{"id":97328,"date":"2020-10-17T08:43:09","date_gmt":"2020-10-17T06:43:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vazhnejshie-vehi-v-istorii-razvitiya-sistem-videonablyudeniya"},"modified":"2026-05-20T17:45:16","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T15:45:16","slug":"vazhnejshie-vehi-v-istorii-razvitiya-sistem-videonablyudeniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vazhnejshie-vehi-v-istorii-razvitiya-sistem-videonablyudeniya","title":{"rendered":"Pikat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb historin\u00eb e zhvillimit t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb videov\u00ebzhgimit","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pikat
\nFunksionet e sistemeve moderne t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgimit kan\u00eb kaluar prej koh\u00ebsh p\u00ebrtej thjesht filmimit t\u00eb videove. Identifikimi i l\u00ebvizjes n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e interesit, num\u00ebrimi dhe identifikimi i njer\u00ebzve dhe mjeteve, ndjekja e objekteve n\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb \u2014 sot, madje edhe kamerat IP m\u00eb t\u00eb lira jan\u00eb t\u00eb afta t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto. N\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb server mjaft t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm dhe softuerin e nevojsh\u00ebm, mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e infrastruktur\u00ebs s\u00eb siguris\u00eb b\u00ebhen praktikisht t\u00eb pafundme. Por ndodhte q\u00eb nj\u00eb her\u00eb, sisteme t\u00eb tilla as nuk dinin t\u00eb regjistronin video.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Nga pantelgrafi te televizori mekanik<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebrpjekjet e para p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar imazhe n\u00eb distance u nd\u00ebrmor\u00ebn q\u00eb n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XIX. N\u00eb vitin 1862, abati florentinas Giovanni Cazzelli krijoi nj\u00eb pajisje q\u00eb ishte e aft\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonte, por edhe t\u00eb merrte imazhe p\u00ebrmes kabllove elektrike \u2014 pantelgrafi. Megjithat\u00eb, mund t\u00eb quhej ky aparat \"televizor mekanik\" vet\u00ebm me nj\u00eb tendenc\u00eb t\u00eb madhe: n\u00eb thelb, shpik\u00ebsi italian krijoi prototipin e nj\u00eb aparati faks.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nPantelgrafi i Giovanni Cazzelli<\/i><\/p>\n

Telegrafi elektrokimik i Cazzelit funksiononte si m\u00eb posht\u00eb. Imazhi i d\u00ebrguar fillimisht \"konvertohej\" n\u00eb nj\u00eb format t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm, duke u rimarr\u00eb me boj\u00ebra jo-dh\u00ebn\u00ebse mbi nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb stani (foli bakri), dhe m\u00eb pas duke u siguruar me klipsa mbi nj\u00eb baz\u00eb bakri t\u00eb p\u00ebrkulur. Nj\u00eb gjilp\u00ebr e art\u00eb vepronte si koke lexuese, skanuar rresht pas rreshti mbi flet\u00ebn metalike me nj\u00eb hapje prej 0,5 mm. Kur gjilp\u00ebra ndodhej mbi nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb me boj\u00ebra jo-dh\u00ebn\u00ebse, d\u00ebrrasa e tok\u00ebs u hap dhe energjia d\u00ebrgohej n\u00eb kabllot q\u00eb lidhin pantelgrafine d\u00ebrguese me at\u00eb pranuese. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, gjilp\u00ebra e marr\u00ebsit l\u00ebvizte mbi nj\u00eb cop\u00eb letre t\u00eb dendur, e p\u00ebrshkruar me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje xhelatine dhe heksacianoferrat kalium. N\u00ebn ndikimin e energjis\u00eb elektrike, lidhja err\u00ebsohej, duke formuar k\u00ebshtu imazhin.<\/p>\n

