{"id":90386,"date":"2020-07-31T13:42:20","date_gmt":"2020-07-31T11:42:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/triller-o-nastrojke-serverov-bez-chudes-s-configuration-management"},"modified":"2020-07-31T13:42:20","modified_gmt":"2020-07-31T11:42:20","slug":"triller-o-nastrojke-serverov-bez-chudes-s-configuration-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/triller-o-nastrojke-serverov-bez-chudes-s-configuration-management","title":{"rendered":"Nj\u00eb triller p\u00ebr konfigurimin e server\u00ebve pa mrekulli me Menaxhimin e Konfigurimit","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c7\u00ebshtja po i afrohej Vitit t\u00eb Ri. F\u00ebmij\u00ebt e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb vendit kishin d\u00ebrguar tashm\u00eb letra tek Babagjyshi i Vitit t\u00eb Ri ose kishin d\u00ebshiruar dhurata p\u00ebr veten, nd\u00ebrsa kryefiguranti i tyre \u2014 nj\u00eb nga shit\u00ebsit e m\u00ebdhenj \u2014 po p\u00ebrgatitej p\u00ebr kulmin e shitjeve. N\u00eb dhjetor, ngarkesa n\u00eb qendr\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave rritet disa her\u00eb. Prandaj, kompania vendosi t\u00eb modernizonte qendr\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe t\u00eb aktivizonte disa dhjet\u00ebra server\u00eb t\u00eb rinj n\u00eb vend t\u00eb pajisjeve, t\u00eb cilat kishin p\u00ebrfunduar ciklin e jet\u00ebs. K\u00ebshtu, q\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb skenar t\u00eb mbuluar me flakesh d\u00ebbore, fillon trilleri. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nj\u00eb triller p\u00ebr konfigurimin e server\u00ebve pa mrekulli me Menaxhimin e Konfigurimit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/ebc2128d73e9a0e7f1e383b4b04ee492.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPajisjet arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb terren disa muaj para kulmit t\u00eb shitjeve. Sh\u00ebrbimi i funksionimit, natyrisht, e dinte se si dhe \u00e7far\u00eb duhej t\u00eb konfigurohej n\u00eb server\u00eb p\u00ebr t'i futur n\u00eb mjedisin e prodhimit. Por na nevojitej ta automatizonim k\u00ebt\u00eb dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtonim faktor\u00ebt njer\u00ebzor\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, server\u00ebt z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuan nj\u00eb grup sistemesh SAP, t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr kompanin\u00eb, para migrimit. <\/p>\n<p>\u00c7aktivizimi i server\u00ebve t\u00eb rinj ishte i lidhur ngusht\u00eb me afatin. Dhe ndryshimi i tij do t\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnonte d\u00ebrgesat e nj\u00eb miliard dhuratash, si dhe migrimin e sistemeve. Data nuk mund t\u00eb ndryshohej as prej ekipit t\u00eb Santa Claus dhe Deda Moroz \u2014 transferimi i sistemit SAP p\u00ebr menaxhimin e magazinave mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb vit. Nga 31 dhjetori n\u00eb 1 janar, magazinat e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb shit\u00ebsit, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe sa 20 fusha futbolli, ndalin pun\u00ebn p\u00ebr 15 or\u00eb. Dhe ky \u00ebsht\u00eb intervali i vet\u00ebm i koh\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb transferuar sistemin. Ne nuk kishim asnj\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb p\u00ebr gabim n\u00eb aktivizimin e server\u00ebve. <\/p>\n<p>Le t\u00eb sqaroj menj\u00ebher\u00eb: tregimi im pasqyron nj\u00eb mjet dhe proces t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve q\u00eb ekipi yn\u00eb e p\u00ebrdor.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nKompleksi i menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga disa nivele. Komponenti ky\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb sistemi CMS. N\u00eb eksploatimin industrial, mungesa e nj\u00ebrit nga nivelet patjet\u00ebr do t\u00eb kishte sjell\u00eb mrekulli t\u00eb pad\u00ebshiruara.