{"id":96211,"date":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad"},"modified":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","slug":"pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","title":{"rendered":"Pse n\u00eb EBCDIC shkronjat nuk shkojn\u00eb nj\u00ebra pas tjetr\u00ebs?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Standardi ASCII u miratuar n\u00eb vitin 1963, dhe tani me siguri askush nuk p\u00ebrdor kodimin, ku 128 simbol\u00ebt e par\u00eb ndryshonin nga ASCII. Megjithat\u00eb, deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar, EBCDIC ishte p\u00ebrdorur aktivisht \u2014 standardi i kodimit p\u00ebr mainframe-t IBM dhe klon\u00ebt e tyre sovjetik\u00eb ES EVM. EBCDIC mbetet kodimi kryesor n\u00eb z\/OS \u2014 sistemin operativ standard p\u00ebr mainframe-t modern\u00eb IBM Z.<\/p>\n

Ajo q\u00eb bie menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb sy kur shikoni EBCDIC \u00ebsht\u00eb se shkronjat nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb renditura: mes I<\/code> dhe J<\/code> dhe mes R<\/code> dhe S<\/code> kan\u00eb mbetur pozita t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorura (n\u00eb ES EVM k\u00ebto hap\u00ebsira u shp\u00ebrndan\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> simbolet e cirilices). Kush mund ta kishte menduar t\u00eb kodonte shkronjat me nd\u00ebrprerje t\u00eb pabarabart\u00eb midis shkronjave ngjitur?<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

Emri EBCDIC (\"Extended BCDIC\") sugjeron se kjo kodim \u2014 ndryshe nga ASCII \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar jo n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb zbraz\u00ebt, por mbi baz\u00ebn e kodimit gjasht\u00ebbit\u00ebsh BCDIC, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur q\u00eb nga IBM 704<\/a><\/noindex> (1954):<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

Nuk ka nj\u00eb p\u00ebrputhshm\u00ebri t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme: nj\u00eb ve\u00e7ori e dobishme e BCDIC, e humbur gjat\u00eb kalimit n\u00eb EBCDIC, ishte se numrave 0<\/code>\u20149<\/code> u p\u00ebrgjigjen kodet 0-9. Megjithat\u00eb, nd\u00ebrprerjet prej shtat\u00eb kodesh midis I<\/code> dhe J<\/code> dhe tet\u00eb kodesh midis R<\/code> dhe S<\/code> n\u00eb BCDIC tashm\u00eb ishin. Nga erdh\u00ebn ata?<\/p>\n

Historia e (E)BCDIC fillon nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me historin\u00eb e IBM \u2014 shum\u00eb para kompjuter\u00ebve elektronik\u00eb. IBM \u00ebsht\u00eb formuar si rezultat i bashkimit t\u00eb kat\u00ebr kompanive, prej t\u00eb cilave m\u00eb teknologjikisht e avancuar ishte \"Tabulating Machine Company\", themeluar n\u00eb 1896 nga Herman Hollerith \u2014 shpik\u00ebsi tabulatorit.<\/a><\/noindex>Tabulator\u00ebt e par\u00eb thjesht num\u00ebronin numrin e kartonave perforuese, t\u00eb goditura n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb caktuar; por n\u00eb 1905 Hollerith filloi prodhimin e tabulator\u00ebve decimal.<\/em> \u00c7do kart\u00eb p\u00ebr tabulatorin dekad u p\u00ebrb\u00eb nga fusha me gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, dhe numrat e shkruar n\u00eb k\u00ebto fusha n\u00eb form\u00ebn e zakonshme dekadale, u sh\u00ebnuan p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb grumbullin. Shk\u00ebputja e kart\u00ebs n\u00eb fusha u caktua nga lidhjet e telave n\u00eb panelet e nd\u00ebrlidhjes s\u00eb tabulatorit. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb karton perforues t\u00eb Hollerith-it, ruhet<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Bibliotek\u00ebn e Kongresit, \u00ebsht\u00eb qart\u00ebsisht e gdhendur numri 23456789012345678, se si \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb fusha nuk dihet:<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb v\u00ebmendsh\u00ebm mund t\u00eb kishin v\u00ebn\u00eb re se n\u00eb kart\u00ebn e Hollerith-it ka 12 rreshta p\u00ebr hap\u00ebsira, edhe pse p\u00ebr numrat mjaftojn\u00eb dhjet\u00eb; dhe n\u00eb BCDIC p\u00ebr \u00e7do vler\u00eb t\u00eb dy bit\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren vet\u00ebm 12 kode nga 16 t\u00eb mundshme.<\/p>\n

