{"id":96636,"date":"2020-10-13T07:42:45","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T05:42:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/opredelyaem-napravlenie-na-aeroport-s-pomoshhyu-rtl-sdr-i-gnu-radio"},"modified":"2020-10-13T07:42:45","modified_gmt":"2020-10-13T05:42:45","slug":"opredelyaem-napravlenie-na-aeroport-s-pomoshhyu-rtl-sdr-i-gnu-radio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/opredelyaem-napravlenie-na-aeroport-s-pomoshhyu-rtl-sdr-i-gnu-radio","title":{"rendered":"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>P\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, Habr!<\/p>\n<p>Aktualisht, nuk ka shum\u00eb standarte komunikimi q\u00eb, nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, jan\u00eb shum\u00eb interesante dhe t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse, dhe nga ana tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebrshkrimi i tyre nuk z\u00eb 500 faqe n\u00eb format PDF. Nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u dekoduar, \u00ebsht\u00eb sinjali VHF Omni-directional Radio Beacon (VOR), i cili p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb aeronavigacion.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/d2cb34b4e4f4d10f5805d83f68d9ca23.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>VOR Beacon (c) wikimedia.org<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Fillimisht, nj\u00eb pyetje p\u00ebr lexuesit \u2014 si mund t\u00eb formohet sinjali n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb me nj\u00eb anten\u00eb pranuese t\u00eb paqart\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet drejtimi? P\u00ebrgjigja m\u00eb posht\u00eb.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Informacion i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm<\/h2>\n<p>\nSistemi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VHF_omnidirectional_range\">Gama shum\u00eb e lart\u00eb t\u00eb frekuencave Omni-directional<\/a><\/noindex> (VOR) \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr aeronavigacion q\u00eb nga vitet '50 t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga radio-majak\u00eb me distanc\u00eb relativisht t\u00eb vog\u00ebl (100-200 km), q\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb n\u00eb gam\u00ebn e frekuencave VHF 108-117 MHz. Tani, n\u00eb epok\u00ebn e gigaher\u00ebve, emri gama shum\u00eb e lart\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebto frekuenca ting\u00ebllon qesharake dhe vet\u00eb thot\u00eb p\u00ebr <i>mosh\u00ebn<\/i> t\u00eb k\u00ebtij standardi, por p\u00ebr k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimin, ende punojn\u00eb majak\u00ebt <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-directional_beacon\">NDB<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb n\u00eb gam\u00ebn e val\u00ebve t\u00eb mesme 400-900 kHz. <\/p>\n<p>Vendosja e nj\u00eb antene drejtuese n\u00eb aeroplan \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimisht e pak\u00ebndshme, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb lindi nevoja p\u00ebr ta koduar informacionin mbi drejtimin n\u00eb vet\u00eb sinjalin e majakut. Principi i funksionimit \u201cme gishta\u201d mund t\u00eb shpjegohet k\u00ebshtu. Imagjinoni se kemi nj\u00eb majak t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, q\u00eb d\u00ebrgon nj\u00eb rreze t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb drit\u00eb t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr, lamp\u00eb e cila rrotullohet nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb minut\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb minuta ne do t\u00eb shohim nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrthim drite, por nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrthim i till\u00eb nuk ka shum\u00eb informacion. Le t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb dyt\u00eb <i>pa drejtim<\/i> nj\u00eb drit\u00eb n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe, q\u00eb shp\u00ebrthen n\u00eb momentin kur rrezeja e flamurit \"kalon\" drejtimin n\u00eb veri. Duke qen\u00eb se periudha e shp\u00ebrthimeve dhe koordinatat e flamurit jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura, duke llogaritur vones\u00ebn mes shp\u00ebrthimeve t\u00eb kuqe dhe t\u00eb gjelbra, mund t\u00eb zbulojm\u00eb azimutin n\u00eb veri. E gjitha \u00ebsht\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb. Mbetej t\u00eb b\u00ebhet e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb, por me ndihm\u00ebn e radios. Kjo u zgjidh me an\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshimit t\u00eb fazave. P\u00ebr transmetim p\u00ebrdoren dy sinjale: faza e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme (reference), faza e dyt\u00eb (variable) ndryshon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb komplekse n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb drejtimit t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes \u2014 \u00e7do k\u00ebnd korrespondon me nj\u00eb zhvendosje t\u00eb vetme t\u00eb faz\u00ebs. K\u00ebshtu, \u00e7do pranues do t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb sinjal me \"zhvendosjen\" e tij t\u00eb faz\u00ebs, proporcionale me azimutin e flamurit. Teknologjia e \"modulimit hap\u00ebsinor\" realizohet me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb antene speciale (Alford Loop, shiko KDPV) dhe nj\u00eb modulimi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, mjaft t\u00eb men\u00e7ur. Kjo, n\u00eb fakt, \u00ebsht\u00eb tema e k\u00ebtij artikulli.<\/p>\n<p>Imagjinoni se kemi nj\u00eb flamur legjendar, q\u00eb punon q\u00eb nga vitet 50, dhe transmeton sinjale n\u00eb modulimin AM t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm duke p\u00ebrdorur alfabetsin Morse. Ka disa koh\u00eb, ndoshta, pilot\u00ebt n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i d\u00ebgjonin k\u00ebto sinjale me kufje dhe sh\u00ebnonin drejtimet me nj\u00eb linj\u00eb dhe kompas n\u00eb hart\u00eb. Ne duam t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb funksione t\u00eb reja n\u00eb sinjal, por n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb \"t\u00eb mos prishim\" kompatibilitetin me t\u00eb vjetrat. Tema \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur, asgj\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e re... Kjo u realizua k\u00ebshtu \u2014 n\u00eb sinjalin AM u shtua nj\u00eb ton i ul\u00ebt 30 Hz, i cili kryen funksionin e sinjalit reference-phase, dhe nj\u00eb komponent\u00eb me frekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, e koduar me modulim frekuence n\u00eb 9.96 kHz, e cila transmeton sinjalin variable phase. Duke ndar\u00eb dy sinjale dhe duke krahasuar fazat, ne marrim k\u00ebndin e d\u00ebshiruar nga 0 deri n\u00eb 360 grad\u00eb, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb azimuti i nevojsh\u00ebm. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, e gjith\u00eb kjo nuk do ta pengoj\u00eb d\u00ebgjimin e flamurit \"n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshme\" dhe mbetet e kompatibilshme me pranuesit e vjet\u00ebr AM. <\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb kalojm\u00eb nga teoria n\u00eb praktik\u00eb. T\u00eb nisim pranuesin SDR, zgjedhim modulimin AM dhe gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e brezit 12 kHz. Frekuencat e flamur\u00ebve VOR mund t\u00eb gjenden leht\u00ebsisht n\u00eb rrjet. N\u00eb spektrin, sinjali duket si m\u00eb posht\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/0c3ce8f56cf66d9f42aea0d7a41a1cc9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, sinjali i flamurit transmetohet n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 113.950 MHz. N\u00eb qend\u00ebr shikohet nj\u00eb linj\u00eb e njohshme e modulimit t\u00eb amplitud\u00ebs dhe sinjale t\u00eb koduara me alfabetsin Morse (.- \u2014 \u2026 q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb AMS, Amsterdami, aeroporti Schiphol). Rreth 9.6 kHz larg nga mbart\u00ebsi shihen dy maja, q\u00eb transmetojn\u00eb sinjalin e dyt\u00eb. <\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb regjistroni sinjalin n\u00eb WAV (jo MP3 \u2014 kompresimi me humbje do t\u00eb \"vras\u00eb\" t\u00eb gjith\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e sinjalit) dhe ta hapni at\u00eb n\u00eb GNU Radio.<\/p>\n<h2>Dekodimi<\/h2>\n<p>\n<b>Hapi 1<\/b>. T\u00eb hapim skedarin me sinjalin e regjistruar dhe t'i aplikojm\u00eb nj\u00eb filtrit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb sinjalin e par\u00eb reference. Grafikja e GNU Radio \u00ebsht\u00eb e ilustruar n\u00eb figur\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/9f4c9f41ca6daaf7ad01d635c7c0983f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRezultati: sinjal i ul\u00ebt me frekuenc\u00eb 30 Hz.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/c41754fc282773d82bf1c18243790f91.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b>Hapi 2<\/b>: dekodojm\u00eb sinjalin variable phase. Si\u00e7 u tha m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, ai ndodhet n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 9.96 kHz, na nevojitet ta kurojm\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn zero dhe ta d\u00ebrgojm\u00eb n\u00eb FM-demodulator.