Ky kysh q\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb disavantazhesh, midis t\u00eb cilave \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb theksohet performanca e ul\u00ebt, nevoja p\u00ebr sinkronizimin e marr\u00ebsit dhe d\u00ebrguesit, nga sakt\u00ebsia e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve varej cil\u00ebsia e imazhit p\u00ebrfundimtar, si dhe puna e r\u00ebnd\u00eb dhe shtrenjt\u00ebsia e sh\u00ebrbimit, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs epoka e pantelografit u shfaq jasht\u00ebzakonisht e shkurt\u00ebr. P.sh., pajisjet e Kazelli-t, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb linj\u00ebn telegrafike Mosk\u00eb - Sh\u00ebn Petersburg, punuan vet\u00ebm pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 1 vit: duke u v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb funksion m\u00eb 17 prill 1866, n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e hapjes s\u00eb komunikimit telegrafik nd\u00ebrmjet dy kryeqyteteve, pantelograf\u00ebt u demontuan n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1868.<\/p>\n

Bilde-telegrafi ishte shum\u00eb m\u00eb praktik, i krijuar n\u00eb vitin 1902 nga Artur Korn, mbi baz\u00ebn e fotoelementit t\u00eb par\u00eb, i shpikur nga fizikani rus Aleksand\u00ebr Stoletevi\u00e7. Pajisja mori njohuri bot\u00ebrore m\u00eb 17 mars 1908: n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb dit\u00eb, me ndihm\u00ebn e bilde-telegrafit, nj\u00eb fotografi e nj\u00eb krimineli u d\u00ebrgua nga nj\u00eb stacion policie n\u00eb Paris n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr, duke i mund\u00ebsuar policis\u00eb t\u00eb identifikonte dhe arrestonte m\u00eb pas autorin e krimit.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nArtur Korn dhe bilde-telegrafi i tij<\/i><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb agregat i till\u00eb siguroi nj\u00eb detajim t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb imazhit fotografik dhe nuk k\u00ebrkonte m\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar imazhin n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale nuk ishte akoma i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm: p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpunimin e nj\u00eb fotografie nevojitej rreth 10\u201315 minuta. Megjithat\u00eb, bilde-telegrafi u adaptua mir\u00eb n\u00eb kriminalistik\u00eb (policia e p\u00ebrdori me sukses p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar fotografi, fot\u00f3robot\u00eb dhe gjurm\u00eb gishti midis departamenteve dhe madje edhe vendeve), si dhe n\u00eb gazetarin\u00eb e lajmeve.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrparim i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb ndodhi n\u00eb vitin 1909: at\u00ebher\u00eb, Georges Rin arriti t\u00eb siguronte transmetimin e imazhit me nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb renovimi prej 1 kornize n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. Duke qen\u00eb se aparati telefotografik kishte nj\u00eb \"sensor\" t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar nga nj\u00eb mozaik i elemento\u00ebve fotoelektrik\u00eb t\u00eb selenit, dhe pikasja e tij ishte vet\u00ebm 8 \u00d7 8 \"piksel\", ai nuk u p\u00ebrhap kurr\u00eb jasht\u00eb mureve t\u00eb laboratorit. Megjithat\u00eb, vet\u00eb fakti i shfaqjes s\u00eb tij hapi baz\u00ebn e nevojshme p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkime t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e transmetimit t\u00eb imazhit.<\/p>\n

In this field, the Scottish engineer John Logie Baird truly excelled, earning his place in history as the first person to successfully transmit an image over a distance in real time. Therefore, he is often regarded as the 'father' of mechanical television (and television in general). Considering that Baird nearly lost his life during his experiments, receiving a 2000-volt shock while replacing the photoelectric element in his created camera, this title is well-deserved.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nJohn Logie Baird, inventor of television<\/i><\/p>\n

Baird's invention utilized a special disk invented by the German technician Paul Nipkow back in 1884. The Nipkow disk, made of opaque material with a series of holes of equal diameter arranged in a spiral one turn from the center of the disk at equal angular distances from each other, was used both for scanning images and for forming them on the receiving apparatus.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nNipkow disk device<\/i><\/p>\n