Sigurisht, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb rast\u00ebsi. Fillimisht, Hollerith kishte parashikuar radh\u00eb shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr \"sh\u00ebnime speciale\", t\u00eb cilat nuk p\u00ebrmbledheshin, por thjesht num\u00ebroheshin \u2014 si n\u00eb tabulator\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb hersh\u00ebm. (Sot do t'i quanim \"fusha bitale\"). P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, midis \"sh\u00ebnimeve speciale\" mund t\u00eb ishin tregues grupesh: n\u00ebse gjat\u00eb tabulimit ishin t\u00eb nevojshme jo vet\u00ebm shumat p\u00ebrfundimtare, por edhe ato nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse, tabulatori ndalonte kur zbulohej ndonj\u00eb ndryshim n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb nga treguesit e grupit, dhe operuesi duhej t\u00eb sh\u00ebnonte shumat nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse nga ekranet numerike n\u00eb let\u00ebr, t\u00eb nullifikonte ekranin dhe t\u00eb rifillonte tabulimin. P\u00ebr shembull, gjat\u00eb num\u00ebrimit t\u00eb bilanceve financiare, nj\u00eb grup kartash mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhej me nj\u00eb dat\u00eb ose nj\u00eb pal\u00eb kontraktore.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1920, kur Hollerith kishte dal\u00eb n\u00eb pension, u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn \"tabulator\u00eb printues\", t\u00eb cil\u00ebt lidhen me teletipin dhe mund t\u00eb printonin vet\u00eb shumat nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse, pa k\u00ebrkuar nd\u00ebrhyrjen e operuesit. Komplikimi tani q\u00ebndronte n\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimin e lidhjes s\u00eb secil\u00ebs nga numrat e printuar. N\u00eb 1931 IBM vendosi q\u00eb p\u00ebrmes \"sh\u00ebnimeve speciale\" t\u00eb tregonte shkronjat: nj\u00eb sh\u00ebnim n\u00eb rreshtin e 12-t\u00eb tregonte nj\u00eb shkronj\u00eb nga A<\/code> n\u00eb I<\/code>, n\u00eb rreshtin 11 \u2014 nga J<\/code> n\u00eb R<\/code>, n\u00eb rreshtin 0 \u2014 nga S<\/code> n\u00eb Z<\/code>. Tabulatori i ri \"alfabetik\" mund t\u00eb printonte emrin e \u00e7do grupi kartash s\u00eb bashku me shumat nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse; n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, nj\u00eb kolone e pap\u00ebrshkruar shnd\u00ebrrohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb midis simboleve. Vini re se S<\/code> p\u00ebrcaktohet nga kombinimi i vrimave 0+2, nd\u00ebrsa kombinimi 0+1 n\u00eb fillim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr shkak se dy vrima ngjitur n\u00eb nj\u00eb kolon\u00eb mund t\u00eb shkaktonin probleme mekanike n\u00eb lexues.<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

Tani mund ta shikoni tabel\u00ebn BCDIC nga nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd paksa tjet\u00ebr:<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit se 0 dhe hap\u00ebsira jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrruar, kat\u00ebr bit\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb \"sh\u00ebnimin special\", i cili nga 1931 sh\u00ebnohej n\u00eb karton p\u00ebr simbolin p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs; nd\u00ebrsa kat\u00ebr bit\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb numrin q\u00eb sh\u00ebnohej n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn kryesore t\u00eb kart\u00ebs. Mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr simbole & - \/<\/code> u bashkuar me tabulator\u00ebt IBM n\u00eb vitet 1930, dhe kodimi i k\u00ebtyre simboleve n\u00eb BCDIC p\u00ebrputhet me kombinimet e vrimave q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin atyre. Kur u desh mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr nj\u00eb num\u00ebr edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb madh simbolesh, si nj\u00eb \"shenj\u00eb speciale\" shtes\u00eb filluan t\u00eb godisnin rreshtin 8 \u2014 k\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb nj\u00eb kolon\u00eb mund t\u00eb ishin deri n\u00eb tre vrima. Ky format i kartonave perforuese mbeti praktikisht i pandryshuar deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit. N\u00eb BRSS lan\u00eb kodimet e IBM p\u00ebr latinishten dhe pik\u00ebsimin, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr shkronjat e cirilik\u00ebs godisnin menj\u00ebher\u00eb disa \"shenja speciale\" n\u00eb rreshtat 12, 11, 0 \u2014 pa u kufizuar n\u00eb tre vrima n\u00eb nj\u00eb kolon\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Kur u krijua kompjuteri IBM 704, nuk u mendua shum\u00eb mbi kodimin e simboleve p\u00ebr t\u00eb: u mor kodimi q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb ishe n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb kartonat perforuese, dhe thjesht 0 \"u vendos n\u00eb vend\". N\u00eb vitin 1964, gjat\u00eb kalimit nga BCDIC n\u00eb EBCDIC, kat\u00ebr bitet m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb \u00e7do simbole mbet\u00ebn t\u00eb pandryshuara, edhe pse u rregulluan pak bitet e larta. K\u00ebshtu, formati i kartonave perforuese, t\u00eb zgjedhur nga Hollerith n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar, ndikoi n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve IBM, deri te IBM Z p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 1963, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442 ASCII. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c EBCDIC \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432 IBM \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0421 \u042d\u0412\u041c. EBCDIC \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432 z\/OS \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041e\u0421 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":96212,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96211","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Pse n\u00eb EBCDIC shkronjat nuk renditen rresht? | ProHoster","description":"Standardi ASCII u miratua n\u00eb vitin 1963, dhe tani \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se dikush p\u00ebrdor kodimin, 128 karakteret e para t\u00eb t\u00eb cilit do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb ndryshme nga ASCII.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sq_AL","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 EBCDIC \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434? | ProHoster","og:description":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 1963, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442 ASCII.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-10-09T05:42:43+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-10-09T05:42:43+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"96211","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 10:48:22","updated":"2022-10-03 07:13:05","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96211","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96211"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96211\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/96212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96211"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=96211"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=96211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}