{"id":92367,"date":"2020-08-26T07:42:09","date_gmt":"2020-08-26T05:42:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/putevoditel-po-rezervnomu-kopirovaniyu-baz-dannyh"},"modified":"2020-08-26T07:42:09","modified_gmt":"2020-08-26T05:42:09","slug":"putevoditel-po-rezervnomu-kopirovaniyu-baz-dannyh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/putevoditel-po-rezervnomu-kopirovaniyu-baz-dannyh","title":{"rendered":"Udh\u00ebzuesi p\u00ebr kopjimin rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote><p>\u2013 O, asnj\u00eb strehim nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrballonte nj\u00eb meteor. Por gjithsesi, ju si t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt keni nj\u00eb rezerv\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb mund t\u00eb qet\u00ebsoheni.<\/p>\n<p><i>Stanislav Lem, \u00abDiar\u00ebt e Yjeve t\u00eb Ion Tikhit\u00bb<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nKopjimi rezerv\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton ruajtjen e nj\u00eb kopjeje t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave diku jasht\u00eb vendndodhjes kryesore t\u00eb ruajtjes s\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Udh\u00ebzuesi p\u00ebr kopjimin rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/c1dba0d8999cab69315560dfc57546e0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nQ\u00ebllimi kryesor i kopjimit rezerv\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rind\u00ebrtimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave pas humbjes s\u00eb tyre. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, shpesh d\u00ebgjohet se n\u00eb prani t\u00eb nj\u00eb replike t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, gjithmon\u00eb mund t\u00eb rikuperoni t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat, prandaj kopjimi rezerv\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kopjimi rezerv\u00eb lejon zgjidhjen e t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn tri detyrave, t\u00eb cilat nuk mund t\u00eb zgjidhen p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb replike, dhe gjithashtu nuk mund t\u00eb inicializohet nj\u00eb replik\u00eb pa nj\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00eb pari, nj\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb lejon rikuperimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave pas nj\u00eb gabimi logjik. P\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb kontabilist fshin nj\u00eb grup transaksionesh, ose nj\u00eb administrator i baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave shkat\u00ebrron nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb tabelar. T\u00eb dyja operacionet jan\u00eb krejt legjitime nga perspektiva e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, dhe procesi i replikimit do t'i riprodhoj\u00eb ato n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e replik\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00eb dyti, sistemet moderne t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave jan\u00eb komplekse mjaft t\u00eb besueshme, megjithat\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ndodhin d\u00ebmtime t\u00eb strukturave t\u00eb brendshme t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, pas t\u00eb cilave humbet qasja n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna. \u00c7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e keqe, nj\u00eb shkelje e till\u00eb ndodh zakonisht gjat\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb lart\u00eb ose gjat\u00eb instalimit t\u00eb ndonj\u00eb azhurnimi. Por si ngarkesa e lart\u00eb ashtu edhe azhurnimet e rregullta tregojn\u00eb se baza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb testim dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e ruajtura aty jan\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00eb fundmi, detyra e tret\u00eb, zgjidhja e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb klonimi i baz\u00ebs, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime testimi.<\/p>\n<p>Kopjimi rezerv\u00eb i bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga dy parimet:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P\u00ebrzgjedhja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me ruajtjen e m\u00ebpasme n\u00eb nj\u00eb format t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm;<\/li>\n<li>Fotografia e gjendjes s\u00eb skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe ruajtja e regjistrave.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nLe t\u00eb shikojm\u00eb k\u00ebto principe dhe mjetet q\u00eb i realizojn\u00eb ato m\u00eb n\u00eb detaje.