapacitet t\u00eb garantuar. Dhe kjo ka vazhduar deri n\u00eb kalimin n\u00eb IEEE 802.3z.<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket modeleve t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit, si\u00e7 e shihni, me \u00e7do brezim t\u00eb Wi-Fi po rriten skenar\u00ebt e tij t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit, m\u00eb t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj vonesave, jitters t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm dhe besueshm\u00ebris\u00eb.<\/a><\/noindex> Dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri p\u00ebr mjedisin fizik<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Tani do t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr at\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb e formon mjedisin e ri fizik. Me p\u00ebrdorimin e CSMA\/CA dhe OFDM, rritja e numrit t\u00eb pikave aktive (Active STA) \u00e7onte n\u00eb nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kapacitetit t\u00eb kanalit 20 megahertz. Kjo ishte e lidhur me at\u00eb q\u00eb u p\u00ebrmend m\u00eb par\u00eb: me teknologjit\u00eb jo aq t\u00eb reja STC (Space-Time Coding) dhe MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining).<\/h2>\n

\nOFDMA, p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb nj\u00ebsive t\u00eb burimeve, mund t\u00eb interaktoj\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efikase me stacionet e larg\u00ebta dhe me fuqin\u00eb e ul\u00ebt. Kemi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb vetme mbajt\u00ebse me p\u00ebrdoruesit q\u00eb konsumojn\u00eb sasi t\u00eb ndryshme burimi. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues mund t\u00eb z\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsin\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb tjerat.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nPse nuk kishte OFDMA m\u00eb par\u00eb?<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

Dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht, pyetja kryesore: pse nuk kishte OFDMA m\u00eb par\u00eb? Si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme, gjith\u00e7ka varej nga parat\u00eb.<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, ishte e menduar se \u00e7mimi i moduli Wi-Fi duhet t\u00eb ishte sa m\u00eb minimal. Kur u lan\u00e7ua protokolli n\u00eb funksionimin komercial n\u00eb vitin 1997, u vendos q\u00eb kostoja e prodhimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij moduli nuk mund t\u00eb kalonte $1. Si rezultat, zhvillimi i teknologjis\u00eb shkoi n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb jo optimale. K\u00ebtu nuk e marrim n\u00eb konsiderat\u00eb LTE operator, ku OFDMA p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb n\u00eb fund, grupi punues p\u00ebr Wi-Fi vendosi t\u00eb marr\u00eb k\u00ebto zhvillime nga bota e operator\u00ebve t\u00eb komunikimit dhe t'i transferoj\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e rrjeteve korporative. Procesi kryesor ishte kalimi n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e elementeve m\u00eb cil\u00ebsore, si filtrat dhe oscilator\u00ebt. <\/p>\n

Pse na ishte kaq e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb punonim me kodifikimet e vjetra MRC me interferenc\u00eb ose pa t\u00eb? Sepse mekanizmi i formimit t\u00eb rrezeve MVDR (Minimum Variance Distortionless Response) rritte ndjesh\u00ebm numrin e gabimeve, sa her\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeshim t\u00eb bashkonim nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh pikash transmetuese. OFDMA e d\u00ebshtoi, tregoi q\u00eb problemi ishte i zgjidhsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nP\u00ebrse na ishte kaq e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb punonim me kodet e vjetra MRC me ose pa nd\u00ebrhyrje? Sepse mekanizmi i formimit t\u00eb rrezes MVDR (Minimum Variance Distortionless Response) rritte ndjesh\u00ebm numrin e gabimeve, sapo p\u00ebrpiqeshim t\u00eb kombinonim nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh pikash transmetuese. OFDMA e ka d\u00ebshmuar se problemi \u00ebsht\u00eb i zgjidhsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nLufta kund\u00ebr nd\u00ebrhyrjes tani bazohet n\u00eb matematik\u00eb. N\u00ebse dritarja e transmetimit \u00ebsht\u00eb e mjaftueshme, nd\u00ebrhyrja dinamike q\u00eb ndodh ka pasoja. Algoritmet e reja t\u00eb funksionimit lejojn\u00eb shmangien e saj, duke p\u00ebrjashtuar ndikimin jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrjes s\u00eb lidhjes Wi-Fi, por edhe \u00e7do nd\u00ebrhyrjeje tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb ndodh brenda k\u00ebtij gam\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nFal\u00eb luft\u00ebs adaptuese ndaj nd\u00ebrhyrjes, ne mund t\u00eb fitojm\u00eb deri n\u00eb 11 dB edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar e t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. P\u00ebrdorimi i zgjidhjeve algoritmike t\u00eb Huawei ka lejuar arritjen e optimizimit t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm atje ku nevojitet \u2013 n\u00eb zgjidhjet indoor. Ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mir\u00eb n\u00eb 5G, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrisht e mir\u00eb n\u00eb mjedisin Wi-Fi 6. Qasjet Massive MIMO dhe MU-MIMO ndryshojn\u00eb n\u00eb rastin e zgjidhjeve indoor dhe outdoor. Atje ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, p\u00ebrdorimi i zgjidhjeve m\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjta \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm, si n\u00eb 5G. Por ka nevoj\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr opsione t\u00eb tjera, si Wi-Fi 6, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb vonesa dhe tregues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb i presim nga operator\u00ebt e komunikimit.<\/p>\n

Ne huazojm\u00eb prej tyre instrumentet q\u00eb do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb dobishme p\u00ebr ne si konsumator\u00eb t\u00eb korporatave, dhe gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb ambient fizik n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin mund t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetemi.<\/p>\n

***<\/h2>\n

\nK\u00ebshtu, mos haroni p\u00ebr webinar\u00ebt tan\u00eb t\u00eb shumt\u00eb mbi novitetet e Huawei p\u00ebr vitin 2020, q\u00eb zhvillohen jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb segmentin rusishtfol\u00ebs, por edhe n\u00eb nivel global. Lista e webinar\u00ebve p\u00ebr jav\u00ebt e ardhshme \u00ebsht\u00eb e disponueshme p\u00ebr linkun<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 Huawei \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 Wi-Fi 6. \u0418 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043e \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0445, 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