{"id":94866,"date":"2020-09-22T19:42:27","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T17:42:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-izobreteniya-fleshki-v-liczah-i-zanimatelnyh-faktah"},"modified":"2020-09-22T19:42:27","modified_gmt":"2020-09-22T17:42:27","slug":"istoriya-izobreteniya-fleshki-v-liczah-i-zanimatelnyh-faktah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-izobreteniya-fleshki-v-liczah-i-zanimatelnyh-faktah","title":{"rendered":"Firefox 81 \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion. N\u00eb Linux jan\u00eb rregulluar","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Firefox
\nRast\u00ebsit\u00eb kur nj\u00eb shpik\u00ebs krijon nj\u00eb pajisje komplekse elektrike nga zero dhe mb\u00ebshtetet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin e tij t\u00eb vet, jan\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb rralla. Zakonsht, pajisjet e ndryshme lindin n\u00eb kufijt\u00eb e disa teknologjive dhe standardeve t\u00eb krijuara nga njer\u00ebz t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme. P\u00ebr shembull, le t\u00eb marrim nj\u00eb usb flash. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb medium portativ i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, i nd\u00ebrtuar mbi baz\u00ebn e memories energjikisht t\u00eb pavarur NAND dhe i pajisur me nj\u00eb port USB t\u00eb integruar, i cili p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr ta lidhur pajisjen me nj\u00eb aparat klienti. Prandaj, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar si nj\u00eb pajisje e till\u00eb mund t\u00eb kishte dal\u00eb n\u00eb treg, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb ndiqet historia e shpikjes jo vet\u00ebm e \u00e7ipeve t\u00eb memories, por edhe e nd\u00ebrfaqes p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse, pa t\u00eb cil\u00ebn flash disk\u00ebt si\u00e7 i njohim nuk do t\u00eb ekzistonin. Le t\u00eb provojm\u00eb ta b\u00ebjm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Aparatet gjysm\u00ebp\u00ebr\u00e7ues t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs, q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin fshirjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb shkruara, u shfaq\u00ebn pothuajse pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb: EPROM-i i par\u00eb u krijua nga inxhinieri izraelit Dov Froman ende n\u00eb vitin 1971.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nDov Froman, zhvilluesi i EPROM<\/i><\/p>\n

EPROM\u00ebt inovative p\u00ebr koh\u00ebn e tyre u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn mjaft me sukses n\u00eb prodhimin e mikrocontroler\u00ebve (p\u00ebr shembull, Intel 8048 ose Freescale 68HC11), megjithat\u00eb, ato ishin absolutisht t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr krijimin e mediumeve portative. Problemi kryesor i EPROM ishte procedura shum\u00eb e komplikuar e fshirjes s\u00eb informacionit: p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, ishte e nevojshme t\u00eb ekspozohej \u00e7ipi n\u00eb spektrin ultraviolet. K\u00ebshtu funksiononte: fotonet e rrezatimit UV i jepnin elektroneve t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta energji t\u00eb mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebn n\u00eb kapakun fluturues.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nN\u00eb \u00e7ipat EPROM ishin parashikuar dritare speciale p\u00ebr fshirjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, t\u00eb mbuluara me pllaka kuarc.<\/i><\/p>\n

