{"id":92998,"date":"2020-09-02T01:42:42","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T23:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-09-02T01:42:42","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T23:42:42","slug":"odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"Nj\u00eb nga funksionet e Chromium krijon nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnor\u00eb DNS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nShfletuesi Chromium, nj\u00eb projekt open-source n\u00eb zhvillim aktiv q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb prindi i Google Chrome dhe Microsoft Edge t\u00eb ri, ka t\u00ebrhequr v\u00ebmendje negative p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nj\u00eb funksioni q\u00eb ishte menduar me an\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebllimesh t\u00eb mira: ai kontrollon n\u00ebse ofruesi po 'pengon' p\u00ebrdoruesin me rezultate t\u00eb paekzistuese p\u00ebr domainet.<\/p>\n

Intranet Redirect Detector<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili krijon k\u00ebrkesa false p\u00ebr 'domainet' rast\u00ebsore, ekzistenca e t\u00eb cilave \u00ebsht\u00eb statistike shum\u00eb e pak\u00ebt, \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr rreth gjysm\u00ebn e trafikut total q\u00eb merrin server\u00ebt DNS rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Inxhinieri i Verisign, Matt Thomas, shkroi nj\u00eb postim t\u00eb gjer\u00eb post<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb blogun APNIC duke p\u00ebrshkruar problemin dhe duke e vler\u00ebsuar shkall\u00ebn e tij.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Si zakonisht kryhet transformimi DNS<\/h2>\n

\n\"Nj\u00eb
\nK\u00ebto servera jan\u00eb autoriteti m\u00eb i lart\u00eb ku duhet t\u00eb adresohet p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e .com, .net etj., p\u00ebr t'ju njoftuar se frglxrtmpuf nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb domain i nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb (TLD).<\/i><\/p>\n

DNS, ose Sistemi i Emrave t\u00eb Domenit (\u00absistemi i emrave t\u00eb domenit\u00bb) \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem q\u00eb mund\u00ebson kompjuter\u00ebt t\u00eb transformojn\u00eb emrat e domeneve t\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u mbajtur mend, si arstechnica.com, n\u00eb adresa IP shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme, si 3.128.236.93. Pa DNS, Interneti nuk do t\u00eb ekzistonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb format q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ngarkesa e panevojshme n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn e nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb problem real.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ngarkimin e nj\u00eb faqe moderne mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i pabesuesh\u00ebm operacionesh k\u00ebrkimi DNS. P\u00ebr shembull, kur analizuam faqen kryesore t\u00eb ESPN, num\u00ebruam 93 emra t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm domenesh, nga a.espncdn.com deri te z.motads.com. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr ngarkimin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb faqes!<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrballuar nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, sistemi i k\u00ebrkimit, i cili duhet t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, DNS \u00ebsht\u00eb projektuar si nj\u00eb hierarki multi-nivel. N\u00eb maj\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj piramide ndodhen serverat rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor\u00eb \u2014 \u00e7do domen i nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb, si .com, ka familjen e tij t\u00eb server\u00ebve, q\u00eb jan\u00eb autoriteti m\u00eb i lart\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do domen posht\u00eb tyre. Nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb lart k\u00ebtyre<\/em> server\u00ebve jan\u00eb vet\u00eb serverat rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor\u00eb, nga a.root-servers.net<\/code> deri te m.root-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Sa shpesh ndodhin k\u00ebto?<\/h2>\n