<\/p>\n<p>Grafiku i GNU Radio:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/b9ed97cf96ff37e6e4499e65dfabcead.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nE gjith\u00eb kjo, problemi \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjidhur. Ne shohim dy sinjale, ndryshimi i fazave t\u00eb cil\u00ebve tregon k\u00ebndin nga prij\u00ebsi deri te VOR-majaka:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/f4e5b8ed21ba562c01deb583524910c0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSinjali \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i zhurmsh\u00ebm, dhe p\u00ebr llogaritjen p\u00ebrfundimtare t\u00eb ndryshimit t\u00eb faz\u00ebs mund t\u00eb nevojitet filtrimi shtes\u00eb, por shpresoj se principi \u00ebsht\u00eb i qart\u00eb. P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb harruar si p\u00ebrcaktohet ndryshimi i faz\u00ebs, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb imazh nga <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/aviation.stackexchange.com\/questions\/33834\/what-causes-the-phase-to-change-in-a-vor\">aviation.stackexchange.com<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/529ab3d50c6002b8246f2528e4128c63.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nFatmir\u00ebsisht, t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t'i b\u00ebsh manualisht: ekziston tashm\u00eb nj\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/martinber\/vor-python-decoder\">projekt i gatsh\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Python, i cili dekodon sinjalet VOR nga skedar\u00ebt WAV. N\u00eb fakt, studimi i tij m\u00eb frym\u00ebzoi p\u00ebr t\u00eb hetuar k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb mund ta ekzekutojn\u00eb programin n\u00eb konsol dhe t\u00eb marrin k\u00ebndin e gatsh\u00ebm n\u00eb grad\u00eb nga nj\u00eb skedar i regjistruar tashm\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/a8314406755294ba96c28fd7cbdd94da.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nT\u00eb apasionuarit pas aviacionit madje mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb pranues portativ nga RTL-SDR dhe Raspberry Pi. P\u00ebr ironi, n\u00eb nj\u00eb aeroplan \"t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb\" ky tregues duket m\u00eb shum\u00eb k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin drejt aeroportit me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/04163d9dfd1ae681128745fc7e4158b7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nImazhi &copy; <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aopa.org\">www.aopa.org<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>P\u00ebrfundim<\/h2>\n<p>\nSinjalet e k\u00ebtij lloji \"nga shekulli i kaluar\" jan\u00eb padyshim t\u00eb interesuara p\u00ebr analiz\u00eb. S\u00eb pari, ato jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb thjeshta, DRM moderne ose akoma m\u00eb shum\u00eb GSM, nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb dekodohen k\u00ebshtu \"me gishta\". Ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb hapura p\u00ebr mbulim, nuk kan\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsa dhe kriptografi. S\u00eb dyti, ndoshta, n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen ato do t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb histori dhe do t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen nga navigimi satelitor dhe sisteme m\u00eb moderne dixhitale. S\u00eb treti, studimi i standart\u00ebve t\u00eb till\u00eb lejon t\u00eb dihen detaje interesante teknike dhe historike se si u zgjidh\u00ebn detyrat me arkitektur\u00eb dhe baza p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebse t\u00eb shekulli t\u00eb kaluar. K\u00ebshtu, pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb pranuesve mund t'u rekomandohet t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb k\u00ebto sinjale, derisa ato t\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb ende.<\/p>\n<p>Si zakonisht, uroj eksperimente t\u00eb suksesshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb.<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/522828\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0436 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 500 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 PDF. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b VHF Omni-directional Radio Beacon (VOR), \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. 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