<\/p>\n<h1>Menaxhimi i instalimit t\u00eb OS<\/h1>\n<p>\nNiveli i par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb sistemi i menaxhimit t\u00eb instalimit t\u00eb sistemeve operative n\u00eb servera fizik\u00eb dhe virtual\u00eb. Ai krijon konfigurime baz\u00eb t\u00eb OS, duke eliminuar faktor\u00ebt njer\u00ebzor\u00eb. <\/p>\n<p>Me k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem ne merrnim shembuj tipik\u00eb dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr automatizimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm t\u00eb server\u00ebve me OS. Gjat\u00eb \"shkarkimit\", ata merrnin nj\u00eb grup minimal t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve lokal\u00eb dhe \u00e7el\u00ebsave publik\u00eb SSH, si dhe konfigurimin e konsoliduar t\u00eb OS. Ne mund t\u00eb menaxhonim sigurisht server\u00ebt p\u00ebrmes CMS dhe ishim t\u00eb sigurt se \"posht\u00eb\", n\u00eb nivelin e OS, nuk kishte surpriza. <\/p>\n<p>Detyra \"maksimale\" p\u00ebr sistemin e menaxhimit t\u00eb instalimit \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb konfiguroj\u00eb automatikisht server\u00ebt nga niveli i BIOS\/Firmware deri te OS. Shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra k\u00ebtu varen nga pajisjet dhe detyrat e konfigurimit. P\u00ebr pajisje t\u00eb larmishme mund t\u00eb shqyrtohet <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dmtf.org\/standards\/redfish\">REDFISH API<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00ebse t\u00eb gjitha \"hardueret\" jan\u00eb nga nj\u00eb ofrues, shpeshher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren mjetet e gatshme t\u00eb menaxhimit (p\u00ebr shembull, HP ILO Amplifier, DELL OpenManage etj.).<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr instalimin e OS n\u00eb server\u00ebt fizik\u00eb, p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb njohur\u00ebn Cobbler, ku \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar nj\u00eb grup profilash instalimi t\u00eb miratuar me sh\u00ebrbimin e operacionit. Kur shtohet nj\u00eb server i ri n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb, inxhinieri lidhet me adres\u00ebn MAC t\u00eb serverit p\u00ebr profilin e k\u00ebrkuar n\u00eb Cobbler. Gjat\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebrmes rrjetit, serveri merr nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme dhe nj\u00eb OS t\u00eb fresk\u00ebt. Pastaj, ai transferohet n\u00eb VLAN\/IP adresimin p\u00ebrfundimtar dhe vazhdon pun\u00ebn aty. Po, nd\u00ebrrimi i VLAN merr koh\u00eb dhe k\u00ebrkon miratim, por kjo ofron mbrojtje shtes\u00eb nga instalimi aksidental i serverit n\u00eb ambientin prodhues.<\/p>\n<p>Server\u00ebt virtual\u00eb i krijuam mbi baz\u00ebn e shablloneve t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitura me HashiCorp Packer. Arsyetimi ishte i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb: p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar gabimet e mundshme njer\u00ebzore gjat\u00eb instalimit t\u00eb OS. Por, ndryshe nga server\u00ebt fizik\u00eb, Packer lejon t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrdorim PXE, ngarkes\u00ebn n\u00eb rrjet dhe nd\u00ebrrimin e VLAN. Kjo e leht\u00ebsoi dhe thjeshtoi krijimin e server\u00ebve virtual\u00eb. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nj\u00eb triller p\u00ebr konfigurimin e server\u00ebve pa mrekulli me Menaxhimin e Konfigurimit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8cde23a4ad2ba1573bc88ec174bfe6b5.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Fig. 1. Menaxhimi i instalimit t\u00eb sistemeve operative.<\/i><\/p>\n<h1>Menaxhimi i sekreteve<\/h1>\n<p>\n\u00c7do sistem menaxhimi t\u00eb konfigurimeve p\u00ebrmban t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb fshehura nga p\u00ebrdoruesit e zakonsh\u00ebm, por jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr p\u00ebrgatitjen e sistemeve. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb fjal\u00ebkalimet e p\u00ebrdoruesve lokal\u00eb dhe llogarive sh\u00ebrbyese, \u00e7el\u00ebsat e certifikatave, tokenat e ndrysh\u00ebm API dhe t\u00eb tjera. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi quhen \u00absekrete\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ebse q\u00eb n\u00eb fillim nuk p\u00ebrcaktohet se ku dhe si t\u00eb ruhen k\u00ebto sekrete, at\u00ebher\u00eb, var\u00ebsisht nga shkalla e k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb siguris\u00eb informatik\u00eb, mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb k\u00ebto m\u00ebnyra ruajtjeje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>drejt n\u00eb kodin e menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve ose n\u00eb skedar\u00ebt n\u00eb depo;<\/li>\n<li>n\u00eb mjete t\u00eb specializuara p\u00ebr menaxhimin e konfigurimeve (p.sh., Ansible Vault);<\/li>\n<li>n\u00eb sistemet CI\/CD (Jenkins\/TeamCity\/GitLab\/etj.) ose n\u00eb sistemet e menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve (Ansible Tower\/Ansible AWX);<\/li>\n<li>po ashtu, sekretet mund t\u00eb transferohen n\u00eb \u00abmenaxhim manual\u00bb. P\u00ebr shembull, vendosen n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb caktuar dhe pastaj p\u00ebrdoren nga sistemet e menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve;<\/li>\n<li>kombinime t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar m\u00eb sip\u00ebr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00c7do metod\u00eb ka disavantazhet e veta. Kryesori \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e politikave t\u00eb aksesit n\u00eb sekretet: \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur ose e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet kush mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb sekretet e caktuara. Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr disavantazh \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e auditit t\u00eb aksesit dhe nj\u00eb cikli t\u00eb plot\u00eb jet\u00ebsor. Si ta z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojm\u00eb shpejt, p\u00ebr shembull, \u00e7el\u00ebsin publik q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i shkruar n\u00eb kod dhe n\u00eb disa sisteme t\u00eb tjera?<\/p>\n<p>Ne p\u00ebrdor\u00ebm nj\u00eb depo t\u00eb centralizuar p\u00ebr sekretet HashiCorp Vault. Kjo na lejon t\u00eb: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ruajm\u00eb sekretet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt. Ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb enkriptuara, dhe madje n\u00ebse dikush arrin t\u00eb ket\u00eb akses n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb magazin\u00ebs Vault (p\u00ebr shembull, duke e rikuperuar at\u00eb nga nj\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb), ai nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb sekretet q\u00eb jan\u00eb ruajtur atje; <\/li>\n<li>organizohet politika e aksesit n\u00eb sekrete. P\u00ebrdoruesit dhe aplikacionet kan\u00eb qasje vet\u00ebm n\u00eb sekretet e \"dedikuara\" atyre;<\/li>\n<li>b\u00ebjm\u00eb auditimin e aksesit n\u00eb sekrete. \u00c7do veprim me sekretet regjistrohet n\u00eb logun e auditit t\u00eb Vault;<\/li>\n<li>organizohet nj\u00eb \"cik\u00ebl t\u00eb plot\u00eb\" funksionimi me sekretet. Ato mund t\u00eb krijohen, t\u00eb rikthehen, t'u caktohet nj\u00eb afat veprimi etj.<\/li>\n<li>leht\u00eb t\u00eb integropohet me sisteme t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr akses n\u00eb sekrete;<\/li>\n<li>nd\u00ebrsa aplikoni enkriptim end-to-end, fjal\u00ebkalime t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme p\u00ebr OS dhe DB, certifikata nga autoritetet e autorizimit, etj. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTani do t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb sistemin qendror t\u00eb identifikimit dhe autorizimit. Mund t\u00eb kishim shkuar pa t\u00eb, por administrimi i p\u00ebrdoruesve n\u00eb shum\u00eb sisteme an\u00ebsore \u00ebsht\u00eb tep\u00ebr i nd\u00ebrlikuar. Ne konfigurua identifikimin dhe autorizimin p\u00ebrmes sh\u00ebrbimit LDAP. P\u00ebrndryshe, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin Vault do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb l\u00ebshonim vazhdimisht dhe t\u00eb menaxhonim tokene autentikimi p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit. Shtimi dhe fshirja e p\u00ebrdoruesve do t\u00eb kthehej n\u00eb nj\u00eb aventur\u00eb \"a kam krijuar\/fshir\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb identitet kudo?