\nFal\u00eb hierarkis\u00eb shum\u00ebniv\u00ebl\u00ebshe t\u00eb memorizimit n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn DNS, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje shum\u00eb e vog\u00ebl e k\u00ebrkesave DNS globale arrin te server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor\u00eb. Shumica e njer\u00ebzve merr informacionin e rezolvuesit DNS direkt nga ofruesi i tyre. Kur pajisja e p\u00ebrdoruesit ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebsoj\u00eb se si t\u00eb arrij\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb caktuar, k\u00ebrkesa fillimisht d\u00ebrgohet te serveri DNS menaxhuar nga ky ofrues lokal. N\u00ebse serveri lokal DNS nuk e di p\u00ebrgjigjen, ai e redirecton k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn te 'server\u00ebt e p\u00ebrcjelljes' t\u00eb tij (n\u00eb rast se ata jan\u00eb t\u00eb specifikuar).<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse as serveri lokal DNS i ofruesit, as server\u00ebt e p\u00ebrcjelljes t\u00eb specifikuar n\u00eb konfigurimin e tij nuk kan\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb memorizuar, k\u00ebrkesa ngjitet direkt te serveri autoritar i domenit m\u00eb sip\u00ebr<\/em> atij q\u00eb po p\u00ebrpiqeni ta konvertoni. N\u00eb rastin e domen.com<\/code> kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se k\u00ebrkesa d\u00ebrgohet te server\u00ebt autoritar\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00eb domenit com<\/code>t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ndodhen n\u00eb adres\u00ebn gtld-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Sistemi gtld-servers<\/code>, i cili u k\u00ebrkua, p\u00ebrgjigjet me nj\u00eb list\u00eb server\u00ebsh emrash t\u00eb akredituar p\u00ebr domenin domen.com, si dhe me t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb regjistrim lidh\u00ebs q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb nj\u00ebrit prej k\u00ebtyre server\u00ebve emrash. M\u00eb pas, p\u00ebrgjigjet kalojn\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb n\u00eb zinxhir - \u00e7do server i p\u00ebrcjelljes d\u00ebrgon k\u00ebto p\u00ebrgjigje posht\u00eb atij serveri q\u00eb i k\u00ebrkoi, derisa p\u00ebrgjigja t\u00eb arrij\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimisht te serveri i ofruesit lokal dhe kompjuterit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata e ruajn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje n\u00eb cache, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos u shqet\u00ebsuar sistemet n\u00eb nivele m\u00eb t\u00eb larta.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rast\u00ebve, regjistrimet e server\u00ebve t\u00eb emrave p\u00ebr domen.com<\/strong> do t\u00eb jen\u00eb tashm\u00eb t\u00eb ruajtura n\u00eb nj\u00eb prej k\u00ebtyre server\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjelljes, prandaj server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor\u00eb nuk shqet\u00ebsohen. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrsa i p\u00ebrket formatit q\u00eb njohim t\u00eb URL-s\u00eb - ai q\u00eb transformohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb internetit. K\u00ebrkesat n\u00eb Chrome i n\u00ebnshtrohen nivelit m\u00eb sip\u00ebr<\/em> t\u00eb k\u00ebtij, n\u00eb shkall\u00ebn e vet\u00eb grupeve root-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Chromium dhe kontrolli i mashtres\u00ebs NXDomain<\/h2>\n

\n\"Nj\u00eb
\nKontrolli n\u00eb Chromium \"nuk po m\u00eb mashtrojn\u00eb ky DNS-server?\" p\u00ebrb\u00ebn pothuajse gjysm\u00eb e gjith\u00eb trafikut q\u00eb arrin grupit t\u00eb server\u00ebve rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor\u00eb t\u00eb DNS t\u00eb Verisign.<\/i><\/p>\n

Shfletuesi Chromium, projekti prind i Google Chrome, i ri Microsoft Edge dhe numri i pafundm\u00eb i shfletuesve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb m\u00eb pak t\u00eb njohur, synon t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve thjesht\u00ebsin\u00eb e k\u00ebrkimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb, shpesh t\u00eb quajtur \"Omnibox\". N\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebrdoruesi fut si URL reale ashtu edhe k\u00ebrkesat p\u00ebr motorin e k\u00ebrkimit n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn fush\u00eb tekstuale n\u00eb krye t\u00eb dritares s\u00eb shfletuesit. Duke b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb hap tjet\u00ebr drejt thjesht\u00ebsimit, ai gjithashtu nuk e detyron p\u00ebrdoruesin t\u00eb fus\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e URL-s\u00eb me http:\/\/<\/code> ose https:\/\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Sa i leht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb, nj\u00eb qasje e till\u00eb k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb shfletuesi t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb shqyrtohet si URL dhe \u00e7far\u00eb si k\u00ebrkes\u00eb k\u00ebrkimi. N\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e dukshme - p\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb varg me hap\u00ebsira nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb URL. Por gjith\u00e7ka mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb e komplikuar n\u00ebse merren parasysh intranetet - rrjetet private q\u00eb gjithashtu mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin domain t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb privat p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur faqet aktuale t\u00eb internetit.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse p\u00ebrdoruesi n\u00eb intranetin e kompanis\u00eb s\u00eb tij shkruan \"marketing\", dhe n\u00eb intranetin e kompanis\u00eb ka nj\u00eb faqe interneri me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin em\u00ebr, at\u00ebher\u00eb Chromium shfaq nj\u00eb dritare informacioni q\u00eb e pyet p\u00ebrdoruesin n\u00ebse d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb \"marketing\", apo t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb tek https:\/\/marketing<\/code>. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje, por shum\u00eb ofrues t\u00eb internetit dhe ofrues t\u00eb rrjeteve t\u00eb zakonshme Wi-Fi \"t\u00eb vjedhin\" \u00e7do URL t\u00eb shkruar me gabime, duke e ridrejtuar p\u00ebrdoruesin n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb mbushur me reklama.<\/p>\n

