{"id":92998,"date":"2020-09-02T01:42:42","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T23:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-09-02T01:42:42","modified_gmt":"2020-09-01T23:42:42","slug":"odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/odna-iz-funkczij-chromium-sozdayot-ogromnuyu-nagruzku-na-kornevye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"Nj\u00eb nga ve\u00e7orit\u00eb e Chromium krijon ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb DNS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Nj\u00eb
\n
\nShfletuesi Chromium, projekti open-source q\u00eb zhvillohet aktivisht dhe q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr Google Chrome dhe Microsoft Edge-in e ri, ka t\u00ebrhequr v\u00ebmendje serioze negative p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nj\u00eb ve\u00e7orie t\u00eb krijuar me q\u00ebllime t\u00eb mira: ajo kontrollon n\u00ebse ofruesi i internetit i p\u00ebrdoruesit po \u00abrr\u00ebmben\u00bb rezultatet e k\u00ebrkesave p\u00ebr domene q\u00eb nuk ekzistojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Intranet Redirect Detector<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili krijon k\u00ebrkesa t\u00eb rreme p\u00ebr \u00abdomene\u00bb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, ekzistenca e t\u00eb cilave \u00ebsht\u00eb statistikisht shum\u00eb e pamundur, \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr af\u00ebrsisht gjysm\u00ebn e trafikut total q\u00eb marrin server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb DNS n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Inxhinieri i Verisign, Matt Thomas, shkroi nj\u00eb nj\u00eb postim<\/a><\/noindex> postim t\u00eb gjat\u00eb n\u00eb blogun e APNIC, ku p\u00ebrshkruan problemin dhe vler\u00ebson p\u00ebrmasat e tij.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Si kryhet zakonisht zgjidhja DNS<\/h2>\n

\n\"Nj\u00eb
\nK\u00ebta server\u00eb jan\u00eb instanca m\u00eb e lart\u00eb ku duhet t\u00eb drejtoheni p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e .com, .net e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u2019ju tregojn\u00eb se frglxrtmpuf nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb domen i nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb (TLD).<\/i><\/p>\n

DNS, ose Domain Name System (\u00absistemi i emrave t\u00eb domeneve\u00bb), \u00ebsht\u00eb sistemi q\u00eb u mund\u00ebson kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrojn\u00eb emra domenesh t\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u mbajtur mend, si arstechnica.com, n\u00eb adresa IP shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme, si p.sh. 3.128.236.93. Pa DNS, interneti nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb ekzistonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorshme p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit, prandaj ngarkesa e panevojshme mbi infrastruktur\u00ebn e nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb problem real.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ngarkimin e nj\u00eb faqeje t\u00eb vetme moderne t\u00eb internetit mund t\u00eb nevojitet nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i paimagjinuesh\u00ebm operacionesh k\u00ebrkimi DNS. P\u00ebr shembull, kur analizuam faqen kryesore t\u00eb ESPN, num\u00ebruam 93 emra domenesh t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, nga a.espncdn.com deri te z.motads.com. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm q\u00eb faqja t\u00eb ngarkohet plot\u00ebsisht!<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb sistemi i k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb mund ta p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa duhet t\u2019i sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebs, DNS \u00ebsht\u00eb projektuar si nj\u00eb hierarki shum\u00eb-nivel\u00ebshe. N\u00eb maj\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj piramide ndodhen server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb \u2014 \u00e7do domen i nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb, si p.sh. .com, ka familjen e vet t\u00eb server\u00ebve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb instanca m\u00eb e lart\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do domen posht\u00eb tyre. Nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb lart se k\u00ebta<\/em> server\u00eb ndodhen vet\u00eb server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb, nga a.root-servers.net<\/code> n\u00eb m.root-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Sa shpesh ndodh kjo?<\/h2>\n

