{"id":96352,"date":"2020-10-10T19:42:57","date_gmt":"2020-10-10T17:42:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki"},"modified":"2020-10-10T19:42:57","modified_gmt":"2020-10-10T17:42:57","slug":"dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki","title":{"rendered":"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/skillfactory\/blog\/522416\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/536d0b3fb4641c946cdfb122c88a7e6b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nFollet ndihmojm\u00eb p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit e s\u00eb ardhmes, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt dekodifikojn\u00eb big data organike. Gjat\u00eb dy dekadave t\u00eb fundit, sasia e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave biologjike q\u00eb mund t\u00eb analizohen ka rritur shum\u00eb her\u00eb fal\u00eb dekodimit t\u00eb gjeniut t\u00eb njeriut. Para k\u00ebsaj, nuk mund t\u00eb imagjinonim se informacionet q\u00eb ruhen literal n\u00eb gjakun ton\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar origjin\u00ebn ton\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar se si organizmi do t\u00eb reagoj\u00eb ndaj disa medikamenteve, dhe madje p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndryshuar trash\u00ebgimin\u00eb ton\u00eb biologjike. <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nKy dhe artikuj t\u00eb tjer\u00eb dalin s\u00eb pari n\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.skillfactory.ru\/\">blogun e tij<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb faqen ton\u00eb. Lexim t\u00eb k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n<p>\nAtributet e zakonshme t\u00eb nj\u00eb bioinformaticieni jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat si ato t\u00eb nj\u00eb programuesi \u2014 sy t\u00eb kuq, q\u00ebndrim i konsumuar dhe gjurm\u00eb kafeje mbi tavolin\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs. Megjithat\u00eb, mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb tavolin\u00eb, puna nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi algoritme abstrakte dhe komanda, por mbi kodin e natyr\u00ebs vet\u00eb, i cili mund t\u00eb na tregoj\u00eb shum\u00eb rreth nesh dhe bot\u00ebs p\u00ebrreth.<\/p>\n<p>Specialist\u00ebt n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb p\u00ebrballen me sasit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (p\u00ebr shembull, rezultatet e sekvencimit t\u00eb gjeniut t\u00eb nj\u00eb njeriu z\u00ebn\u00eb rreth 100 gigabajt). K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebrpunimi i k\u00ebtij sasi informacioni k\u00ebrkon qasje dhe mjete t\u00eb Data Science. \u00cbsht\u00eb e arsyeshme q\u00eb nj\u00eb bioinformaticien i suksessh\u00ebm duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb njohuri jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr biologjin\u00eb dhe kimik\u00ebn, por edhe p\u00ebr metodat e analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, statistikat dhe matematik\u00ebn \u2014 kjo e b\u00ebn profesionin e tij t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequr dhe t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar. K\u00ebta specialist\u00eb jan\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm n\u00eb fushat e mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb inovative dhe zhvillimin e medikamenteve. Gigant\u00ebt teknologjik\u00eb si IBM dhe Intel\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.watson.ibm.com\/researcher\/view_group.php?id=137\">hapin programet e tyre<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u00eb dedikuara p\u00ebr studimin e bioinformatik\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7far\u00eb nevojitet p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb bioinformaticien?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Biologji dhe kimik\u00eb (niveli universitar);<\/li>\n<li>Statistika, algebra lineare, teoria e probabiliteteve;<\/li>\n<li>Gjuha t\u00eb programimit (Python dhe R, shpesh p\u00ebrdoret edhe C++);<\/li>\n<li>P\u00ebr bioinformatik\u00ebn strukturore: kuptim i analiz\u00ebs matematikore dhe teoris\u00eb s\u00eb diferencialeve.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMund t\u00eb hysh n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e bioinformatik\u00ebs si me nj\u00eb baz\u00eb biologjike, ashtu edhe me njohuri p\u00ebr programimin dhe matematik\u00ebn. P\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme puna me programe t\u00eb gatshme bioinformatike, p\u00ebr t\u00eb dyt\u00ebt \u2014 nj\u00eb profil m\u00eb algoritmik t\u00eb specialitetit.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/5192029ac900077228db8d9788953d8f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformaticien\u00ebt?