Kjo sillte dy shqet\u00ebsime t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. S\u00eb pari, fshirja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ip t\u00eb till\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhej vet\u00ebm me nj\u00eb llamp\u00eb merkuri mjaft t\u00eb fuqishme, dhe madje edhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, procesi zgjaste disa minuta. P\u00ebr krahasim, nj\u00eb llamp\u00eb fluorescente e zakonshme do t\u00eb fshinte informacionin p\u00ebr disa vite, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00ebse do t\u00eb l\u00ebni nj\u00eb mikro\u00e7ip n\u00ebn rrezet e drejta t\u00eb diellit, do t\u00eb nevojiteshin jav\u00eb p\u00ebr ta pastruar plot\u00ebsisht at\u00eb. S\u00eb dyti, edhe n\u00ebse ky proces do t\u00eb kishte arritur ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb optimizohej, fshirja selektive e nj\u00eb skedari t\u00eb caktuar do t\u00eb ishte gjithsesi e pamundur: informacioni n\u00eb EPROM fshihej si nj\u00eb e t\u00ebr\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Problemet e p\u00ebrmendura u zgjidh\u00ebn n\u00eb brezin e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb \u00e7ipave. N\u00eb vitin 1977, Eli Harari (i cili, p\u00ebr rast\u00ebsi, themeloi m\u00eb von\u00eb SanDisk, nj\u00eb nga prodhuesit m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj n\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb mediave t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash nga flash memory), duke p\u00ebrdorur teknologjin\u00eb e emisjonit autoelektronik, krijoi prototipin e par\u00eb EEPROM \u2014 nj\u00eb memorie ku fshirja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, si dhe programimi, b\u00ebhej ekskluzivisht elektrikisht.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nEli Harari, themeluesi i SanDisk, duke mbajtur n\u00eb duar nj\u00eb nga kartat e para SD.<\/i><\/p>\n

Principi i veprimit t\u00eb EEPROM ishte praktikisht identik me at\u00eb t\u00eb memorie moderne NAND: si bart\u00ebs ngarkese p\u00ebrdorej nj\u00eb kapak lundrues, dhe transferimi i elektron\u00ebve p\u00ebrmes shtresave dielektrike b\u00ebhej fal\u00eb efektit t\u00eb tunelit. Organizimi i vet\u00eb qelizave t\u00eb memories p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte nj\u00eb grumbull t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb, gj\u00eb q\u00eb lejonte tashm\u00eb regjistrimin dhe fshirjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave adresash. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, EEPROM kishte nj\u00eb rezerv\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb mir\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebrie: \u00e7do qeliz\u00eb mund t\u00eb riprogramohej deri n\u00eb 1 milion her\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Por edhe k\u00ebtu, gj\u00ebrat nuk ishin aq roz\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e fshirjes elektrike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, n\u00eb secil\u00ebn qeliz\u00eb memories duhej t\u00eb integret\u00eb nj\u00eb transistor shtes\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar procesin e regjistrimit dhe fshirjes. Tani, p\u00ebr \u00e7do element t\u00eb grumbullit duhej 3 drejtues (1 drejtues p\u00ebr kolonat dhe 2 drejtues p\u00ebr rreshta), gj\u00eb q\u00eb e komplikonte shk\u00ebputjen e komponent\u00ebve t\u00eb matrit\u00ebs dhe krijonte probleme serioze me shnd\u00ebrrimin. K\u00ebshtu, nuk mund t\u00eb flitej p\u00ebr krijimin e pajisjeve miniaturale dhe kapacitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Duke model i gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb memorie flash ekzistonte, k\u00ebrkimi shkencor vazhdoi me objektiv p\u00ebr krijimin e \u00e7ipave t\u00eb aft\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar nj\u00eb ruajtje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Ky p\u00ebrpjekje ishte e suksesshme n\u00eb vitin 1984, kur Fujiou Masuoka, q\u00eb punonte n\u00eb korporat\u00ebn Toshiba, prezantoi nj\u00eb prototip t\u00eb memories flash energjidepozit\u00ebse n\u00eb konferenc\u00ebn nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare \"International Electron Devices Meeting\", e cila u mbajt n\u00eb Institutin e Inxhinier\u00ebve t\u00eb Elektrik\u00ebs dhe Elektronik\u00ebs (IEEE).<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nFujiou Masuoka, \"ati\" i memories flash<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fakt, vet\u00eb emri nuk u shpik nga Fujiou, por nga nj\u00ebri prej koleg\u00ebve t\u00eb tij, Sh\u00f4ji Arimitsu, i cili e lidhte procesin e fshirjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me ndri\u00e7imin shk\u00ebndijues t\u00eb nj\u00eb blici (nga anglishtja \"flash\" \u2014 \"shk\u00ebndij\u00eb\"). N\u00eb krahasim me EEPROM, memoria flash ishte e bazuar n\u00eb MOSFET me nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb shtes\u00eb t\u00eb plazm\u00ebs q\u00eb ndodhej mes shtres\u00ebs p dhe gril\u00ebs kontrolluese, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb panevojshme p\u00ebrdorimin e elementeve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb dhe duke lejuar krijimin e \u00e7ipave t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb miniatur\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Mikro\u00e7ipat e par\u00eb komercial\u00eb t\u00eb memories flash ishin ato t\u00eb Intel, t\u00eb prodhuara me teknologjin\u00eb NOR (Not-Or), q\u00eb filluan prodhimin n\u00eb vitin 1988. Ashtu si n\u00eb rastin e EEPROM, matricat e tyre ishin nj\u00eb gril\u00eb dy-dimensionale, ku \u00e7do qeliz\u00eb memorie ndodhej n\u00eb kryq\u00ebzimin e nj\u00eb rreshti dhe nj\u00eb kolone (pjes\u00ebt p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse lidhen me diferent grilat e tranzistor\u00ebve, nd\u00ebrsa burimi \u2014 me baz\u00ebn e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt). Sidoqoft\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1989 Toshiba prezantoi versionin e saj t\u00eb memories flash t\u00eb quajtur NAND. Matrica kishte nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme, por n\u00eb secil\u00ebn nyj\u00eb tani kishte disa qeliza t\u00eb lidhura n\u00eb seri. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00eb \u00e7do linj\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrdorur dy MOSFET: nj\u00eb i menaxhimit, q\u00eb ndodhej mes linj\u00ebs s\u00eb shkarkimit dhe kolon\u00ebs s\u00eb qelizave, dhe nj\u00eb tranzistor tok\u00ebsor.<\/p>\n