\nFal\u00eb hierarkis\u00eb shum\u00eb-nivel\u00ebshe t\u00eb cache-it n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn DNS, vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje shum\u00eb e vog\u00ebl e k\u00ebrkesave globale DNS arrin te server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb. Shumica e p\u00ebrdoruesve e marrin informacionin e zgjidh\u00ebsit DNS drejtp\u00ebrdrejt nga ofruesi i tyre. Kur pajisja e p\u00ebrdoruesit duhet t\u00eb m\u00ebsoj\u00eb si t\u00eb arrij\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb caktuar, k\u00ebrkesa fillimisht d\u00ebrgohet te serveri DNS i menaxhuar nga ky ofrues lokal. N\u00ebse serveri lokal DNS nuk e di p\u00ebrgjigjen, ai e p\u00ebrcjell k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn te \u201cserver\u00ebt e ridrejtimit\u201d t\u00eb vet (n\u00ebse jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar).<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse as serveri DNS i ofruesit lokal dhe as \u201cserver\u00ebt e ridrejtimit\u201d t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar n\u00eb konfigurimin e tij nuk kan\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb ruajtur n\u00eb cache, k\u00ebrkesa ngjitet drejtp\u00ebrdrejt te serveri autoritativ i domenit m\u00eb sip\u00ebr<\/em> se ai q\u00eb po p\u00ebrpiqeni t\u00eb zgjidhni. N\u00eb rastin e domen.com<\/code> kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa d\u00ebrgohet te server\u00ebt autoritativ\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00eb domenit com<\/code>, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ndodhen n\u00eb adres\u00ebn gtld-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Sistemi gtld-servers<\/code>, te i cili u d\u00ebrgua k\u00ebrkesa, i p\u00ebrgjigjet asaj me nj\u00eb list\u00eb t\u00eb server\u00ebve autoritativ\u00eb t\u00eb emrave p\u00ebr domenin domen.com, si dhe me t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb regjistrim glue q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban adres\u00ebn IP t\u00eb nj\u00eb serveri t\u00eb till\u00eb emrash. M\u00eb pas p\u00ebrgjigjet zbresin p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb zinxhirit \u2014 secili server ridrejtimi ia kalon k\u00ebto p\u00ebrgjigje serverit m\u00eb posht\u00eb q\u00eb i kishte k\u00ebrkuar, derisa p\u00ebrgjigjja m\u00eb n\u00eb fund arrin te serveri i ofruesit lokal dhe te kompjuteri i p\u00ebrdoruesit. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtij procesi, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb e ruajn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje n\u00eb cache q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ngarkohen pa nevoj\u00eb sistemet e niveleve m\u00eb t\u00eb larta.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve, regjistrimet e server\u00ebve t\u00eb emrave p\u00ebr domen.com<\/strong> do t\u00eb jen\u00eb tashm\u00eb t\u00eb ruajtura n\u00eb cache n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebta server\u00eb ridrejtimi, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb nuk preken fare. Megjithat\u00eb, deri tani po flasim p\u00ebr form\u00ebn e zakonshme t\u00eb URL-s\u00eb \u2014 at\u00eb q\u00eb zgjidhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe standarde web. K\u00ebrkesat e Chrome i p\u00ebrkasin nivelit m\u00eb sip\u00ebr<\/em> n\u00ebn k\u00ebtij, n\u00eb shkall\u00ebn e vet\u00eb klaster\u00ebve root-servers.net<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Chromium dhe kontrolli i rr\u00ebmbimit t\u00eb NXDomain<\/h2>\n

\n\"Nj\u00eb
\nKontrollet e Chromium \u201ca nuk po m\u00eb mashtron ky server DNS?\u201d p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb pothuajse gjysm\u00ebn e gjith\u00eb trafikut q\u00eb arrin te klasteri i server\u00ebve rr\u00ebnj\u00eb DNS t\u00eb Verisign.<\/i><\/p>\n