\" <\/p>\n<p>Po shtojm\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb sistemin ton\u00eb: menaxhimi i sekreteve dhe identifikimi\/autorizimi qendror:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nj\u00eb triller p\u00ebr konfigurimin e server\u00ebve pa mrekulli me Menaxhimin e Konfigurimit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/993e863417898c39940fe0bc9ee55b1e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Fig. 2. Menaxhimi i sekreteve.<\/i><\/p>\n<h1>Menaxhimi i konfigurations<\/h1>\n<p>\nArrit\u00ebm n\u00eb thelb \u2014 n\u00eb sistemin CMS. N\u00eb rastin ton\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhja midis Ansible dhe Red Hat Ansible AWX. <\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb vend t\u00eb Ansible mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret Chef, Puppet, SaltStack. Ne zgjodh\u00ebm Ansible p\u00ebr disa kritere. <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u00eb pari, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebria. Grupi i moduleve t\u00eb gatshme p\u00ebr menaxhimin <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.ansible.com\/ansible\/latest\/modules\/modules_by_category.html\">b\u00ebn p\u00ebrshtypje<\/a><\/noindex>. Dhe n\u00ebse ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mungon, mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet n\u00eb GitHub dhe Galaxy. <\/li>\n<li>S\u00eb dyti, nuk ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb vendosni dhe mbani agjent\u00eb n\u00eb pajisjet e menaxhuara, t\u00eb provoni q\u00eb ata nuk e pengojn\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebn dhe t\u00eb konfirmoni munges\u00ebn e \"backdoor-eve\". <\/li>\n<li>S\u00eb treti, Ansible ka nj\u00eb prag t\u00eb ul\u00ebt hyrjeje. Nj\u00eb inxhinier i aft\u00eb do t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb nj\u00eb playbook funksional n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebs me produktin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPor vet\u00ebm Ansible n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis industrial ishte e pamjaftueshme p\u00ebr ne. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, do t\u00eb kishte shum\u00eb probleme me kufizimin e aksesit dhe auditimin e veprimeve t\u00eb administrator\u00ebve. Si t\u00eb kufizoni aksesin? Sepse duhej q\u00eb \u00e7do nj\u00ebsi t\u00eb menaxhonte (lexo - t\u00eb vinte n\u00eb funksion playbook-un Ansible) grupin e saj t\u00eb server\u00ebve. Si t\u00eb lejohet ekzekutimi i playbook-ut t\u00eb caktuar Ansible vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr disa punonj\u00ebs t\u00eb caktuar? Ose si t\u00eb ndjekim se kush e aktivizoi playbook-un, pa krijuar shum\u00eb llogari lokale n\u00eb server\u00ebt dhe pajisjet e menaxhuara nga Ansible?<\/p>\n<p>Pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e k\u00ebtyre pyetjeve zgjidhen nga Red Hat <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ansible.com\/products\/tower\">Ansible Tower<\/a><\/noindex>, ose projekti i tij open-source upstream <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ansible\/awx\">Ansible AWX<\/a><\/noindex>. Prandaj ne e preferuam at\u00eb p\u00ebr klientin. <\/p>\n<p>Dhe nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr detaj p\u00ebr portretin e sistemit ton\u00eb CMS. Playbook-u Ansible duhet t\u00eb ruhet n\u00eb sistemet e menaxhimit t\u00eb repositor\u00ebve t\u00eb kodit. Kjo e kemi ne <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/about.gitlab.com\/install\/\">GitLab CE<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Pra ndaj, konfigurimet menaxhohen nga nj\u00eb grup i Ansible\/Ansible AWX\/GitLab (shih. Figura 