The lens focused the image of the shooting object onto the surface of the rotating disk. Light passing through the holes reached the photoelement, thereby converting the image into an electrical signal. Since the holes were arranged in a spiral, each one effectively performed a line-by-line scan of a specific area of the image focused by the lens. An identical disk was present in the playback device, but behind it was a powerful electric lamp that detected changes in brightness, and in front of it was a magnifying lens or lens system that projected the image onto the screen.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nThe principle of operation of mechanical television systems<\/i><\/p>\n

Baird's device used a Nipkow disk with 30 holes (as a result, the received image had a resolution of only 30 lines vertically) and could scan objects at a rate of 5 frames per second. The first successful experiment in transmitting a black-and-white image took place on October 2, 1925: during this time, the engineer managed to broadcast a grayscale image of a ventriloquist's dummy from one device to another.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb eksperimenteve, der\u00ebn e trokiti nj\u00eb kurier q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonte nj\u00eb korrespondenc\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. I frym\u00ebzuar nga suksesi, Baird e kap\u00ebn p\u00ebr dore t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb e ngat\u00ebrruar dhe e \u00e7oi n\u00eb laboratorin e tij: i ngutej t\u00eb vler\u00ebsonte se si krijimi i tij do t\u00eb p\u00ebrballonte transmetimin e imazhit t\u00eb fytyr\u00ebs s\u00eb njeriut. K\u00ebshtu, 20-vje\u00e7ari William Edward Taynton, duke u gjetur n\u00eb vendin dhe momentin e duhur, hyri n\u00eb histori si njeriu i par\u00eb \"i cili hyri n\u00eb televizor\".<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1927, Baird b\u00ebri transmetimin e par\u00eb televiziv nd\u00ebrmjet Londr\u00ebs dhe Glasgoe (me nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb prej 705 km) mbi telat telefonik. Nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb vitin 1928, kompania e themeluar nga inxhineri, Baird Television Development Company Ltd, realizoi me sukses transmetimin e par\u00eb t\u00eb sinjalit televiziv transatlantik midis Londr\u00ebs dhe Hartsdale (Nju Jork). Demonstrimi i mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb sistemit 30-band\u00ebsh t\u00eb Baird-it doli t\u00eb ishte reklama m\u00eb e mir\u00eb: q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1929, BBC e adoptua at\u00eb dhe e p\u00ebrdori me sukses p\u00ebr 6 vitet e ardhshme, deri n\u00eb momentin kur u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsua nga pajisjet m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara q\u00eb bazohej n\u00eb tubat e rrezeve elektronike.<\/p>\n