Densiteti m\u00eb i lart\u00eb i p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjes ndihmoi n\u00eb rritjen e kapacitetit t\u00eb \u00e7ipit, por kjo e komplikoi edhe algoritmin e leximit\/shkruarjes, \u00e7ka nuk mund t\u00eb ndikonin p\u00ebr mir\u00eb n\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e transferimit t\u00eb informacionit. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, arkitektura e re nuk arriti kurr\u00eb t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsoj\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht NOR, t\u00eb cilat gjithsesi gjet\u00ebn p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb krijimin e memories flash t\u00eb integruara. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, Pik\u00ebrisht NAND u tregua ideale p\u00ebr prodhimin e mediumeve portative t\u00eb ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave \u2014 kartelave SD dhe, pa dyshim, memorieve flash.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb duhet t\u00eb theksoj se shfaqja e t\u00eb fundit u b\u00eb e mundur vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 2000, kur \u00e7mimi i memories flash u ul mjaftuesh\u00ebm q\u00eb prodhimi i pajisjeve t\u00eb tilla p\u00ebr tregun e pakic\u00ebs t\u00eb mund t\u00eb shlyente koston. S\u00eb pari n\u00eb bot\u00eb, nj\u00eb aksesor USB ishte krijimi i kompanis\u00eb izraelite M-Systems: inxhinier\u00ebt Amir Ban, Dov Moran dhe Oran Ogdan zhvilluan nj\u00eb flash disk kompakt DiskOnKey (i cili mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet si \"disk n\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebs\", pasi n\u00eb trupin e pajisjes ishte parashikuar nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb metalike e cila lejonte bartjen e flashit s\u00eb bashku me nj\u00eb lidhje \u00e7el\u00ebsash) q\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb kapacitet prej 8 MB dhe z\u00ebvend\u00ebsonte pes\u00eb disqe 3.5 in\u00e7. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, \u00e7mimi ishte $50.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nDiskOnKey \u2014 flash drive i par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb nga kompania izraelite M-Systems<\/i><\/p>\n