Gjene t\u00eb rastit<\/h2>\n

\nZhvilluesit e Chromium nuk donin q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit n\u00eb rrjetet e zakonshme t\u00eb shihnin nj\u00eb dritare informacioni q\u00eb i pyeste se \u00e7far\u00eb kishin n\u00eb mendje me \u00e7do k\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb, prandaj ata zbatuan nj\u00eb test: kur nisi shfletuesi ose ndryshoi rrjetin, Chromium kryen operacione k\u00ebrkimi DNS p\u00ebr tre \"domen\" t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb gjeneruar q\u00eb kan\u00eb nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi prej shtat\u00eb deri n\u00eb pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb karakteresh. N\u00ebse \u00e7do dy nga k\u00ebto k\u00ebrkesa kthehen me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin adres\u00eb IP, at\u00ebher\u00eb Chromium supozon se rrjeti lokal \"po vjedh\" gabimet q\u00eb ai duhet t\u00eb marr\u00eb, prandaj shfletuesi i konsideron t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebrkesat e shkruara me nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb si p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkim deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb njoftim tjet\u00ebr. NXDOMAIN<\/code>, q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb merrte, prandaj shfletuesi deri n\u00eb njoftimin e ardhsh\u00ebm i konsideron t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebrkesat e shkruara me nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb si p\u00ebrpjekje k\u00ebrkimi.<\/p>\n

Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, n\u00eb rrjetet q\u00eb nuk<\/em> vjedhin rezultatet e k\u00ebrkesave DNS, k\u00ebto tre operacione zakonisht ngrihen n\u00eb maj\u00eb, deri n\u00eb server\u00ebt e tyre kryesor\u00eb: serveri lokal nuk e di se si ta konvertoj\u00eb qwajuixk<\/code>, prandaj e kalon k\u00ebt\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb n\u00eb serverin e tij t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjelljes, i cili b\u00ebn t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gj\u00eb, derisa, p\u00ebrfundimisht, a.root-servers.net<\/code> ose nj\u00eb nga \u00abv\u00ebllez\u00ebrit\u00bb e tij t\u00eb detyrohet t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u00abNa falni, por ky nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb domain\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Duke pasur parasysh se ekzistojn\u00eb rreth 1,67*10^21 emra domain t\u00eb rrem\u00eb t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm me gjat\u00ebsi nga shtat\u00eb deri n\u00eb pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb karaktere, m\u00eb shpesh \u00e7do<\/em> nga k\u00ebto teste, t\u00eb kryera n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet \u00abt\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm\u00bb, arrin te serveri rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor. Kjo p\u00ebrb\u00ebn madje gjysm\u00ebn<\/em> e ngarkes\u00ebs totale n\u00eb DNS-t\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor\u00eb, n\u00ebse besojm\u00eb statistikave nga ajo pjes\u00eb e klastereve root-servers.net<\/code>, q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin kompanis\u00eb Verisign.<\/p>\n

