{"id":96211,"date":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad"},"modified":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","slug":"pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","title":{"rendered":"Pse n\u00eb EBCDIC shkronjat shkojn\u00eb jo nj\u00eb pas tjetr\u00ebs?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Standardi ASCII u miratuar n\u00eb 1963, dhe tani \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb gjesh ndonj\u00eb kodim t\u00eb par\u00eb 128 karakteresh q\u00eb ndryshon nga ASCII. Megjithat\u00eb, deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar, EBCDIC ishte aktivisht e p\u00ebrdorur \u2014 standardi i kodimit p\u00ebr mainframe-t e IBM dhe klon\u00ebt e tyre sovjetik\u00eb t\u00eb \u0415\u0421 \u042d\u0412\u041c. EBCDIC mbetet kodimi kryesor n\u00eb z\/OS \u2014 sistemin standard operativ p\u00ebr mainframe-t modern\u00eb IBM Z.<\/p>\n

Ajo q\u00eb bie menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb sy kur e shikon EBCDIC \u00ebsht\u00eb se shkronjat nuk renditen nj\u00ebra pas tjetr\u00ebs: mes I<\/code> dhe J<\/code> dhe mes R<\/code> dhe S<\/code> kan\u00eb mbetur pozita t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorura (n\u00eb \u0415\u0421 \u042d\u0412\u041c n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet k\u00ebtyre boshll\u00ebqeve ishten<\/a><\/noindex> simbolet e cirilik\u00ebs). Kush mund t\u00eb kishte menduar t\u00eb kodonte shkronjat me boshll\u00ebqe t\u00eb pabarabarta mes shkronjave fqinje?<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

Emri EBCDIC («Extended BCDIC») sugjeron se kjo kodifikim, ndryshe nga ASCII, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar nga asgj\u00eb, por \u00ebsht\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb kodifikimin gjasht\u00eb bit\u00ebsh BCDIC, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur q\u00eb nga IBM 704<\/a><\/noindex> (1954):<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

Nuk ka nj\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme: nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme e BCDIC, q\u00eb u humb gjat\u00eb kalimit n\u00eb EBCDIC, ishte se numrat 0<\/code>\u20149<\/code> kan\u00eb kodet 0-9. Megjithat\u00eb, kishte mungesa prej shtat\u00eb kodesh mes I<\/code> dhe J<\/code> dhe me tet\u00eb kode mes R<\/code> dhe S<\/code> n\u00eb BCDIC q\u00eb ishin tashm\u00eb t\u00eb pranishme. Nga erdh\u00ebn ato?<\/p>\n

Historia e (E)BCDIC fillon n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb me historin\u00eb e IBM \u2014 shum\u00eb para kompjuter\u00ebve elektronik\u00eb. IBM u formua si rezultat i bashkimit t\u00eb kat\u00ebr kompanive, nga t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb teknologjikisht e avancuar ishte «Tabulating Machine Company», e themeluar n\u00eb 1896 nga Herman Hollerith \u2014 shpik\u00ebsi i tabulatorit<\/a><\/noindex>. Tabulator\u00ebt e par\u00eb thjesht num\u00ebronin numrin e kartave perforuese q\u00eb ishin goditur n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb caktuar; por n\u00eb vitin 1905 Hollerith filloi prodhimin t\u00eb tabulator\u00ebve<\/em> . \u00c7do kart\u00eb p\u00ebr tabulatorin e dhjetorit p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte fushat e gjat\u00ebzgjidhura, dhe numrat, t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb k\u00ebto fusha n\u00eb form\u00ebn e zakonshme dhjetore, grumbulloheshin p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb paket\u00ebn. Shkalla e kart\u00ebs n\u00eb fusha p\u00ebrcaktohej nga lidhjet e kabllove n\u00eb panelin e lidhjes s\u00eb tabulatorit. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kart\u00eb perforuese t\u00eb Hollerith, e ruajtur<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Bibliotek\u00ebn e Kongresit, \u00ebsht\u00eb qart\u00eb e goditur numri 23456789012345678, por \u00ebsht\u00eb e paqart\u00eb se si \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb fusha:<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

Ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb v\u00ebmendje mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb re se n\u00eb kart\u00ebn e Hollerith kishte 12 rreshta p\u00ebr shpimeve, ndon\u00ebse p\u00ebr numrat mjaftojn\u00eb dhjet\u00eb; dhe n\u00eb BCDIC p\u00ebr \u00e7do vler\u00eb t\u00eb dy bit\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren vet\u00ebm 12 kodet nga 16 t\u00eb mundshme.<\/p>\n