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Eksportimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/h3>\n<p>\nN\u00eb grupin e mjeteve q\u00eb i bashk\u00ebngjiten \u00e7do sistemi t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, gjithmon\u00eb ka mjete p\u00ebr eksportimin dhe importimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ruhen ose n\u00eb format tekst, ose n\u00eb nj\u00eb format binar q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb specifik p\u00ebr sistemin e menaxhimit t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs. N\u00eb tabel\u00ebn m\u00eb posht\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur nj\u00eb list\u00eb e till\u00eb instrumentesh:<\/p>\n<p>Formati binar<br \/>\nFormati tekstual<\/p>\n<p>Oracle<br \/>\nExport\/DataPump Import<br \/>\nEksport\/Import<br \/>\nSQL*Plus\/SQL*Loader<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL<br \/>\npg_dump, pg_dumpall\/pg_restore<br \/>\npg_dump, pg_dumpall\/psql<\/p>\n<p>Microsoft SQL Server<br \/>\nbcp<br \/>\nbcp<\/p>\n<p>DB2<br \/>\nshkarkim\/ngarkim<br \/>\nshkarkim\/ngarkim<\/p>\n<p>MySQL<\/p>\n<p>mysqldump, mysqlpump\/mysql, mysqlimport<\/p>\n<p>MongoDB<br \/>\nmongodump\/mongorestore<br \/>\nmongoexport\/mongoimport<\/p>\n<p>Cassandra<br \/>\nnodetool snapshot\/sstableloader<br \/>\ncqlsh<\/p>\n<p>\nFormati tekstual \u00ebsht\u00eb i mir\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak se mund t\u00eb editohet ose madje edhe krijohet nga programe t\u00eb jashtme, nd\u00ebrsa formati binar \u00ebsht\u00eb i mir\u00eb sepse lejon ngarkimin dhe shkarkimin m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duke kursyer burimet n\u00eb transformimin e formateve.<\/p>\n<p>Pavar\u00ebsisht thjesht\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe qart\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb ide\u00ebs s\u00eb shkarkimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, ky metod p\u00ebrdoret rrall\u00eb p\u00ebr rezervimin e bazave t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash industriale t\u00eb ngarkuara. Ja disa arsye pse shkarkimi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>procesi i shkarkimit krijon nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme n\u00eb sistemin burim;<\/li>\n<li>shkarkimi merr shum\u00eb koh\u00eb - n\u00eb momentin q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundon, ai do t\u00eb jet\u00eb tashm\u00eb i pap\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm;<\/li>\n<li>t\u00eb b\u00ebsh nj\u00eb shkarkim t\u00eb q\u00ebndruar t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00ebn ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb praktikisht e pamundur, p\u00ebr shkak se DBMS \u00ebsht\u00eb e detyruar t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb nj\u00eb pamje t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb saj n\u00eb momentin e fillimit t\u00eb shkarkimit. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb transaksione t\u00eb jen\u00eb kryer q\u00eb nga fillimi i shkarkimit, aq m\u00eb i madh \u00ebsht\u00eb volumi i pamjes (kopjeve t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatshme t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb PostgreSQL, hap\u00ebsira undo n\u00eb Oracle, tempdb n\u00eb Microsoft SQL Server, etj.);<\/li>\n<li>shkarkimi ruan struktur\u00ebn logjike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, por nuk ruan struktur\u00ebn e tyre fizike - parametrat e ruajtjes fizike t\u00eb tavolinave, indekset etj.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMegjithat\u00eb, shkarkimi ka gjithashtu avantazhe:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>zgjedhshm\u00ebria e lart\u00eb: mund t\u00eb shkarkosh tavolina t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, fusha t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta dhe madje edhe rreshta t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta;<\/li>\n<li>t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e shkarkuara mund t\u00eb ngarkohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb versionit tjet\u00ebr, dhe n\u00ebse shkarkimi \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb format tekstual, edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash tjet\u00ebr.