3). Sigurisht, AWX\/GitLab jan\u00eb t\u00eb integruara me nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb vet\u00ebm t\u00eb autentifikimit, nd\u00ebrsa playbook-u i Ansible \u00ebsht\u00eb i lidhur me HashiCorp Vault. Konfigurimet kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb ambientin production vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes Ansible AWX, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin jan\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar t\u00eb gjitha \"rregullat e loj\u00ebs\": kush dhe \u00e7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb konfiguroj\u00eb, nga ku mund t\u00eb merret kodi p\u00ebr menaxhimin e konfigurimeve p\u00ebr CMS etj.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nj\u00eb triller p\u00ebr konfigurimin e server\u00ebve pa mrekulli me Menaxhimin e Konfigurimit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/f4f5b3904a2145d7283cd52f921bca89.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Figura 3. Menaxhimi i konfigurimeve.<\/i><\/p>\n<h1>Menaxhimi i testimit<\/h1>\n<p>\nKonfigurimi yn\u00eb paraqitet n\u00eb form\u00ebn e kodit. Prandaj, ne detyrohemi t\u00eb luajm\u00eb sipas t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtave rregulla si zhvilluesit e softuerit. Na nevojitej t\u00eb organizonim proceset e zhvillimit, testimit t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm, dor\u00ebzimit dhe aplikimit t\u00eb kodit t\u00eb konfigurimit n\u00eb server\u00ebt production.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ebse kjo nuk b\u00ebhet menj\u00ebher\u00eb, rolet e shkruara p\u00ebr konfigurimin ose do t\u00eb ndalonin mb\u00ebshtetje dhe modifikim, ose do t\u00eb ndalonin ekzekutimin n\u00eb production. Ila\u00e7i p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb dhembje \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur dhe ka treguar rezultate t\u00eb mira n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb projekt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00e7do rol \u00ebsht\u00eb mbuluar me teste modulare;<\/li>\n<li>testet jan\u00eb ekzekutuar automatikisht me \u00e7do ndryshim n\u00eb kod t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve;<\/li>\n<li>ndryshimet n\u00eb kodin e menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb ambientin production vet\u00ebm pas kalimit t\u00eb suksesit n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha testet dhe kontrollin e kodit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nZhvillimi i kodit dhe menaxhimi i konfigurimeve jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb qet\u00eb dhe t\u00eb parashikuesh\u00ebm. P\u00ebr t\u00eb organizuar testimin e vazhduesh\u00ebm, ne p\u00ebrdor\u00ebm mjetin GitLab CI\/CD, dhe si korniz\u00eb p\u00ebr organizimin e testeve mor\u00ebm <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/molecule.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/\">Ansible Molecule<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Koh\u00eb pas kohe, kur ndodhin ndryshime n\u00eb kodin e menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve, GitLab CI\/CD th\u00ebrret Molecule: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ajo kontrollon sintaks\u00ebn e kodit, <\/li>\n<li>ngre nj\u00eb kontejner Docker, <\/li>\n<li>aplikon kodin e ndryshuar n\u00eb kontejnerin e krijuar, <\/li>\n<li>kontrollon rolin p\u00ebr idempotent\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe kalon testet p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb kod (granulariteti k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nivelin e rolit ansible, shih Fig. 4).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nKonfigurimet n\u00eb ambientin production i dor\u00ebzuam me Ansible AWX. Inxhinier\u00ebt p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr operimin aplikonin ndryshimet n\u00eb konfigurim p\u00ebrmes shablloneve t\u00eb paracaktuar. AWX n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb autonome, me \u00e7do aplikim, \"k\u00ebrkonte\" versionin m\u00eb t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb kodit nga dega master n\u00eb GitLab. K\u00ebshtu ne p\u00ebrjashtuam p\u00ebrdorimin e kodit t\u00eb pa verifikuar ose t\u00eb vjetruar n\u00eb ambientin production. Natyrisht, kodi hynte n\u00eb deg\u00ebn master vet\u00ebm pas testimit, shqyrtimit dhe miratimit.