Sigurisht, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb rast\u00ebsi. Fillimisht, Hollerith parashikoi radh\u00ebt shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr «sh\u00ebnime speciale», t\u00eb cilat nuk p\u00ebrfshiheshin n\u00eb shuma, por thjesht num\u00ebroheshin \u2014 si n\u00eb tabulator\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb. (Sot do t'i quanim «fushat bit».) P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, midis «sh\u00ebnimeve speciale» mund t\u00eb ishte e mundur t\u00eb caktoheshin indikator\u00ebt e grupeve: n\u00ebse gjat\u00eb tabulimit k\u00ebrkoheshin jo vet\u00ebm shumat finale, por edhe ato nd\u00ebrmjet, tabulatori ndalej kur zbulohej ndryshimi i ndonj\u00eb indikatorit grupi, dhe operatori duhej t\u00eb regjistronte shumat nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse nga tabloja digjitale n\u00eb let\u00ebr, t\u00eb resetonte tablon\u00eb dhe t\u00eb vazhdonte tabulimin. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb llogaritjen e bilanceve kontab\u00ebl, nj\u00eb grup kartash mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatej me nj\u00eb dat\u00eb ose nj\u00eb kontraktor t\u00eb vet\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1920, kur Hollerith kishte dal\u00eb n\u00eb pension, filloi p\u00ebrdorimi i «tabulator\u00ebve printues», t\u00eb cil\u00ebt lidhen me teletypes dhe mund t\u00eb printonin vet\u00eb shumat nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse, pa k\u00ebrkuar nd\u00ebrhyrjen e operatorit. Sfid\u00eb tani ishte t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohej se p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb i p\u00ebrkiste \u00e7do num\u00ebr i printuar. N\u00eb vitin 1931, IBM vendosi t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzoj\u00eb «sh\u00ebnimet speciale» p\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar shkronjat: nj\u00eb sh\u00ebnim n\u00eb rreshtin 12 tregonte nj\u00eb shkronj\u00eb nga A<\/code> deri n\u00eb I<\/code>, n\u00eb rreshtin 11-t\u00eb \u2014 nga J<\/code> deri n\u00eb R<\/code>, n\u00eb rreshtin zero \u2014 nga S<\/code> deri n\u00eb Z<\/code>. Nj\u00eb «tabulator alfabetik» mund t\u00eb printonte emrin e \u00e7do grupi kartash s\u00eb bashku me shumat nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse; n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, nj\u00eb kolon\u00eb e pap\u00ebrfshir\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb midis simboleve. Vini re se S<\/code> sh\u00ebnohet me kombinimin e vrimave 0+2, nd\u00ebrsa kombinimi 0+1 origjinalisht nuk u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb frik\u00ebs se dy vrima pran\u00eb nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb kolon\u00eb mund t\u00eb shkaktonin probleme mekanike n\u00eb lexues.<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

Tani mund ta shikoni tabel\u00ebn BCDIC nga nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd tjet\u00ebr:<\/p>\n

\"Pse<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit se 0 dhe hap\u00ebsira jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrruar nga vendi, dy bit\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb «sh\u00ebnimin special», t\u00eb cilin nga viti 1931 e perforonin n\u00eb kartelin\u00eb p\u00ebr simbolin p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs; nd\u00ebrsa kat\u00ebr bit\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb numrin, i cili perforohej n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn kryesore t\u00eb kartel\u00ebs. Mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr simbolet & - \/<\/code> u shtua n\u00eb tabulator\u00ebt IBM n\u00eb vitet 1930, dhe kodifikimi i k\u00ebtyre simboleve n\u00eb BCDIC p\u00ebrputhej me kombinimet e perforuara p\u00ebr to. Kur nevojitej mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr nj\u00eb num\u00ebr edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb madh simboresh, si nj\u00eb «sh\u00ebnim special» filluan t\u00eb perforonin rreshtin 8 \u2014 k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb kolone mund t\u00eb ishin deri n\u00eb tre perforime. Ky format i kartelave mbeti praktikisht i pandryshuar deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit. N\u00eb BSP u lan\u00eb kodifikimet IBM t\u00eb latin\u00ebs dhe pik\u00ebsimit, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr shkronjat cirilike perforoheshin menj\u00ebher\u00eb disa «sh\u00ebnime speciale» n\u00eb rreshtat 12, 11, 0 \u2014 pa u kufizuar n\u00eb tre perforime n\u00eb nj\u00eb kolone.<\/p>\n

Kur u krijua kompjuteri IBM 704, nuk u mendua gjat\u00eb mbi kodifikimin e simboleve p\u00ebr t\u00eb: u mor kodimi q\u00eb ishte tashm\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb kartolat dhe vet\u00ebm 0 «u vendos n\u00eb vend». N\u00eb vitin 1964, gjat\u00eb kalimit nga BCDIC n\u00eb EBCDIC, kat\u00ebr bit\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb \u00e7do simboli u lan\u00eb pa ndryshuar, megjith\u00ebse pak u p\u00ebrzihen bit\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu format i kartelave, i zgjedhur nga Hollerith n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar, kishte ndikim n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn e t\u00eb gjitha kompjuter\u00ebve IBM, deri n\u00eb IBM Z p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 1963, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442 ASCII. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c EBCDIC \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432 IBM \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0421 \u042d\u0412\u041c. 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