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nK\u00ebshtu, shkarkimi p\u00ebrdoret kryesisht p\u00ebr detyra si rezervimi i tavolinave t\u00eb vogla (p.sh., dyshime) ose shp\u00ebrndarja e grupeve t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me nj\u00eb l\u00ebshim t\u00eb ri t\u00eb aplikacionit. <\/p>\n<p>Metoda m\u00eb e zakonshme e rezervimit t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash \u00ebsht\u00eb kopjimi i skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb baz\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<h3>Kopjimi \"i ftoht\u00eb\" i skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash<\/h3>\n<p>\nIdeja e qart\u00eb - ndaloni baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash dhe kopjoni t\u00eb gjith\u00eb skedar\u00ebt e saj. Kjo lloj rezerv\u00eb quhet \"e ftoht\u00eb\". Ky metod \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht i besuesh\u00ebm dhe i thjesht\u00eb, por ka dy disavantazhe t\u00eb qarta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nga nj\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb \"t\u00eb ftoht\u00eb\" mund t\u00eb rikuperohet vet\u00ebm gjendja e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb ishte n\u00eb momentin e ndalimit; transaksionet e kryera pas rinisjes s\u00eb baz\u00ebs, nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb kopjen rezerv\u00eb \"t\u00eb ftoht\u00eb\";<\/li>\n<li>nuk ka shum\u00eb baza t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb kan\u00eb nj\u00eb dritare teknologjike, kur baza mund t\u00eb ndaloj\u00eb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nN\u00ebse kopjimi \"i ftoht\u00eb\" ju p\u00ebrshtatet, duhet t\u00eb mbani mend se<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>kopja \"e ftoht\u00eb\" ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshij\u00eb edhe regjistrat. Metodat p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar regjistrat q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb kopjen \"e ftoht\u00eb\" jan\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta p\u00ebr \u00e7do DBMS. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb Oracle \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb kopjohen regjistrat online redo, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb caktuar skedar\u00ebsh regjistrash n\u00eb nj\u00eb katalog t\u00eb posa\u00e7\u00ebm, madje edhe at\u00ebher\u00eb kur baza \u00ebsht\u00eb ndaluar sakt\u00ebsisht. N\u00eb PostgreSQL duhet t\u00eb ruhet t\u00eb gjith\u00eb regjistrat q\u00eb fillojn\u00eb nga regjistri, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban pik\u00ebn e fundit t\u00eb kontrollit, informacioni p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb skedarin menaxhues.<\/li>\n<li>katalogu i baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb skedar\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb hap\u00ebsirave t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme t\u00eb tabelave, t\u00eb cilat nuk jan\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrisht t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb kopjen rezerv\u00eb. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, kjo v\u00ebrejtje \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr kopjimin \"e nxeht\u00eb\".<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>\"Kopjimi i nxeht\u00eb\" i skedar\u00ebve<\/h3>\n<p>\nShumica e kopjeve rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave moderne kryhen duke kopjuar skedar\u00ebt e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave pa ndalur baz\u00ebn. K\u00ebtu shihen disa probleme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>N\u00eb momentin e fillimit t\u00eb kopjimit, p\u00ebrmbajtja e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrputhet me p\u00ebrmbajtjen e skedar\u00ebve, pasi nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e informacionit \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb memorie dhe ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb disk.<\/li>\n<li>Gjat\u00eb kopjimit, p\u00ebrmbajtja e baz\u00ebs mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb. N\u00ebse p\u00ebrdoren struktura t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb ndryshueshme, p\u00ebrmbajtja e skedar\u00ebve ndryshon, dhe kur p\u00ebrdoren struktura t\u00eb pandryshueshme, seti i skedar\u00ebve ndryshon: skedar\u00eb t\u00eb rinj shfaqen, nd\u00ebrsa skedar\u00ebt e vjet\u00ebr fshihen.<\/li>\n<li>P\u00ebr shkak se shkrimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe leximi i skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb DB-s\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb fsheht\u00ebzisht t\u00eb sinkronizuara, programi i kopjimit mund t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb pavlefshme, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nga versioni i vjet\u00ebr i faqes, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb tjet\u00ebr nga versioni i ri.