<\/h2>\n<p>\nBioinformatika moderne ndahet n\u00eb dy deg\u00eb kryesore \u2014 bioinformatik\u00eb strukturore dhe bioinformatik\u00eb sekuencash. N\u00eb rastin e par\u00eb, ne shohim nj\u00eb person q\u00eb q\u00ebndron para kompjuterit dhe fillon programe q\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb n\u00eb studimin e objekteve biologjike (p\u00ebr shembull, ADN ose proteina) n\u00eb vizualizimin 3D. Ata nd\u00ebrtuan modele kompjuterike, duke parashikuar se si molekula e medikamentit do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveproj\u00eb me protein\u00ebn, si duket struktura hap\u00ebsinore e protein\u00ebs n\u00eb qeliz\u00eb, cilat jan\u00eb vetit\u00eb e molekulave q\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimet e saj me strukturat qelizore, etj. <\/p>\n<p>Metodat e bioinformatik\u00ebs strukturore p\u00ebrdoren aktivisht si n\u00eb shkenc\u00ebn akademike ashtu edhe n\u00eb industri: \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb imagjinosh nj\u00eb kompani farmaceutike q\u00eb kalon pa k\u00ebta specialist\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb viteve t\u00eb fundit, metodologjit\u00eb kompjuterike kan\u00eb lejuar t\u00eb thjesht\u00ebsohet shum\u00eb procesi i k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb medikamenteve potenciale, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb zhvillimi farmaceutik t\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb proces shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/33c166685102e86dd497e2ac17a86525.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nARN-polimeraza e varur nga ARN e SARS-CoV-2 (majtas), si dhe lidhja e saj me dublikatin e ARN.\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pdb101.rcsb.org\/motm\/249\">Burimi.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb gjeni?<\/h2>\n<p>\nGjeni \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjith\u00eb informacioni mbi struktur\u00ebn e trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00eb organizmi. Praktikisht te t\u00eb gjitha qeniet e gjalla, bart\u00ebsi i genomit \u00ebsht\u00eb ADN, por ka organizma q\u00eb transmetojn\u00eb informacionin e tyre trash\u00ebgimor n\u00eb form\u00ebn e ARN. Gjeni transmetohet nga prind\u00ebrit te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, dhe gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtij procesi transmetimi mund t\u00eb ndodhin gabime \u2014 mutacione.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/2308841ee478fdd46312f36df7b134e1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nNd\u00ebrveprimi i medikamentit remdesivir me ARN-polimeraz\u00ebn e varur nga ARN t\u00eb virusit SARS-CoV-2.\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/early\/2020\/04\/30\/science.abc1560\/tab-article-info?versioned=true\">Burimi.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Bioinformatika e sekuencave punon me nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb organizimi t\u00eb materies s\u00eb gjall\u00eb \u2014 duke filluar nga nucleotide t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, ADN dhe gjene, dhe p\u00ebrfundon me t\u00eb gjith\u00eb genomet dhe krahasimet e tyre me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. <\/p>\n<p>Imagjinoni nj\u00eb person q\u00eb sheh p\u00ebrpara nj\u00eb grup shkronjash t\u00eb alfabetit (por jo t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht t\u00eb atyre gjenetik ose aminoacidesh) dhe k\u00ebrkon modele n\u00eb to, duke i shpjeguar dhe konfirmuar ato n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb statistikore, duke p\u00ebrdorur metoda kompjuterike. Bioinformatika e sekuencave shpjegon se me cilin mutacion lidhet nj\u00eb ose tjet\u00ebr s\u00ebmundje apo pse n\u00eb gjakun e pacientit akumulohen substanca t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mjek\u00ebsore, bioinformatik\u00ebt e sekuencave studiojn\u00eb modelet e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb organizmave n\u00eb Tok\u00eb, ndryshimet popullore midis grupeve t\u00eb kafsh\u00ebve, rolet dhe funksionet e gjeneve t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. Fal\u00eb k\u00ebsaj shkence, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb kontrollohet efikasiteti i ila\u00e7eve dhe t\u00eb studiohen mekanizmat biologjike q\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb veprimin e tyre. <\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr shembull, fal\u00eb analiz\u00ebs bioinformatike jan\u00eb zbuluar dhe p\u00ebrshkruar mutacione q\u00eb shkaktojn\u00eb zhvillimin e fibroz\u00ebs cistike \u2014 nj\u00eb s\u00ebmundjeje monogjenike, t\u00eb shkaktuar nga defekti i nj\u00eb gjeni t\u00eb nj\u00ebrit nga kanalet e klorit. Gjithashtu, tani e dim\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb se kush \u00ebsht\u00eb bashk\u00ebatdhetari m\u00eb i af\u00ebrt biologjik i njeriut dhe si jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb paraardh\u00ebsit tan\u00eb n\u00eb planet. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, \u00e7do personi, duke lexuar gjenomin e tij, mund t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb nga vjen fisi i tij dhe se cfar\u00eb grupi etnik i takon. Numri i sh\u00ebrbimeve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.23andme.com\/en-int\/\">23andme<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myheritage.com\/?lang=RU\">MyHeritage<\/a><\/noindex>) dhe ruse (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.genotek.ru\/\">Genotek<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/atlas.ru\/\">Atlas<\/a><\/noindex>) q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u00e7mim relativisht t\u00eb ul\u00ebt (p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht 20 mij\u00eb rubla).