Shfletuesi Chromium, projekti m\u00ebm\u00eb i Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge t\u00eb ri dhe i nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb madh shfletuesish m\u00eb pak t\u00eb njohur, synon t\u2019u ofroj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve thjesht\u00ebsi n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb fushe t\u00eb vetme, q\u00eb nganj\u00ebher\u00eb quhet \u00abOmnibox\u00bb. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebrdoruesi shkruan si URL reale, ashtu edhe k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr motorin e k\u00ebrkimit, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn fush\u00eb teksti n\u00eb krye t\u00eb dritares s\u00eb shfletuesit. Duke e thjeshtuar edhe m\u00eb tej, ai gjithashtu nuk e detyron p\u00ebrdoruesin t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e URL-s\u00eb me http:\/\/<\/code> ose https:\/\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Sado i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb ky qasje, ai k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb shfletuesi t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb konsiderohet URL dhe \u00e7far\u00eb \u2014 k\u00ebrkes\u00eb k\u00ebrkimi. N\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e qart\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb varg me hap\u00ebsira nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb URL. Por gjith\u00e7ka mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet m\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuar kur merren parasysh intranetet \u2014 rrjete private q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin edhe domene private t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur faqe reale interneti.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues n\u00eb intranetin e kompanis\u00eb s\u00eb tij shkruan \u00abmarketing\u00bb, dhe n\u00eb intranetin e kompanis\u00eb ekziston nj\u00eb faqe e brendshme interneti me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin em\u00ebr, at\u00ebher\u00eb Chromium shfaq nj\u00eb dritare informuese duke pyetur p\u00ebrdoruesin n\u00ebse d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00abmarketing\u00bb, apo t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb te https:\/\/marketing<\/code>. Kjo ende \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranueshme, por shum\u00eb ofrues interneti dhe ofrues t\u00eb rrjeteve publike Wi\u2011Fi \u00abrr\u00ebmbejn\u00eb\u00bb \u00e7do URL t\u00eb shkruar me gabim, duke e ridrejtuar p\u00ebrdoruesin n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb mbushur me baner\u00eb reklamash.<\/p>\n

Gjenerim i rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm<\/h2>\n

\nZhvilluesit e Chromium nuk donin q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit n\u00eb rrjete t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb shihnin sa her\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb vetme nj\u00eb dritare informuese q\u00eb i pyeste se \u00e7far\u00eb kishin parasysh, prandaj zbatuan nj\u00eb test: gjat\u00eb nisjes s\u00eb shfletuesit ose kur nd\u00ebrrohet rrjeti, Chromium kryen operacione k\u00ebrkimi DNS p\u00ebr tre \u00abdomene\u00bb t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb gjeneruara rast\u00ebsisht, me gjat\u00ebsi nga shtat\u00eb deri n\u00eb pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb karaktere. N\u00ebse cilatdo dy nga k\u00ebto k\u00ebrkesa kthehen me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn adres\u00eb IP, at\u00ebher\u00eb Chromium supozon se rrjeti lokal \u00abrr\u00ebmben\u00bb gabimet NXDOMAIN<\/code>, t\u00eb cilat ai duhet t\u2019i marr\u00eb, prandaj shfletuesi, deri n\u00eb njoftim t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm, i konsideron t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebrkesat e futura me nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb si tentativa k\u00ebrkimi.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq, n\u00eb rrjetet q\u00eb jo<\/em> rr\u00ebmbejn\u00eb rezultatet e k\u00ebrkesave DNS, k\u00ebto tri operacione zakonisht ngrihen deri n\u00eb maj\u00eb, deri te vet\u00eb server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb t\u00eb emrave: serveri lokal nuk di si ta zgjidh\u00eb qwajuixk<\/code>, prandaj ia p\u00ebrcjell k\u00ebt\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb serverit t\u00eb vet t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjelljes, i cili b\u00ebn t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gj\u00eb, derisa m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, a.root-servers.net<\/code> ose nj\u00eb nga \u00abv\u00ebllez\u00ebrit\u00bb e tij t\u00eb detyrohet t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u00abNa vjen keq, por ky nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb domen\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Meqen\u00ebse ekzistojn\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht 1,67*10^21 emra domenesh t\u00eb rrem\u00eb t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm me gjat\u00ebsi nga shtat\u00eb deri n\u00eb pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb karaktere, m\u00eb s\u00eb shpeshti secili<\/em> nga k\u00ebto prova, t\u00eb kryera n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet \u00abt\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm\u00bb, arrin deri te serveri rr\u00ebnj\u00eb. Kjo p\u00ebrb\u00ebn plot gjysm\u00ebn<\/em> e ngarkes\u00ebs totale mbi DNS-t\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00eb, n\u00ebse u besohet statistikave nga ajo pjes\u00eb e klaster\u00ebve root-servers.net<\/code>, q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin kompanis\u00eb Verisign.<\/p>\n

