{"id":96636,"date":"2020-10-13T07:42:45","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T05:42:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/opredelyaem-napravlenie-na-aeroport-s-pomoshhyu-rtl-sdr-i-gnu-radio"},"modified":"2020-10-13T07:42:45","modified_gmt":"2020-10-13T05:42:45","slug":"opredelyaem-napravlenie-na-aeroport-s-pomoshhyu-rtl-sdr-i-gnu-radio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/opredelyaem-napravlenie-na-aeroport-s-pomoshhyu-rtl-sdr-i-gnu-radio","title":{"rendered":"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>P\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, Habr!<\/p>\n<p>Aktualisht, nuk ka shum\u00eb standarde komunikimi q\u00eb jan\u00eb, nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, interesante dhe t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse, dhe nga ana tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebrshkrimi i tyre nuk merr 500 faqe n\u00eb formatin PDF. Nj\u00eb prej tyre, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb p\u00ebr dekodim, \u00ebsht\u00eb sinjali VHF Omni-directional Radio Beacon (VOR), i p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb aeronautik\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/d2cb34b4e4f4d10f5805d83f68d9ca23.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>VOR Beacon (c) wikimedia.org<\/i><\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb filluar, nj\u00eb pyetje p\u00ebr lexuesit - si t\u00eb formohet sinjali n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb me nj\u00eb anten\u00eb pranuese t\u00eb padrejtuar t\u00eb ishte e mundur t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet drejtimi? P p\u00ebrgjigjen posht\u00eb.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Informacion i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm<\/h2>\n<p>\nSistemi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VHF_omnidirectional_range\">Very high frequency Omni-directional Range<\/a><\/noindex> (VOR) \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr aeronautik\u00eb q\u00eb nga vitet '50 t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar, dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga radar\u00eb relativisht me nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl (100-200 km), q\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb intervalin e frekuencave VHF 108-117 MHz. Tani, n\u00eb epok\u00ebn e gigahertz, emri very high frequency p\u00ebr k\u00ebto frekuenca ting\u00ebllon qesharake dhe vet\u00eb tregon p\u00ebr <i>mosh\u00ebn<\/i> e k\u00ebtij standardi, por p\u00ebr fat t\u00eb mir\u00eb, ende punojn\u00eb radar\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-directional_beacon\">NDB<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb intervalin e valeve t\u00eb mesme 400-900 KHz. <\/p>\n<p>Vendosja e nj\u00eb antene t\u00eb drejtuar n\u00eb aeroplan \u00ebsht\u00eb konstruktivisht e pak\u00ebndshme, prandaj ka lindur detyra se si t\u00eb kodifikohet informacioni p\u00ebr drejtimin n\u00eb majak brenda sinjalit t\u00eb vet. Parimi i funksionimit 'n\u00eb gishta' mund t\u00eb shpjegohet si m\u00eb posht\u00eb. Le t\u00eb paramendojm\u00eb se kemi nj\u00eb majak t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, q\u00eb d\u00ebrgon nj\u00eb rreze t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb drit\u00eb t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr, llamba e t\u00eb cilit rrotullohet nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb minut\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb minut\u00eb do t\u00eb shohim nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrthim drit\u00eb, por nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrthim i till\u00eb nuk merr shum\u00eb informacion. Le t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb nj\u00eb majak t\u00eb dyt\u00eb <i>t\u00eb pafuqishme<\/i> nj\u00eb llamp\u00eb me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe, e cila shk\u00ebndijon n\u00eb momentin kur rrezeja e p\u00ebr\u00e7uesit \"kalon\" drejtimin verior. Duke qen\u00eb se periudha e shk\u00ebndijave dhe koordinatat e far\u00ebs jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura, duke llogaritur vones\u00ebn mes shk\u00ebndijave t\u00eb kuqe dhe t\u00eb gjelbr\u00ebs, mund t\u00eb zbulohet azimuti n\u00eb veri. E thjesht\u00eb. Duhet b\u00ebr\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb, por me an\u00eb t\u00eb radios. Ky problem u zgjidh duke ndryshuar fazat. P\u00ebr transmetim, p\u00ebrdoren dy sinjale: faza e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme (reference), faza e dyt\u00eb (variab\u00ebl) ndryshon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb komplekse n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb drejtimit t\u00eb rrezatimit \u2014 \u00e7do k\u00ebnd ka nj\u00eb zhvendosje faze t\u00eb vet\u00ebn. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, \u00e7do marr\u00ebs do t\u00eb marr\u00eb sinjalin me \"zhvendosjen\" e tij t\u00eb faz\u00ebs, proporcionale me azimutin n\u00eb far\u00eb. Teknologjia e \"modulimit hap\u00ebsinor\" realizohet me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb antene speciale (Alford Loop, shih KDPP) dhe nj\u00eb modulim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, mjaft t\u00eb zgjuar. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht tema e k\u00ebtij artikulli.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb imagjinojm\u00eb se kemi nj\u00eb marshe t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm legacy, i cili funksionon q\u00eb nga vitet '50, duke d\u00ebrguar sinjale n\u00eb modifikimin AM me kodin Morse. Ka gjasa q\u00eb nj\u00ebher\u00eb, pilot\u00ebt v\u00ebrtet e kan\u00eb d\u00ebgjuar k\u00ebto sinjale n\u00eb kufje dhe kan\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar drejtimet me nj\u00eb linj\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb kompas n\u00eb hart\u00eb. Duam t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb funksione t\u00eb reja n\u00eb sinjal, por pa 'prishur' kompatibilitetin me t\u00eb vjetrat. Tema \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur, asgj\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e re... Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arritur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb ton i ul\u00ebt prej 30 Hz \u00ebsht\u00eb shtuar n\u00eb sinjalin AM, i cili sh\u00ebrben si referenc\u00eb e faz\u00ebs, dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs i lart\u00eb, i koduar n\u00eb modifikim frekuencash me nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb prej 9.96 kHz, d\u00ebrgon nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb faz\u00ebs variabile. Duke ndar\u00eb dy sinjalet dhe krahasuar fazat, ne marrim k\u00ebndin e k\u00ebrkuar nga 0 deri n\u00eb 360 grad\u00eb, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb azimuti i nevojsh\u00ebm. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, gjith\u00e7ka nuk e pengon d\u00ebgjimin e marsheve n\u00eb 'm\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e zakonshme' dhe mbetet e p\u00ebrshtatshme me recepitor\u00ebt e vjet\u00ebr AM. <\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb kalojm\u00eb nga teoria n\u00eb praktik\u00eb. T\u00eb fillojm\u00eb receptorin SDR, t\u00eb zgjedhim modifikimin AM dhe gjat\u00ebsin\u00eb e brezit prej 12 kHz. Frequencat e marsheve VOR mund t\u00eb gjenden leht\u00ebsisht n\u00eb internet. N\u00eb spekt\u00ebr, sinjali duket si m\u00eb posht\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/0c3ce8f56cf66d9f42aea0d7a41a1cc9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, sinjali i faros transmetohet n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 113.950 MHz. N\u00eb qend\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vij\u00eb e leht\u00eb e njohur e modulimit t\u00eb amplitud\u00ebs dhe sinjalet n\u00eb Morse (.- \u2014 \u2026 q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb AMS, Amsterdam, aeroporti Schiphol). Rreth 9.6 kHz nga mb\u00ebshtetja jan\u00eb dy maja, q\u00eb transmetojn\u00eb sinjalin e dyt\u00eb. <\/p>\n<p>Le t\u00eb regjistrojm\u00eb sinjalin n\u00eb WAV (jo MP3 \u2014 kompresimi me humbje \"vret\" t\u00eb gjith\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e sinjalit) dhe ta hapim at\u00eb n\u00eb GNU Radio.<\/p>\n<h2>Dekodimi<\/h2>\n<p>\n<b>Hapi 1<\/b>. T\u00eb hapim skedarin me sinjalin e regjistruar dhe t\u00eb aplikojm\u00eb nj\u00eb filtrin e ul\u00ebt frekuenc\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb sinjalin e par\u00eb referenc\u00eb. Grafiku i GNU Radio \u00ebsht\u00eb i treguar n\u00eb figur\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/9f4c9f41ca6daaf7ad01d635c7c0983f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRezultati: sinjali i ul\u00ebt me frekuenc\u00eb 30 Hz.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/c41754fc282773d82bf1c18243790f91.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b>Hapi 2<\/b>: dekodojm\u00eb sinjalin variable phase. Si\u00e7 u tha m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, ai ndodhet n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 9.96 kHz, dhe na duhet ta transferojm\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn zero dhe ta d\u00ebrgojm\u00eb n\u00eb FM-demodulator.