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/665c39b68b7765de247975d54295965d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nRezultatet e analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb testit t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb p\u00ebr origjin\u00ebn dhe p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsin\u00eb popullore nga kompania MyHeritage.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/094c673bae28ff97e04ac28e2ec19c62.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nRezultatet e analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb testit t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsin\u00eb popullore nga kompania 23andMe.<\/p>\n<h2>Si lexohet gjenomi?<\/h2>\n<p>\nSot, sekvencimi i gjenomit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb procedur\u00eb rutin\u00eb q\u00eb do t'i kushtoj\u00eb \u00e7do d\u00ebshmitari rreth\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/genetico.ru\/price\/uslugi-po-sevenirovaniyu\">150<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0mij\u00eb rubla (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb, n\u00eb Rusi). P\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar gjenomin e tij, \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb dor\u00ebzohet nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb e gjakut nga vena n\u00eb nj\u00eb laborator t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb: pas dy jav\u00ebsh do t\u00eb merrni nj\u00eb rezultat t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb detajuar t\u00eb karakteristikave tuaja gjenetike. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 gjenomit tuaj, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb analizohet gjenomi i mikrobiot\u00ebs s\u00eb zorr\u00ebve: do t\u00eb m\u00ebsoni karakteristikat e baktereve q\u00eb banojn\u00eb sistemin tuaj tret\u00ebs, si dhe do t\u00eb merrni k\u00ebshilla nga nj\u00eb dietolog profesionist.<\/p>\n<p>Gjenomi mund t\u00eb lexohet me metoda t\u00eb ndryshme, nj\u00eb nga metodat kryesore aktualisht \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201csekvencimi i brezit t\u00eb ri\u201d. P\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer k\u00ebt\u00eb procedur\u00eb, duhet s\u00eb pari t\u00eb merrni mostra biologjike. N\u00eb \u00e7do qeliz\u00eb t\u00eb organizmit, gjenomi \u00ebsht\u00eb i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, prandaj zakonisht p\u00ebr leximin e gjenomit merret gjak (\u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb). Pas k\u00ebsaj, qelizat shkat\u00ebrrohen dhe ADN-ja ndahet nga gjith\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr. Pastaj, ADN-ja e marr\u00eb cop\u00ebzohet n\u00eb shum\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb vogla dhe &quot;mbi t\u00eb gjitha&quot; vendosen adapater\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb \u2014 sekuenca t\u00eb njohura t\u00eb sintetuara artificialisht. M\u00eb pas, zinxhir\u00ebt e ADN-s\u00eb ndahen dhe nj\u00ebqind zinxhir\u00ebt e vetme me ndihm\u00ebn e adapater\u00ebve i bashkohen nj\u00eb pllake t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, mbi t\u00eb cil\u00ebn kryhet sekvencimi. Gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb sekvencimit, n\u00eb sekuenc\u00ebn e ADN-s\u00eb i bashkohen nucleotide t\u00eb etiketuar me fluorescenc\u00eb. \u00c7do nucleotide e etiketuar, kur lidhet, l\u00ebshon nj\u00eb rreze drit\u00eb me nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi vale t\u00eb caktuar, q\u00eb regjistrohet n\u00eb kompjuter. K\u00ebshtu kompjuteri lexon sekuenca t\u00eb shkurtra t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb fillestare, t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb pas, me ndihm\u00ebn e algoritmeve t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, grumbullohen n\u00eb gjenomin origjinal. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ef75492ee521ce99c4f56472b1904b10.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nShembuj t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me t\u00eb cilat punojn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt e sekuencave: rreshtimi i sekuencave aminoacideve. <\/p>\n<h2>Ku punojn\u00eb dhe sa fitojn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?<\/h2>\n<p>\nRruga e nj\u00eb bioinformatiku tradicionalisht ndan n\u00eb dy fusha kryesore \u2014 industri dhe shkenc\u00eb. Karriera e nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtari bioinformatik fillon zakonisht me nj\u00eb pozita doktorante n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga institutet e m\u00ebdha. Fillimisht, bioinformatik\u00ebt fitojn\u00eb nj\u00eb pag\u00eb baz\u00eb, e cila varet nga instituti i tyre, numri i granteve n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat ata marrin pjes\u00eb, si dhe numri i afiliasioneve \u2014 vendeve ku ata jan\u00eb pun\u00ebsuar zyrtarisht. Me kalimin e koh\u00ebs, numri i granteve dhe afiliasioneve rritet, dhe diku pas disa vitesh pune n\u00eb mjedisin akademik, nj\u00eb bioinformatik merr pa problem nj\u00eb pag\u00eb mesatare (70-80 mij\u00eb rubla), megjithat\u00eb shum\u00eb varet nga p\u00ebrkushtimi dhe pun\u00ebtor\u00ebsia. Bioinformatik\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb, p\u00ebrfundimisht, krijojn\u00eb laborator\u00eb t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb fushat e specializimit t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/93dd91f70cb88dad950ece1f1417e89f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Ku studiojn\u00eb p\u00ebr bioinformatik?