Fakti interesant: n\u00eb territorin e SHBA-s\u00eb, DiskOnKey kishte nj\u00eb botues zyrtar, i cili ishte IBM. \"Flash drive t\u00eb lokalizuara\" nuk ndryshonin nga origjinalet, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 logotipit n\u00eb an\u00ebn e p\u00ebrparme, gj\u00eb q\u00eb b\u00ebri q\u00eb shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz t\u00eb gabonin dhe t\u00eb atribuonin krijimin e par\u00eb t\u00eb USB drive pik\u00ebrisht kompanis\u00eb amerikane.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nDiskOnKey, Edicioni IBM<\/i><\/p>\n

Menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas modelit origjinal, brenda disa muajve dol\u00ebn n\u00eb drit\u00eb modifikime m\u00eb t\u00eb kapacitetit t\u00eb DiskOnKey me 16 dhe 32 MB, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat k\u00ebrkoheshin tashm\u00eb $100 dhe $150 p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. Megjith\u00ebse ishte e shtrenjt\u00eb, kombinimi i p\u00ebrmasave kompakte, kapacitetit dhe shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb leximit\/shkruarjes (e cila rezultoi t\u00eb ishte rreth 10 her\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se ajo e disqeve standarde) i p\u00eblqeu shum\u00eb bler\u00ebsve. Dhe q\u00eb nga ai moment, flash drive filluan marshimin e tyre triumfues n\u00eb planet.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb ushtar n\u00eb fush\u00eb: beteja p\u00ebr USB<\/h2>\n

\nMegjithat\u00eb, flash drive nuk do t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb flash drive n\u00ebse spekifikimi i Universal Serial Bus nuk do t\u00eb ishte paraqitur pes\u00eb vjet m\u00eb her\u00ebt \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb shkronj\u00ebn e njohur USB. Dhe historia e lindjes s\u00eb k\u00ebtij standardi mund t\u00eb quhet ndoshta m\u00eb interesante se shpikja e vet\u00eb memories flash.<\/p>\n

Si zakonisht, nd\u00ebrfaqet dhe standardet e reja n\u00eb IT jan\u00eb produkt i bashk\u00ebpunimit t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb midis kompanive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, shpesh edhe konkurentsh, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb detyruara t\u00eb bashkojn\u00eb forcat p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb unifikuar q\u00eb do t\u00eb thjeshtonte ndjesh\u00ebm zhvillimin e produkteve t\u00eb reja. K\u00ebshtu ndodhi, p\u00ebr shembull, me kartat e memories n\u00eb formatin SD: versioni i par\u00eb i Kart\u00ebs s\u00eb Memories Secure Digital u krijua n\u00eb vitin 1999 me pjes\u00ebmarrjen e SanDisk, Toshiba dhe Panasonic, dhe standardi i ri doli kaq i suksessh\u00ebm sa fitoi titullin e industris\u00eb pas vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb viti. Sot, Asocia e Kartave SD ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 1000 kompani an\u00ebtare, inxhinier\u00ebt e t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb t\u00eb angazhuar n\u00eb zhvillimin e specifikimeve t\u00eb reja dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e atyre ekzistuese q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb parametra t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb kartave flash.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox<\/p>\n