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar q\u00eb kopja rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb e koherente, \u00e7do DBMS ka nj\u00eb komand\u00eb q\u00eb njofton se procesi i kopjimit ka filluar. Sintaksikisht, kjo komand\u00eb mund t\u00eb duket ndryshe: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>n\u00eb Oracle, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb komand\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ALTER DATABASE\/TABLESPACE BEGIN BACKUP;<\/li>\n<li>n\u00eb PostgreSQL \u2013 funksioni pg_start_backup();<\/li>\n<li>N\u00eb Microsoft SQL Server dhe DB2, p\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr kopjen rezerv\u00eb kryhet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb heshtur gjat\u00eb ekzekutimit t\u00eb komand\u00ebs BACKUP DATABASE;<\/li>\n<li>N\u00eb MySQL Enterprise, Cassandra dhe MongoDB, p\u00ebrgatitja kryhet n\u00eb heshtje nga nj\u00eb utilitar t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm \u2013 mysqlbackup, OpsCenter dhe Ops Manager p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPavar\u00ebsisht ndryshimeve sintaksore, procesi i p\u00ebrgatitjes p\u00ebr kopjen rezerv\u00eb duket i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb si duket p\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr kopjen rezerv\u00eb n\u00eb DBMS me struktura disku t\u00eb ndryshueshme, dmth. n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha sistemet tradicionale diskore relacional:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Regjistrohet momenti i fillimit t\u00eb kopjimit rezerv\u00eb; kopja rezerv\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb regjistrat e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb nga ky moment.<\/li>\n<li>Kryhet nj\u00eb pik\u00eb kontrolli, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha ndryshimet q\u00eb kan\u00eb ndodhur n\u00eb faqet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave deri n\u00eb momentin e regjistruar, shkarkohen n\u00eb disk. Kjo garanton q\u00eb regjistrat deri n\u00eb momentin e fillimit t\u00eb kopjes rezerv\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb nevojiten gjat\u00eb rikuperimit.<\/li>\n<li>Aktivizohet nj\u00eb modalitet i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb regjistrimi: n\u00ebse nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash \u00ebsht\u00eb ndryshuar p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb pas shkarkimit nga disku, n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb regjistrohet ndryshimi i faqes n\u00eb regjist\u00ebr, baza do t\u00eb regjistroj\u00eb faqen n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi. Gjat\u00eb procesit p\u00ebrgatitor, t\u00eb gjitha faqet shkarkohen n\u00eb disk, dhe prandaj, me ndryshimin e par\u00eb, blloku gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb regjistrohet n\u00eb regjist\u00ebr n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi. Por, n\u00ebse gjat\u00eb kopjimit t\u00eb faqes, faqa p\u00ebrs\u00ebri do t\u00eb shkarkohet n\u00eb disk, at\u00ebher\u00eb ndryshimi i saj i ardhsh\u00ebm gjithashtu do t\u00eb sjell\u00eb nj\u00eb kopje t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb faqes n\u00eb regjist\u00ebr. Kjo garanton q\u00eb, n\u00ebse ndodhi q\u00eb gjat\u00eb kopjimit t\u00eb skedarit t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave faqa t\u00eb rezultoj\u00eb e pavlefshme, aplikimi i regjistrit do ta b\u00ebj\u00eb at\u00eb s\u00ebrish t\u00eb vlefshme.<\/li>\n<li>Ndalohet ndryshimi i titujve t\u00eb skedave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb asaj pjese t\u00eb saj, ndryshimet e t\u00eb cil\u00ebs nuk reflektohen n\u00eb regjistra. Kjo garanton q\u00eb titulli do t\u00eb kopjohet sakt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb pas regjistrat do t\u00eb aplikohen sakt\u00eb n\u00eb skedarin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPas pas, pasi t\u00eb gjitha procedurat e p\u00ebrmendura m\u00eb sip\u00ebr jan\u00eb kryer, mund t\u00eb kopjoni skedar\u00ebt e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duke p\u00ebrdorur mjete t\u00eb sistemit operativ \u2013 cp, rsync dhe t\u00eb tjera. Aktivizimi i modalitetit t\u00eb kopjimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs zvog\u00eblon performanc\u00ebn e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave: s\u00eb pari, rrit volumin e regjistrave, dhe s\u00eb dyti, n\u00ebse ndodh nj\u00eb d\u00ebshtim gjat\u00eb modalitetit t\u00eb kopjimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs, rikthimi do t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb i gjat\u00eb, sepse titujt e skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nuk p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsohen. Sa m\u00eb shpejt t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb kopjimi i rezerv\u00ebs, aq m\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren mjete si snapshot e sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve ose ndarja e pasqyr\u00ebs (BCV) n\u00eb diskun e grumbullimit. Disa DBMS (Oracle, PostgreSQL) i lejojn\u00eb administratorit t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e kopjimit, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjera (Microsoft SQL Server) ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe p\u00ebr integrimin e mjeteve t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb kopjimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs me mekanizmat e sistemeve t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve ose t\u00eb ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n<p>Pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb kopjimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs, duhet ta rikthejm\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb gjendjen normale. N\u00eb Oracle, kjo b\u00ebhet me komand\u00ebn ALTER DATABASE\/TABLESPACE END BACKUP, n\u00eb PostgreSQL \u2013 duke thirrur funksionin pg_stop_backup(), nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb bazat e tjera \u2013 p\u00ebrmes n\u00ebnprogramave t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm t\u00eb komandave p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse ose sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb jashtme.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb si duket diagrami temporal i procesit t\u00eb kopjimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Udh\u00ebzuesi p\u00ebr kopjimin rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/4e74f865e9f35acec083b747da4449cf.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr kopjimin e rezerv\u00ebs (begin backup) merr koh\u00eb, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme. Edhe n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdoren volumenet e pasqyrimit ose sistemet e skedar\u00ebve me mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e krijimit t\u00eb snapshoteve, procesi i kopjimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb momental.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00eb bashku me skedar\u00ebt e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb ruhet regjistri nga momenti q\u00eb fillon p\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr kopjimin e rezerv\u00ebs dhe deri n\u00eb momentin kur baza kthehet n\u00eb gjendjen normale.<\/li>\n<li>Mund t\u00eb riktheheni nga ky kopjim t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs <b>n\u00eb momentin q\u00eb baza kthehet n\u00eb gjendjen normale<\/b>. Rikthimi n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment m\u00eb t\u00eb hersh\u00ebm nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMe bazat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin struktura t\u00eb pandryshueshme t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (snapshote t\u00eb memories, pem\u00eb LSM), situata \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb. P\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr kopjimin e rezerv\u00ebs p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga hapat e m\u00ebposht\u00ebm:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga memoria shkarkohen n\u00eb disk.<\/li>\n<li>Regjistrohet lista e skedar\u00ebve q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb kopjimin e rezerv\u00ebs. P\u00ebr aq koh\u00eb sa procesi i kopjimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar, baz\u00ebs i ndalohet t\u00eb fshij\u00eb k\u00ebta skedar\u00eb, edhe n\u00ebse ata b\u00ebhen t\u00eb panevojsh\u00ebm.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPas sinjalit p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfundimin e kopjimit, baza me struktura t\u00eb pandryshueshme mund t\u00eb fshij\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri skedar\u00ebt e panevojsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n<h3>Rind\u00ebrtimi n\u00eb pik\u00ebn<\/h3>\n<p>\nKopja rezerv\u00eb lejon rikthimin e gjendjes s\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb momentin kur p\u00ebrfundoi urdhri i kthimit nga moda e kopjimit. Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb aksident, pas t\u00eb cilit k\u00ebrkohet rikuperimi, mund t\u00eb ndodhi n\u00eb \u00e7do moment. Detyra e rikthimit t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb DB n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm quhet \"rikthim n\u00eb pik\u00eb\" (point-in-time recovery).