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>MSU \u2014 Fakulteti i Bioinxhineris\u00eb dhe Bioinformatik\u00ebs<\/li>\n<li>HSE \u2014 Analiza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb biologji dhe mjek\u00ebsi (programi master)<\/li>\n<li>MIPT \u2014 Katedra e Bioinformatik\u00ebs<\/li>\n<li>Instituti i Bioinformatik\u00ebs (NKO)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNdryshe nga akademia, askush n\u00eb industri nuk do t\u00eb humbas\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebsimin e aft\u00ebsive t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr nj\u00eb punonj\u00ebs, prandaj dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb zakonisht m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb hysh atje. Rruga karrier\u00ebs s\u00eb bioinformatikut n\u00eb industri varion shum\u00eb n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb specializimit dhe vendit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. N\u00eb mesatare, paga n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb luhatet\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/rb.ru\/opinion\/segodnya-i-zavtra\/\">nga 70 mij\u00eb deri n\u00eb 150<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0mij\u00eb rubla, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs dhe specializimit.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Bioinformatic\u00ebt e njohur<\/h2>\n<p>\nHistoria e bioinformatik\u00ebs duhet t\u00eb niset nga Frederick Sanger, nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar britanik q\u00eb mori \u00c7mimin Nobel p\u00ebr Kimin\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1980 p\u00ebr zbulimin e metod\u00ebs p\u00ebr leximin e sekuencave t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. Q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb, metodat e leximit t\u00eb sekuencave jan\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar \u00e7do vit, megjithat\u00eb metoda \"sekvencimit t\u00eb Sangerit\" ka sh\u00ebrbyer si themeli p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha hulumtimet e m\u00ebpasshme n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/00e08a801b66d87729ae03152c14e991.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Dhe, shum\u00eb programe t\u00eb krijuara nga shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur gjer\u00ebsisht sot n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn \u2014 p\u00ebr shembull, mbledh\u00ebsi i genomit\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/cab.spbu.ru\/software\/spades\/\">SPAdes<\/a><\/noindex>, \u2014 mbledh\u00ebsi i genomit i Sh\u00ebn Petersburgut, i krijuar n\u00eb Institutin e Sh\u00ebn Petersburgut, ndihmon shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt nga e gjith\u00eb bota t\u00eb mbledhin sekuenca t\u00eb shkurtra ADN-je n\u00eb sekuenca t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, p\u00ebr t\u00eb rikonstruktuar genomet origjinale t\u00eb organizmave.<\/p>\n<h2>Zbulimet dhe arritjet n\u00eb bioinformatik\u00eb<\/h2>\n<p>\nN\u00eb koh\u00ebt tona, bioinformatic\u00ebt b\u00ebjn\u00eb shum\u00eb zbulime t\u00eb dobishme. Nuk do t\u00eb ishte e mundur t\u00eb imagjinohej zhvillimi i barnave kund\u00ebr koronavirusit pa dekodimin e genomit t\u00eb tij dhe nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar bioinformatike t\u00eb proceseve q\u00eb ndodhin gjat\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes. Nj\u00eb grup\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/117\/26\/15193.abstract\">grup<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebsh nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrdorur metoda krahasuese t\u00eb genomik\u00ebs dhe m\u00ebsimin e makinerive, arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb kuptonin se \u00e7far\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt koronaviruset me patogjen\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Doli se nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto karakteristika \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimi i sinjaleve t\u00eb lokalizimit b\u00ebrthamor (NLS) t\u00eb viruseve patogjene gjat\u00eb evolucionit. Kjo studim mund t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb studimin e varianteve t\u00eb viruseve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb potencialisht t\u00eb rrezikshme p\u00ebr njeriun n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, dhe ndoshta t\u00eb filloj\u00eb zhvillimin parandalues t\u00eb barnave.