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nj\u00eb triller p\u00ebr konfigurimin e server\u00ebve pa mrekulli me Menaxhimin e Konfigurimit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aa8f6205f05792a6a1120ad7360ab102.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Fig. 4. Testimi automatik i roleve n\u00eb GitLab CI\/CD.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Ka edhe nj\u00eb problem, i lidhur me operimin e sistemeve production. N\u00eb jet\u00ebn reale, \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhen ndryshime n\u00eb konfigurim vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes kodit CMS. Lindin situata emergjente, kur inxhinieri duhet t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb konfigurimin \"k\u00ebtu dhe tani\", pa pritur rregullimin e kodit, testimin, miratimin etj.<\/p>\n<p>Si rezultat i ndryshimeve manuale, ndodhin diferenca n\u00eb konfigurim n\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb ngjashme (p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb nyjat e HA-klasterit ka konfigurime t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb cil\u00ebsimeve sysctl). Ose konfigurimi real n\u00eb pajisje ndryshon nga ai, i cila \u00ebsht\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb kodin CMS. <\/p>\n<p>Prandaj, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 testeve t\u00eb vazhdueshme, kontrollojm\u00eb ambientet e prodhimit p\u00ebr diferenca n\u00eb konfigurime. Zgjedh\u00ebm variantin m\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb: ekzekutimin e kodit t\u00eb konfigurimit t\u00eb CMS n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn \"dry run\", pra pa aplikuar ndryshimet, por me njoftim p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha diferencat midis konfigurimit t\u00eb planifikuar dhe atij real. K\u00ebt\u00eb e kemi realizuar me ekzekutimin periodik t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha playbook-eve Ansible me opsionin \"--check\" n\u00eb serverat e prodhimit. P\u00ebr ekzekutimin dhe aktualitetin e playbook-eve, si gjithmon\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs Ansible AWX (shihni Fig. 5):<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nj\u00eb triller p\u00ebr konfigurimin e server\u00ebve pa mrekulli me Menaxhimin e Konfigurimit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/108a5a473f60ab76ee15f9334ebcbab7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Fig. 5. Kontrollimi i ndryshimeve n\u00eb konfiguracion n\u00eb Ansible AWX.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pas kontrolleve, AWX d\u00ebrgon nj\u00eb raport mbi ndryshimet administrator\u00ebve. Ata shqyrtojn\u00eb konfiguracionin problematik dhe m\u00eb pas e korrektojn\u00eb at\u00eb p\u00ebrmes playbook-eve t\u00eb rregulluara. K\u00ebshtu, ne mbajm\u00eb konfiguracionin n\u00eb ambientin e prodhimit dhe CMS \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje aktuale dhe t\u00eb sinkronizuar. Kjo na shp\u00ebton nga \"mrekulli\" t\u00eb pak\u00ebndshme kur kodi i CMS zbatohet n\u00eb serverat e \"luft\u00ebs\".<\/p>\n<p>Tani kemi nd\u00ebrtuar nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm testimi, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin Ansible AWX\/GitLab\/Molecule (Fig. 6).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Nj\u00eb triller p\u00ebr konfigurimin e server\u00ebve pa mrekulli me Menaxhimin e Konfigurimit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/f487f5603e90b0c753fb9decf9018b11.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Fig. 6. Menaxhimi i testimit.