<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar k\u00ebt\u00eb mund\u00ebsi, duhet ruajtur journalet e DB q\u00eb nga momenti i p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb kopjimit, dhe gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb rikuperimit duhet t\u00eb vazhdohet aplikimi i journalit n\u00eb kopjen e rikuperuar. Pasi DB t\u00eb jet\u00eb rikuperuar nga kopja rezerv\u00eb n\u00eb momentin e p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb kopjimit, gjendja e baz\u00ebs (skedaret dhe faqet e ke\u0161uara) \u00ebsht\u00eb me siguri e sakt\u00eb, prandaj nj\u00eb modalitet i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb i regjistrimit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm. Duke aplikuar journalet deri n\u00eb momentin e k\u00ebrkuar, mund t\u00eb merret gjendja e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb \u00e7do pik\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ebse shpejt\u00ebsia e rikuperimit t\u00eb kopj\u00ebs rezerv\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar vet\u00ebm nga kapaciteti i disqeve, shpejt\u00ebsia e aplikimit t\u00eb journal\u00ebve zakonisht \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar nga performanca e procesorit. N\u00ebse n\u00eb baz\u00ebn kryesore t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave ndryshimet ndodhin paralelisht, at\u00ebher\u00eb gjat\u00eb rikuperimit t\u00eb gjitha ndryshimet realizohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb sekondare \u2013 n\u00eb rendin e leximit nga journali. Pra, koha e rikuperimit varet linearisht nga sa larg \u00ebsht\u00eb pika e rikuperimit nga pika e p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb kopjimit. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, zakonisht duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebheni kopje rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb plota mjaft shpesh \u2013 minimalisht nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb jav\u00eb p\u00ebr bazat me ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl transaksionesh dhe deri n\u00eb kopjimin e p\u00ebrditsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr bazat me ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h3>Kopjimi incremental<\/h3>\n<p>\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb acc\u00e9l lesimi rikuperimin n\u00eb pik\u00eb, do t\u00eb ishte e d\u00ebshirueshme t\u00eb ishim n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb b\u00ebnim kopjim sa m\u00eb shpesh t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur, por pa z\u00ebn\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb panevojshme n\u00eb disqe dhe pa ngarkuar baz\u00ebn me detyrat e kopjimit.<\/p>\n<p>Zgjidhja e problemit - kopjimi incremental, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb kopjimi vet\u00ebm i atyre faqeve t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash q\u00eb jan\u00eb ndryshuar q\u00eb nga kopjimi i m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm.<br \/>\nKopjimi inkremental ka kuptim vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr DBM-t\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin struktura t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb ndryshueshme.<\/p>\n<p>Inkrementi mund t\u00eb llogaritet si nga nj\u00eb kopje e plot\u00eb rezerv\u00eb (kopje kumulative), ashtu edhe nga \u00e7do kopje t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme (kopje diferenciale). <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Udh\u00ebzuesi p\u00ebr kopjimin rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/10e3bb87445cb36693c7b5469d62eeaf.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nFatkeq\u00ebsisht, nuk ekziston nj\u00eb terminologji unike, dhe prodhues t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm p\u00ebrdorin terma t\u00eb ndryshme:<\/p>\n<p>Diferenciale<br \/>\nKumulative<\/p>\n<p>Oracle<br \/>\nDifferential<br \/>\nCumulative<\/p>\n<p>PostgresPro<br \/>\nIncremental<br \/>\n\u2014<\/p>\n<p>Microsoft SQL Server<br \/>\n\u2014<br \/>\nDifferential<\/p>\n<p>IBM DB2<br \/>\nDelta<br \/>\nIncremental<\/p>\n<p>\nKur ekzistojn\u00eb kopje inkrementale, procesi i rikthimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb duket si m\u00eb posht\u00eb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>rikthehet kopja e fundit e plot\u00eb rezerv\u00eb, e b\u00ebr\u00eb para momentit t\u00eb rikthimit;<\/li>\n<li>p\u00ebrmbi kopjen e plot\u00eb rikthehen kopjet inkrementale;<\/li>\n<li>riaplikohen regjistrat nga pik\u00eb fillimi e rezerv\u00ebs deri n\u00eb pik\u00ebn e rikthimit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPrania e nj\u00eb kopjeje kumulative e p\u00ebrshpejton procesin e rikthimit. K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr t\u00eb rikthyer gjendjen e baz\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb midis T3 dhe T4 duhet t\u00eb rikthehen dy kopje inkrementale, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr t\u00eb rikthyer n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb pas T4 \u2013 vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb.<br \/>\nQartazi, volumi i nj\u00eb kopjeje kumulative \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl se volumi i disa kopjeve diferenciale, sepse disa faqe jan\u00eb ndryshuar disa her\u00eb dhe \u00e7do kopje inkrementale p\u00ebrmban versionin e saj t\u00eb faqes.<\/p>\n<p>Ka tri m\u00ebnyra p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb kopje inkrementale:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>krijimi i nj\u00eb kopje t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe llogaritja e diferenc\u00ebs me kopjen e m\u00ebparshme t\u00eb plot\u00eb;<\/li>\n<li>analiza e regjistrave, krijimi i nj\u00eb liste t\u00eb faqeve t\u00eb ndryshuara dhe rezervimi i faqeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira n\u00eb list\u00eb;<\/li>\n<li>k\u00ebrkimi i faqeve t\u00eb ndryshuara n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nM\u00ebnyra e par\u00eb kursen hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn diskore, por nuk zgjidh ngarkes\u00ebn mbi baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00ebse kemi nj\u00eb kopje t\u00eb plot\u00eb rezerv\u00eb, t\u00eb transformosh at\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb inkrementale \u00ebsht\u00eb pa kuptim, pasi rikthimi i kopjes s\u00eb plot\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb se rikthimi i kopjes s\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme dhe inkrementit. \u00c7\u00ebshtjen e kursimit t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs diskore n\u00eb nj\u00eb qasje t\u00eb till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb ta kalosh te komponent\u00ebt e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb me mekanizma t\u00eb integruar deduplication. K\u00ebto mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb si sistemet e ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb ruajtjes (EMC DataDomain, HPE StorageWorks VLS, e gjith\u00eb linja e NetApp), ashtu edhe produktet software (ZFS, Veritas NetBackup PureFile, Windows Server Data Deduplication).<\/p>\n<p>Metodat e dyta dhe t\u00eb treta dallojn\u00eb n\u00eb mekanizmin e p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb list\u00ebs s\u00eb faqeve t\u00eb ndryshuara. Analiza e regjistrave \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e k\u00ebrkuar p\u00ebr burime, plus q\u00eb p\u00ebr zbatimin e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb dihet struktura e skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb regjistrave. T\u00eb pyes\u00ebsh vet\u00eb baz\u00ebn p\u00ebr cilet faqe jan\u00eb ndryshuar \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb, por p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, b\u00ebrthama e DBMS-s\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb funksionalitetin e gjurmimit t\u00eb bllokave t\u00eb ndryshuar (block change tracking).<\/p>\n<p>Funksionaliteti i kopjimit incremental u krijua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb softuerin Oracle Recovery Manager (RMAN), i cili u shfaq n\u00eb versionin Oracle 8i. Oracle menj\u00ebher\u00eb implementoi gjurmimin e bllokave t\u00eb ndryshuar, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr analizimin e regjistrave.<\/p>\n<p>PostgreSQL nuk gjurmon bllokat e ndryshuar, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb utilitari pg_probackup, i zhvilluar nga kompania ruse Postgres Professional, p\u00ebrcakton faqet e ndryshuara duke analizuar regjistrin. Sidoqoft\u00eb, kompania ofron gjithashtu DBMS-n\u00eb PostgresPro, e cila p\u00ebrfshin shtes\u00ebn ptrack, e cila gjurmone ndryshimet e faqeve. Kur p\u00ebrdoret pg_probackup me DBMS-n\u00eb PostgresPro, utilitari k\u00ebrkon faqet e ndryshuara direkt nga baza \u2013 ashtu si RMAN.<\/p>\n<p>Microsoft SQL Server gjithashtu, si Oracle, gjurmon faqet e ndryshuara, por ekipi BACKUP lejon t\u00eb b\u00ebhen vet\u00ebm kopje t\u00eb plota dhe kumulative.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb DB2 ka mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr gjurmimin e faqeve t\u00eb ndryshuara, por nga e pemr\u00ebsit, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7aktivizuar. Pas aktivizimit, DB2 do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhen kopje t\u00eb plota, diferenciale dhe kumulative.