Dhe me nj\u00eb v\u00ebshtrim t\u00eb par\u00eb, historia e USB \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e ngjashme me at\u00eb q\u00eb ndodhi me standardin Secure Digital. P\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt personal\u00eb m\u00eb miq\u00ebsor\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesin e zakonsh\u00ebm, prodhuesit e harduerit kishin nevoj\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 t\u00eb tjerave, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe universale p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me periferi, q\u00eb mb\u00ebshteste 'angazhim t\u00eb nxeht\u00eb' dhe nuk kishte nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr konfigurim shtes\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, krijimi i nj\u00eb standardi t\u00eb unifikuar do t\u00eb ndihmonte n\u00eb eliminimin e 'zoo-s\u00eb' s\u00eb porteve (COM, LPT, PS\/2, MIDI-port, RS-232 etj.), q\u00eb n\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb do t\u00eb ndihmonte p\u00ebr t\u00eb thjeshtuar dhe ulur ndjesh\u00ebm kostot e zhvillimit t\u00eb pajisjeve t\u00eb reja, si dhe implementimin e p\u00ebrkrahjes p\u00ebr pajisje t\u00eb caktuara.<\/p>\n

Pas nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb presetesh, disa kompani zhvilluesish t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsve t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve, periferik\u00ebve dhe software-it, m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhat\u00eb nga t\u00eb cilat ishin Intel, Microsoft, Philips dhe US Robotics, u bashkuan n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur at\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, q\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqte t\u00eb gjith\u00eb lojtar\u00ebt e pranish\u00ebm, q\u00eb n\u00eb fund u b\u00eb USB. Popullarizimi i standardit t\u00eb ri u ndihmua n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe nga Microsoft, e cila shtoi mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr interfesin n\u00eb Windows 95 (patch-i p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs ishte pjes\u00eb e Service Release 2) dhe pastaj implementoi pajisjen e nevojshme n\u00eb versionin e l\u00ebshuar t\u00eb Windows 98. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, n\u00eb frontin e harduerit, ndihma erdhi nga nj\u00eb vend i papritur: n\u00eb vitin 1998 doli n\u00eb treg iMac G3 \u2014 kompjuteri i par\u00eb \u201ci gjith\u00e7kaje n\u00eb nj\u00eb\u201d nga Apple, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin p\u00ebr lidhjen e pajisjeve hyr\u00ebse dhe periferik\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 mikrofonit dhe kufjeve) u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn ekskluzivisht porta USB. Nj\u00eb kthes\u00eb e till\u00eb 180 grad\u00eb (pasi n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb Apple kishte v\u00ebn\u00eb bast n\u00eb FireWire) ishte e ndikuar nga rikthimi i Steve Jobs n\u00eb postin e CEO t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb, i ndodhur nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\niMac G3 origjinal \u2014 kompjuteri i par\u00eb \u201cUSB\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, lindja e autobusit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm serial kaloi n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb dhimbshme, dhe vet\u00eb shfaqja e USB-s\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultat i asaj q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak merita e megakorporatave dhe madje as e nj\u00eb departamenti k\u00ebrkimor t\u00eb vet\u00ebm q\u00eb vepron brenda ndonj\u00eb kompanie, por e nj\u00eb personi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb \u2014 inxhinierit t\u00eb Intel me origjin\u00eb indiane, Ajay Bhatt.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nAjay Bhatt, ideologu kryesor dhe krijuesi i interfesit USB<\/i><\/p>\n