Historia p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet<\/h2>\n

\nNuk \u00ebsht\u00eb hera e par\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb projekt i krijuar me q\u00ebllimet m\u00eb t\u00eb mira e ka mbingarkuar<\/a><\/noindex> ose pothuajse e ka mbingarkuar nj\u00eb burim publik me trafik t\u00eb panevojsh\u00ebm \u2014 kjo na kujtoi menj\u00ebher\u00eb historin\u00eb e gjat\u00eb dhe t\u00eb trisht\u00eb t\u00eb D-Link dhe serverit NTP (Network Time Protocol) t\u00eb Poul-Henning Kamp nga mesi i viteve 2000.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 2005, zhvilluesi i FreeBSD, Poul-Henning, i cili gjithashtu zot\u00ebronte serverin e vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Danimark\u00eb t\u00eb Network Time Protocol n\u00eb nivelin Stratum 1, mori nj\u00eb fatur\u00eb t\u00eb papritur dhe t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr trafikun e transmetuar. N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, arsyeja ishte se zhvilluesit e D-Link kishin regjistruar adresat e server\u00ebve NTP Stratum 1, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb serverin Kamp, n\u00eb firmware t\u00eb linj\u00ebs s\u00eb switch-eve, router\u00ebve dhe pikave t\u00eb qasjes t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb. Kjo e rriti menj\u00ebher\u00eb trafikun e serverit Kamp n\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb her\u00eb, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb Danish Internet Exchange (n\u00eb pik\u00eb, k\u00ebmbimi i trafikut t\u00eb Internetit t\u00eb Danimark\u00ebs) t\u00eb ndryshonte tarif\u00ebn e tij nga 'Fal\u00eb' n\u00eb '9 000 dollar\u00eb n\u00eb vit'.<\/p>\n

Problemi nuk ishte se kishte tep\u00ebr shum\u00eb ruter\u00eb D-Link, por se ata \u00abshkel\u00ebn hierarkin\u00eb\u00bb. Pothuajse nj\u00ebsoj si DNS, edhe NTP duhet t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00eb hierarkike \u2014 server\u00ebt e nivelit Stratum 0 ua transmetojn\u00eb informacionin server\u00ebve Stratum 1, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ua transmetojn\u00eb informacionin server\u00ebve Stratum 2, dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb, posht\u00eb n\u00eb hierarki. Nj\u00eb ruter i zakonsh\u00ebm sht\u00ebpie, switch ose pik\u00eb aksesi si ato ku D-Link kishte futur adresat e server\u00ebve NTP, duhej t\u2019i d\u00ebrgonte k\u00ebrkesat te nj\u00eb server Stratum 2 ose Stratum 3.<\/p>\n

Projekti Chromium, me shum\u00eb gjas\u00eb me q\u00ebllimet m\u00eb t\u00eb mira, e p\u00ebrs\u00ebriti problemin e NTP n\u00eb kontekstin e DNS, duke i ngarkuar server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb t\u00eb internetit me k\u00ebrkesa q\u00eb ata nuk do t\u00eb duhej t\u2019i p\u00ebrpunonin kurr\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ka shpres\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb projektin Chromium ka nj\u00eb t\u00eb hapur \u00e7\u00ebshtje<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur k\u00ebt\u00eb problem k\u00ebrkon \u00e7aktivizimin si parazgjedhje t\u00eb Intranet Redirect Detector. Duhet t\u2019i jepet merita projektit Chromium: defekti u zbulua p\u00ebrpara se<\/em>, Matt Thomas nga Verisign t\u2019i kushtonte v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb madhe me postimin<\/a><\/noindex> e tij n\u00eb blogun e APNIC. Defekti u raportua n\u00eb qershor, por mbeti n\u00eb harres\u00eb deri te postimi i Thomas; pas publikimit t\u00eb tij, ai kaloi n\u00ebn v\u00ebzhgim t\u00eb kujdessh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Ka shpres\u00eb q\u00eb problemi t\u00eb zgjidhet s\u00eb shpejti dhe server\u00ebt rr\u00ebnj\u00eb DNS t\u00eb mos ken\u00eb m\u00eb nevoj\u00eb t\u2019u p\u00ebrgjigjen \u00e7do dit\u00eb rreth 60 miliard\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave fiktive.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

SOF6<\/h4>\n

\nServer\u00eb epik\u00eb<\/b> \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb VPS n\u00eb Windows<\/a><\/noindex> ose Linux me procesor\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm t\u00eb familjes AMD EPYC dhe disqe shum\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta Intel NVMe. Nxitoni t\u00eb porosisni!<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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