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb dallim i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm midis mjeteve t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruara n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kapitull (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 pg_probackup) dhe mjeteve p\u00ebr kopjimin e skedar\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb se ato k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb imazhet e faqeve nga baza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, dhe jo q\u00eb lexojn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga disku vet\u00eb. Disavantazhi i k\u00ebtij qasje \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb e vog\u00ebl shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr baz\u00ebn. Megjithat\u00eb, ky disavantazh kompensohet me faktin se faqja e lexuar \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb korrekte, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr aktivizimin e nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyre t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb regjistrimi n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e kopjimit.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb her\u00eb tjet\u00ebr vini re se prania e kopjimeve incremental nuk e heq k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn p\u00ebr regjistra p\u00ebr rikuperim n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb koh\u00ebs. Prandaj, n\u00eb bazat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave industriale, regjistrat vazhdimisht shkruhen n\u00eb nj\u00eb medium t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm, dhe kopjet, t\u00eb plota dhe\/ose incremental, krijohen sipas nj\u00eb programi.<\/p>\n<p>Krijimi m\u00eb i mir\u00eb deri m\u00eb sot i ides\u00eb s\u00eb kopjimit incremental \u00ebsht\u00eb kompleksi softueror-hardware (n\u00eb terminologjin\u00eb Oracle \u2013 sistemi i krijuar) Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance \u2013 nj\u00eb zgjidhje e specializuar e Oracle p\u00ebr kopjimin e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb saj. Kompleksi p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb klaster <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/server\/\"   title=\"server\u00ebsh\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1521\">server\u00ebsh<\/a> me nj\u00eb kapacitet t\u00eb madh disku, ku \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar nj\u00eb version i modifikuar i softuerit Recovery Manager dhe mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb si me komplekse t\u00eb tjera softuerike-hardware t\u00eb Oracle (Database Appliance, Exadata, SPARC Supercluster), ashtu edhe me bazat Oracle n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn tradicionale. N\u00eb ndryshim nga RMAN \u201ci zakonsh\u00ebm\u201d, n\u00eb ZDLRA realizohet koncepti i \u201cincementit t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm\u201d (incremental forever). Sistemi krijon nj\u00eb her\u00eb nj\u00eb kopje t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, dhe pastaj b\u00ebn vet\u00ebm kopje incrementale. Modulet shtes\u00eb RMAN lejojn\u00eb t\u00eb bashkohen kopjet, duke krijuar kopje t\u00eb reja t\u00eb plota nga ato incrementale. <\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr meritat e zhvilluesve rus\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet se dhe pg_probackup di t\u00eb bashkoj\u00eb kopje incrementale.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Udh\u00ebzuesi p\u00ebr kopjimin rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/275b649ce74614c04410618a062dddbd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00eb ndryshim nga shum\u00eb pyetje t\u00eb ngjashme, pyetja \"cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb metoda m\u00eb e mir\u00eb e kopjimit\" ka nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb qart\u00eb \u2013 m\u00eb e mira \u00ebsht\u00eb utilita e natyrshme p\u00ebr DBMS-n\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorur q\u00eb ofron mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e kopjimit incremental.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr administratorin e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, pyetjet e zgjedhjes s\u00eb strategjis\u00eb s\u00eb kopjimit dhe integrimi i mjeteve t\u00eb rezervimit t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn e korporat\u00ebs jan\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Por k\u00ebto pyetje del n\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb k\u00ebtij artikulli.<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/516428\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2013 \u041e, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u041b\u0435\u043c, \u00ab\u0417\u0432\u0451\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0418\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0434\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":92368,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-92367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u2013 \u041e, \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0449\u0435 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