Edhe n\u00eb vitin 1992, Ajay mendonte se \u201ckompjuteri personal\u201d nuk e justifikonte titullin e tij. Edhe nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb kaq e thjesht\u00eb n\u00eb dukje, si lidhja e nj\u00eb printeri dhe printimi i nj\u00eb dokumenti, k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb kualifikim t\u00eb caktuar nga p\u00ebrdoruesi (pavar\u00ebsisht se, si mund t\u00eb nevojitet q\u00eb nj\u00eb punonj\u00ebs zyre, nga i cili pritej t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb raport ose nj\u00eb fatur\u00eb, t\u00eb kuptonte teknologjit\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuara?) ose e b\u00ebnte at\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte ndihm\u00ebn e specialist\u00ebve t\u00eb kualifikuar. Dhe n\u00ebse gjith\u00e7ka do t\u00eb lihej ashtu si \u00ebsht\u00eb, PC nuk do t\u00eb b\u00ebhej kurr\u00eb nj\u00eb produkt masiv, dhe k\u00ebshtu, as nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrrohej t\u00eb kalonte numrin prej 10 milion p\u00ebrdoruesish n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Kuptimi i nevoj\u00ebs p\u00ebr standardizim ishte i pranuar si nga Intel ashtu edhe nga Microsoft n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb. K\u00ebrkimet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb \u00e7uan n\u00eb krijimin e autobusit PCI dhe konceptit Plug&Play, prandaj, iniciativa e Bhattas, i cili vendosi t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohet n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin e nj\u00eb zgjidhjeje universale p\u00ebr lidhjen e periferik\u00ebve, duhej t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhej pozitivisht. Por nuk ishte ashtu: shefi i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb i Adhaj, pasi d\u00ebgjoi inxhinierin, deklaroi se ky detyr\u00eb ishte aq e komplikuar sa s\u2019duhet t\u00eb humbej koh\u00eb mbi t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

At\u00ebher\u00eb, Ajai filloi t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte mb\u00ebshtetje n\u00eb grupe paralele dhe e gjeti at\u00eb te nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebrkuesit e njohur t\u00eb Intel (Intel Fellow) Fred Pollak, i njohur at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e tij si inxhinier kryesor p\u00ebr Intel iAPX 432 dhe arkitekt kryesor p\u00ebr Intel i960, i cili i dha drit\u00ebn e gjelb\u00ebr projektit. Sidoqoft\u00eb, kjo ishte vet\u00ebm fillimi: realizimi i nj\u00eb ideje t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb madhe do t\u00eb isht\u00eb i pamundur pa pjes\u00ebmarrjen e lojtar\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb n\u00eb treg. Q\u00eb nga ky moment, filluan v\u00ebrtet \u201ekalvar\u00ebt\u201d, sepse Ajai duhej jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb bindte pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit e grupeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs t\u00eb Intel p\u00ebr potencialin e k\u00ebsaj ideje, por gjithashtu t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje nga prodhues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb harduerit.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nDiskutimet, miratimet dhe brainstorming-t e shumta zgjat\u00ebn pothuajse nj\u00eb deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjysm\u00eb viti. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtij koh\u00eb, Ajai u bashkua me Bala Kadambi, i cili udh\u00ebhoqi ekipin p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr zhvillimin e PCI dhe Plug&Play, dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb mori postin e drejtorit t\u00eb Intel p\u00ebr standardet teknologjike t\u00eb interfeseve t\u00eb hyrjes\/daljeve, dhe Jim Pappas, ekspert p\u00ebr sistemet e hyrjes\/daljeve. N\u00eb ver\u00ebn e vitit 1994, p\u00ebrfundimisht arrit\u00ebm t\u00eb formojm\u00eb nj\u00eb grup pune dhe t\u00eb nisim bashk\u00ebpunimin m\u00eb t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb me kompanit\u00eb e tjera.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb vitit t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm, Ajai dhe ekipi i tij u takuan me p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 50 kompanive, midis t\u00eb cilave ishin si nd\u00ebrmarrje t\u00eb vogla dhe t\u00eb specializuara, ashtu edhe gjigant\u00eb si Compaq, DEC, IBM dhe NEC. Puna ishte n\u00eb zhvillim vazhdimisht, pothuajse 24\/7: q\u00eb nga m\u00ebngjesi, trija shkonin n\u00eb mbledhje t\u00eb shumta, nd\u00ebrsa nat\u00ebn takoheshin n\u00eb nj\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb af\u00ebrt p\u00ebr t\u00eb diskutuar planin e veprimit p\u00ebr dit\u00ebn q\u00eb vijonte.<\/p>\n