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, bioinformatic\u00ebt luajt\u00ebn nj\u00eb rol ky\u00e7 n\u00eb zhvillimin e metodave t\u00eb reja t\u00eb redaktimit t\u00eb genomit, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, sistemit CRISPR\/Cas9 (nj\u00eb teknologji e bazuar n\u00eb sistemin imunitar\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postnauka.ru\/video\/19459\">t\u00eb baktereve<\/a><\/noindex>). Fal\u00eb analiz\u00ebs bioinformatike t\u00eb strukturave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb proteinave dhe zhvillimit t\u00eb tyre evolutiv, sakt\u00ebsia dhe efikasiteti i k\u00ebtij sistemi jan\u00eb rritur shum\u00eb n\u00eb vitet e fundit, duke lejuar redaktimin e q\u00ebllimsh\u00ebm t\u00eb genomit t\u00eb shum\u00eb organizmave (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb njeriun).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_banner&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=habr_banner\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda nesh: \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb bioinformatik\u00ebt?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/23d7a5e5d1adb8f08e2216fbd39c7a64.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nMund t\u00eb fitoni nj\u00eb profesion t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar nga fillimi ose t\u00eb avanconi n\u00eb aft\u00ebsi dhe pag\u00eb duke kaluar kurset online t\u00eb SkillFactory:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/data-scientist?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_DST&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">M\u00ebsimi i profesionit t\u00eb Data Science nga e para<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/data-science-camp?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_DSTCAMP&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Buthkampi online p\u00ebr Data Science<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/business-analytics-camp?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_DACAMP&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Buthkampi online p\u00ebr Data Analytics<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/dataanalystpro?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_DAPR&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profesion analist me \u00e7do nivel fillestar<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/python-for-web-developers?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_PWS&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Kursi \u00abPython p\u00ebr zhvillim web\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>                        <b class=\"spoiler_title\">E tjera kurse<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/ml-programma-machine-learning-online?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_ML&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Kursi mbi Machine Learning<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/ml-and-dl?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_MLDL&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Kursi i avancuar \u00abMachine Learning Pro + Deep Learning\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/math_and_ml?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_MATML&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Kursi \u00abMatematika dhe Machine Learning p\u00ebr Data Science\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/analytics?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_SDA&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Kursi p\u00ebr analitik\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/devops?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_DEVOPS&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Kursi mbi DevOps<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/webdev?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_WEBDEV&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profesion Zhvillues Web<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/iosdev?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_IOSDEV&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profili i zhvilluesit iOS nga zero<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/android?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_ANDR&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profili i zhvilluesit Android nga zero<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/java?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_JAVA&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profesion Zhvillues Java nga zero<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/javascript?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_FJS&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Kursi mbi JavaScript<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/contented.ru\/edu\/uxdesigner?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_UXS&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profesion UX-dizajner nga zero<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/contented.ru\/edu\/webdesigner?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_WBDS&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=081020\">Profesion Web-dizajner<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/skillfactory\/blog\/522444\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0438\u0433-\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443.\u00a0\u0417\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":96353,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- 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