Historia p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet<\/h2>\n

\nKjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb hera e par\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb projekt i krijuar me q\u00ebllime t\u00eb mira ka d\u00ebshtuar<\/a><\/noindex> ose ishte n\u00eb prag t\u00eb d\u00ebshtimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb burimi publik me trafik t\u00eb panevojsh\u00ebm \u2013 kjo na kujton menj\u00ebher\u00eb historin\u00eb e gjat\u00eb dhe t\u00eb trishtuar t\u00eb D-Link dhe serverit NTP (Protokolli i Koherenc\u00ebs) t\u00eb Poul-Henning Kamp nga mesit t\u00eb viteve 2000.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 2005, programatori i FreeBSD, Poul-Henning, i cili gjithashtu kishte serverin e vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Danimark\u00eb p\u00ebr Protokollin e Koha Nivel 1 (NTP), mori nj\u00eb fatur\u00eb t\u00eb papritur dhe t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr trafikun e transferuar. N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, arsyeja ishte se zhvilluesit e D-Link kishin futur adresat e server\u00ebve NTP t\u00eb Nivelit 1, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb serverin Kamp, n\u00eb firmware-in e linj\u00ebs s\u00eb switch-eve, router-eve dhe pikave t\u00eb qasjes t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb. Kjo e rriti menj\u00ebher\u00eb trafikun e serverit Kamp n\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb her\u00eb, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb Danish Internet Exchange (pik\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimi e trafikut t\u00eb internetit n\u00eb Danimark\u00eb) t\u00eb nd\u00ebrronte tarif\u00ebn e tij nga \"Fal\u00eb\" n\u00eb \"9 000 dollar\u00eb n\u00eb vit\".<\/p>\n

Problemi nuk ishte se kishte shum\u00eb ruter\u00eb D-Link, por se ata \"shkel\u00ebn hierarkin\u00eb\". Pothuajse si DNS, NTP duhet t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb hierarkike \u2014 server\u00ebt e nivelit Stratum 0 transmetojn\u00eb informacionin te server\u00ebt Stratum 1, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt transmetojn\u00eb informacionin te server\u00ebt Stratum 2, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb, m\u00eb posht\u00eb n\u00eb hierarki. Nj\u00eb router, switch ose pik\u00eb aksesi standarde si ato n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat D-Link kishte shkruar adresat e server\u00ebve NTP, duhet t\u00eb kishte d\u00ebrguar k\u00ebrkesa te serveri Stratum 2 ose Stratum 3.<\/p>\n

Projekti Chromium, ndoshta duke pasur q\u00ebllime t\u00eb mira, p\u00ebrs\u00ebriti problemin me NTP n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjen e DNS, duke ngarkuar server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnjor\u00eb t\u00eb Internetit me k\u00ebrkesa q\u00eb ata kurr\u00eb nuk duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunonin.<\/p>\n

Ka shpres\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb projektin Chromium ka nj\u00eb problem t\u00eb hapur defekti<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7aktivizohet Intranet Redirect Detector si parazgjedhje p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur k\u00ebt\u00eb problem. Duhet t\u00eb jepet merita projektit Chromium: gabimi u gjet para se<\/em>Matt Thomas nga Verisign t'i jepte atij shum\u00eb v\u00ebmendje n\u00eb blogun e tij t\u00eb APNIC. Gabimi u raportua n\u00eb qershor, por mbetet n\u00eb harres\u00eb deri n\u00eb postimin e Thomas; pas postimit ai filloi t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00ebn v\u00ebzhgimin e holl\u00eb. postim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb blogun APNIC. Nj\u00eb defekt u hap n\u00eb qershor, por mbeti n\u00eb harres\u00eb deri n\u00eb postimin e Tomasit; pas postimit ai filloi t\u00eb monitorohej me v\u00ebmendje.<\/p>\n

Ka shpres\u00eb q\u00eb problemi t\u00eb zgjidhet s\u00eb shpejti, dhe server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnjor\u00eb DNS nuk do t\u00eb duhet m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjen \u00e7do dit\u00eb p\u00ebr rreth 60 miliard\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa false.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Si reklam\u00eb<\/h4>\n

\nServera epik<\/b> \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb VPS n\u00eb Windows<\/a><\/noindex> ose Linux me procesor\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm nga familia AMD EPYC dhe disqe shum\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb NVMe Intel. Nxitoni t\u00eb porositni!<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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