Ndoshta, disa njer\u00ebz mund ta konsiderojn\u00eb nj\u00eb stil t\u00eb till\u00eb pun\u00eb nj\u00eb humbje kohe t\u00eb kot\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto dhan\u00eb rezultatet e veta: n\u00eb fund u formuan disa grupe multidisiplinore, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinin inxhinier\u00eb nga IBM dhe Compaq, t\u00eb specializuar n\u00eb krijimin e komponenteve kompjuterike, njer\u00ebz q\u00eb merreshin me zhvillimin e \u00e7ipave nga Intel dhe NEC, programues q\u00eb punonin n\u00eb krijimin e aplikacioneve, shofer\u00ebve dhe sistemeve operative (nd\u00ebr to nga Microsoft), dhe shum\u00eb specialist\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Pik\u00ebrisht puna e nj\u00ebkohshme n\u00eb disa fronte ndihmoi n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb standardi me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb fleksib\u00ebl dhe t\u00eb universale.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nAjay Bhatt dhe Bala Kadambi n\u00eb ceremonin\u00eb e dh\u00ebnies s\u00eb \u00c7mimit Evropian p\u00ebr shpik\u00ebsit<\/i><\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse ekipi i Ajay arriti t\u00eb zgjidhte shk\u00eblqyesh\u00ebm problemet politike (duke arritur bashk\u00ebpunimin e kompanive t\u00eb ndryshme, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ata q\u00eb ishin konkurrent\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb) dhe ato teknike (duke mbledhur n\u00ebn nj\u00eb \u00e7ati shum\u00eb ekspert\u00eb n\u00eb fushat e ndryshme), mbetej nj\u00eb aspekt tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb \u2014 aspekti ekonomik. Dhe k\u00ebtu duhej t\u00eb b\u00ebheshin kompromise t\u00eb konsiderueshme. P\u00ebr shembull, d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb ulur koston e kabllit \u00e7oi n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb USB Type-A, q\u00eb ne e p\u00ebrdorim edhe sot, u b\u00eb nj\u00ebansh\u00ebm. Sepse p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb kabllo me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb universale do t\u00eb ishte e nevojshme jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb ndryshohej konstrukti i konektorit, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb simetrik, por gjithashtu t\u00eb dyfishohej numri i gjilp\u00ebrave elektrike, q\u00eb do t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb dyfishimin e kostos s\u00eb kabllit. Megjithat\u00eb, tani kemi nj\u00eb mem t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr natyr\u00ebn kuantike t\u00eb USB.<\/p>\n

\"Firefox
\nT\u00eb tjer\u00ebt n\u00eb projekt gjithashtu insistuan p\u00ebr uljen e \u00e7mimeve. Jim Pappas, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb lidhje, i p\u00eblqen t\u00eb kujtoj\u00eb nj\u00eb telefonat\u00eb nga Betsy Tanner e Microsoft, e cila nj\u00eb dit\u00eb tha se, p\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq, kompania kishte nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb braktiste p\u00ebrdorimin e nd\u00ebrfaqes USB p\u00ebr prodhimin e mouse-ve kompjuterik\u00eb. Problemi ishte se kapaciteti i kalimit prej 5 Mbit\/s (kjo ishte shpejt\u00ebsia e transferimit t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash q\u00eb ishte planifikuar n\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00ebn) ishte tep\u00ebr i lart\u00eb dhe inxhinier\u00ebt kishin frik\u00eb se nuk do t\u00eb ishin n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrputheshin me specifikacionet p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrhyrjen elektromagnetike, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nj\u00eb \"mi i shpejt\u00eb\" mund t\u00eb pengonte funksionimin normal t\u00eb PC-s\u00eb si dhe t\u00eb pajisjeve t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebrreth.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr p\u00ebrgjigjen e arsyeshme p\u00ebr mbrojtjen, Betsy u p\u00ebrgjigj se izolimi shtes\u00eb do t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb rritjen e kostove t\u00eb kabllit: 4 cent m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do k\u00ebmb\u00eb, ose 24 cent p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kabllo standarde prej 1.8 metra (6 k\u00ebmb\u00eb), q\u00eb e b\u00ebnte gjith\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ide pa kuptim. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, kablli i mouse-it duhej t\u00eb mbetej mjaft i fleksib\u00ebl p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos penguar l\u00ebvizjet e dor\u00ebs. P\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur k\u00ebt\u00eb problem, u mor vendimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb shtuar ndarjen n\u00eb modet e larta (12 Mbit\/s) dhe t\u00eb ulta (1.5 Mbit\/s). Rezerva prej 12 Mbit\/s lejonte p\u00ebrdorimin e ndar\u00ebsve dhe hub-eve p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur disa pajisje n\u00eb nj\u00eb port t\u00eb vet\u00ebm, nd\u00ebrsa 1.5 Mbit\/s ishte optimal p\u00ebr lidhjen e mouse-ve, tastierave dhe pajisjeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb ngjashme me PC-n\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Jim vet\u00eb e konsideron k\u00ebt\u00eb histori si nj\u00eb penges\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit siguroi suksesin e gjith\u00eb projektit. Pa mb\u00ebshtetje nga Microsoft, promovimi i standardit t\u00eb ri n\u00eb treg do t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb m\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, kompromisi i arritur ndihmoi n\u00eb uljen e kostos s\u00eb USB-s\u00eb, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb at\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse n\u00eb syt\u00eb e prodhuesve t\u00eb pajisjeve periferike. <\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb ka n\u00eb emrin tim, ose Ribrandimi i \u00c7mendur<\/h2>\n