<\/p>\n<p>Grafiku i GNU Radio:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/b9ed97cf96ff37e6e4499e65dfabcead.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nE gjith\u00eb puna \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjidhur. Shohim dy sinjale, ndryshimi i fazave t\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebve tregon k\u00ebndin nga re\u00e7ipienci deri te far\u00eb VOR:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/f4e5b8ed21ba562c01deb583524910c0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSinjali \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft me zhurm\u00eb, dhe mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb filtrimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr llogaritjen p\u00ebrfundimtare t\u00eb diferenc\u00ebs s\u00eb fazave, por shpresoj q\u00eb principi \u00ebsht\u00eb i qart\u00eb. P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb harruan se si p\u00ebrcaktohet ndryshimi i fazave, figura nga <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/aviation.stackexchange.com\/questions\/33834\/what-causes-the-phase-to-change-in-a-vor\">aviation.stackexchange.com<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/529ab3d50c6002b8246f2528e4128c63.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nFalem\u00ebsisht, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb b\u00ebhet gjith\u00e7ka manualisht: tashm\u00eb ekziston nj\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/martinber\/vor-python-decoder\">projekt i gatsh\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Python, q\u00eb dekodifikon sinjalet VOR nga skedar\u00ebt WAV. N\u00eb fakt, studimi i tij m\u00eb frym\u00ebzoi t\u00eb merrem me k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb interesuarit mund t\u00eb vegzojn\u00eb programin n\u00eb konsol\u00eb dhe t\u00eb marrin nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm n\u00eb grad\u00eb nga nj\u00eb skedar i regjistruar:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/a8314406755294ba96c28fd7cbdd94da.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nT\u00eb apasionuarit pas aviacionit madje mund t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebs portativ nga RTL-SDR dhe Raspberry Pi. \u00c7udit\u00ebrisht, n\u00eb nj\u00eb avion \"t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb\" ky indikator duket rreth k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb drejtimin n\u00eb aeroport me ndihm\u00ebn e RTL-SDR dhe GNU Radio\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/04163d9dfd1ae681128745fc7e4158b7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nImazh &copy; <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aopa.org\">www.aopa.org<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>P\u00ebrfundimi<\/h2>\n<p>\nSinjalet \u00abnga shekulli i kaluar\u00bb jan\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb interesante p\u00ebr analiz\u00eb. S\u00eb pari, ato jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb thjeshta, DRM moderne ose madje GSM, nuk mund t\u00eb dekodohen m\u00eb leht\u00ebsisht. Ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb hapura p\u00ebr pranim, nuk kan\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsa dhe kriptografi. S\u00eb dyti, ndoshta n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen do t\u00eb shuhen dhe do t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen nga navigacioni satelitor dhe sisteme m\u00eb moderne digjitale. S\u00eb treti, studimi i standarteve t\u00eb tilla lejon t\u00eb kuptohen detaje interesante teknike dhe historike mbi m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si jan\u00eb zgjidhur detyrat me arkitektur\u00ebn dhe baz\u00ebn e elementeve t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar. Prandaj, pronar\u00ebt e marr\u00ebsve mund t\u00eb k\u00ebshillohen t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb k\u00ebto sinjale derisa ato t\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb akoma.<\/p>\n<p>Si zakonisht, u uroj t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve eksperimente t\u00eb suksesshme.<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/522828\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0436 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b, \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 500 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 PDF. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b VHF Omni-directional Radio Beacon (VOR), \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. 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