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>E komplikuar? Nuk e diskutoj. Por, ky kompleks menaxhimi i konfigurimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjja e plot\u00eb ndaj shum\u00eb pyetjeve q\u00eb lidhen me automatizimin e konfigurimit t\u00eb server\u00ebve. Tani, shit\u00ebsi ka gjithmon\u00eb nj\u00eb konfigurim t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar p\u00ebr server\u00ebt standard. CMS, ndryshe nga inxhinieri, nuk do t\u00eb harroj\u00eb t\u00eb shtoj\u00eb cil\u00ebsimet e nevojshme, t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit dhe t\u00eb plot\u00ebsoj\u00eb dhjet\u00ebra ose qindra cil\u00ebsime t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuara.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb cil\u00ebsimet e server\u00ebve dhe ambienteve sot nuk ka \u00abdije t\u00eb fshehta\u00bb. T\u00eb gjitha tipar e nevojshme jan\u00eb t\u00eb pasqyruara n\u00eb playbook. Asnj\u00eb kreativitet dhe instrukcionesh t\u00eb paqarta m\u00eb: \u00ab<i>vendos si Oracle normal, por aty nevojiten disa cil\u00ebsime sysctl t\u00eb shkruhen, dhe t\u00eb shtohen p\u00ebrdorues me UID t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm. Pyet djemt\u00eb nga operacioni, ata e din\u00eb<\/i>\u00bb. <\/p>\n<p>Aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar diferencat n\u00eb konfigurime dhe p\u00ebr t\u2019i korrigjuar ato paraprakisht jep qet\u00ebsi. Pa nj\u00eb sistem menaxhimi t\u00eb konfigurimeve, zakonisht duket ndryshe. Problemet grumbullohen deri n\u00eb momentin kur nj\u00eb dit\u00eb \u00abshp\u00ebrthejn\u00eb\u00bb n\u00eb production. Pastaj b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb, kontrollohen dhe rregullohen konfigurimet. Dhe cikli p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. <\/p>\n<p>Natyrisht, ne e shpejtuam aktivizimin e server\u00ebve nga disa dit\u00eb n\u00eb disa or\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb nat\u00ebn e vetme t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb ri, kur f\u00ebmij\u00ebt me g\u00ebzim hapnin dhuratat dhe t\u00eb rriturit b\u00ebnin d\u00ebshira n\u00ebn zhurm\u00ebn e or\u00ebs, inxhinier\u00ebt tan\u00eb migruan sistemin SAP n\u00eb servera t\u00eb rinj. Edhe Baba Frost do t\u00eb thoshte se mrekullit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mira jan\u00eb ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur. <\/p>\n<p>P.S. Ekipi yn\u00eb shpesh p\u00ebrballet me k\u00ebrkesa nga klient\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur sa m\u00eb thjesht\u00eb detyrat e menaxhimit t\u00eb konfigurimeve. Idealisht, ashtu si p\u00ebr magji \u2014 me nj\u00eb mjet t\u00eb vet\u00ebm. Por n\u00eb jet\u00eb, gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e komplikuar (po, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri nuk u soll\u00ebn plumbat e argjendit): duhet t\u00eb krijojm\u00eb nj\u00eb proces t\u00ebr\u00ebsor me mjete t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr ekipin e klientit.<\/p>\n<p><i>Autori: Sergey Artemov, arkitekt i departamentit <\/i><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/portal.jet.su\/about\/company\/structure\/?set_filter_structure=Y&amp;structure_UF_DEPARTMENT=56656\"><i>Zgjidhjeve DevOps<\/i><\/a><\/noindex><i> \u00abInfosesystemet Jet\u00bb<\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/jetinfosystems\/blog\/513132\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0414\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0430 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u2014 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0430\u043f\u043e\u0444\u0435\u043e\u0437\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436. \u0412 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0426\u041e\u0414 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":90387,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-90386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043a \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0414\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 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