\nDhe q\u00eb kur sot po diskutojm\u00eb p\u00ebr USB flash drive, le t\u00eb sqarojm\u00eb gjithashtu situat\u00ebn me versionet dhe karakteristikat shpejt\u00ebsore t\u00eb k\u00ebtij standardi. K\u00ebtu nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq e thjesht\u00eb sa mund t\u00eb duket n\u00eb shikim t\u00eb par\u00eb, sepse q\u00eb nga viti 2013 organizata USB Implementers Forum ka b\u00ebr\u00eb maksimumin p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruar jo vet\u00ebm konsumator\u00ebt e zakonsh\u00ebm, por edhe profesionist\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs IT.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb par\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka ishte mjaft e thjesht\u00eb dhe e logjikshme: ne kemi nj\u00eb USB 2.0 t\u00eb ngadalsh\u00ebm me nj\u00eb kapacitet maksimal transfert\u00eb prej 480 Mbps (60 MB\/s) dhe nj\u00eb USB 3.0 q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 10 her\u00eb m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb, me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi maksimale transfert\u00eb q\u00eb arrin deri n\u00eb 5 Gbps (640 MB\/s). Fal\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb prapambetur, nj\u00eb drive me USB 3.0 mund t\u00eb lidhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb port USB 2.0 (ose p\u00ebrkundrazi), megjithat\u00eb, shpejt\u00ebsia e leximit dhe shkrimit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e kufizuar n\u00eb 60 MB\/s, pasi pajisja m\u00eb e ngadalshme do t\u00eb veproj\u00eb si nj\u00eb \"gryk\u00eb shishe\".<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 31 korrik 2013, USB-IF solli nj\u00eb konfuzion t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem t\u00eb rregullt: pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb dit\u00eb u njoftua miratimi i specifikacionit t\u00eb ri \u2014 USB 3.1. Dhe jo, nuk b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr num\u00ebrimin e pjessh\u00ebm t\u00eb versioneve, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ndodhur edhe m\u00eb par\u00eb (edhe pse p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb, USB 1.1 ishte nj\u00eb version i p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar i 1.0, e jo di\u00e7ka krejt\u00ebsisht e re), por p\u00ebr faktin se Forumi i Implementuesve t\u00eb USB vendosi, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye, ta ribemtoj\u00eb edhe standardin e vjet\u00ebr. Ndiqni duart:<\/p>\n