Ikonoskopi \u2014 premtimi i nj\u00eb ere t\u00eb re<\/h2>\n

\nBot\u00ebs i dedikohet shpikja e tubit t\u00eb rrezeve elektronike nga ish-krahu yn\u00eb, Vladimir Kozmich Zvorikin. N\u00eb vitet e Luft\u00ebs Civile, inxhinieri mori an\u00ebn e l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb bardh\u00eb dhe ik\u00ebn p\u00ebrmes Ekaterinburgut n\u00ebOmsk, ku merrej me pajisjen e stacioneve t\u00eb radios. N\u00eb vitin 1919, Zvorikin u d\u00ebrgua n\u00eb nj\u00eb mision n\u00eb Nju Jork. Pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, ndodhi Operacioni Omsk (n\u00ebntor 1919), p\u00ebrfundimi i t\u00eb cilit ishte kapja e qytetit nga Armat\u00ebs s\u00eb Kuqe pothuajse pa luft\u00eb. Duke mos pasur ku t\u00eb kthehet, ai mbeti n\u00eb emigracionin e detyruar, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb punonj\u00ebs i kompanis\u00eb Westinghouse Electric (aktualisht \u2014 CBS Corporation), q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb nga korporatat kryesore energjetike n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara, ku gjithashtu merrej me hulumtime n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e transmetimit t\u00eb imazheve n\u00eb distanc\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nVladimir Kozmich Zvorikin, krijuesi i ikonoskopit<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1923, inxhinieri arriti t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb aparatin e par\u00eb televiziv, i cili kishte si baz\u00eb nj\u00eb tub elektronik transmetues me fotokatalizator mozaik. Megjithat\u00eb, administrata e re nuk e konsideronte pun\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebtarit seriozisht, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb Zvorykin ishte detyruar t\u00eb kryente hulumtime t\u00eb vetme, n\u00eb kushte jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb limituara. Mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t'u rikthyer n\u00eb nj\u00eb aktivitet t\u00eb plot\u00eb k\u00ebrkimor iu paraqit Zvorykinit vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 1928, kur shkenc\u00ebtari u njoh me nj\u00eb emigrant tjet\u00ebr nga Rusia \u2014 David Sarnoff, i cili at\u00ebher\u00eb mbante postin e n\u00ebn-presidentit n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Duke i konsideruar idet\u00eb e shpik\u00ebsit mjaft premtuese, Sarnoff em\u00ebroi Zvorykin si drejtor t\u00eb laboratorit t\u00eb elektronik\u00ebs RCA, dhe puna filloi t\u00eb l\u00ebvizte nga vendi i saj.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1929, Vladimir Kozymi\u00e7 paraqiti nj\u00eb prototip funksional t\u00eb tubit televiziv me vakum t\u00eb lart\u00eb (kineskopit), dhe n\u00eb vitin 1931 p\u00ebrfundoi pun\u00ebn mbi pajisjen marr\u00ebse, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e em\u00ebrtoi \"ikonoskop\" (nga greqishtja eikon \u2014 \"imazh\" dhe skopeo \u2014 \"t\u00eb shoh\u00ebsh\"). Ikonoskopi ishte nj\u00eb en vakumi me ndihm\u00ebn e qelqit, brenda s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ishin t\u00eb vendosura nj\u00eb shenj\u00eb ndjeshm\u00ebrie ndaj drit\u00ebs dhe nj\u00eb arm\u00eb elektronike e vendosur n\u00ebn k\u00ebnd ndaj saj.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nSkema themelore e ikonoskopo<\/i><\/p>\n

Shenja ndjeshm\u00ebris\u00eb ndaj drit\u00ebs me madh\u00ebsi 6 \u00d7 19 cm u p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsua nga nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb e holl\u00eb izolatori (mika), mbi nj\u00eb an\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ishin vendosur pika argjendi mikroskopike (me p\u00ebrmas\u00eb disa dhjet\u00ebra mikron \u00e7do nj\u00eb) n\u00eb num\u00ebr rreth 1 200 000 cop\u00eb, t\u00eb mbuluara me cezium, nd\u00ebrsa nga ana tjet\u00ebr \u2014 nj\u00eb mbulim t\u00eb plot\u00eb argjendi, nga sip\u00ebrfaqja e t\u00eb cilit merrej sinjali dal\u00ebs. N\u00ebn ndri\u00e7imin e shenj\u00ebs, n\u00ebn veprimin e efekteve fotoelektrike, pika e argjendit merrnin ngarkes\u00eb pozitive, e cila varet nga niveli i ndri\u00e7imit.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nIkonoskopi origjinal n\u00eb ekspozit\u00ebn e Muzeut Komb\u00ebtar t\u00eb Teknologjis\u00eb \u00c7eke<\/i><\/p>\n

Ikonoskopi formoi baz\u00ebn e sistemeve t\u00eb para t\u00eb televizionit elektronik. Shfaqja e tij mund\u00ebsoi p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e konsideruesh\u00ebm t\u00eb cil\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb imazhit t\u00eb transmetuar p\u00ebrmes rritjes s\u00eb shum\u00ebfisht\u00eb t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb elementeve n\u00eb imazhin televiziv: nga 300 \u00d7 400 piksel n\u00eb modelet e para deri n\u00eb 1000 \u00d7 1000 piksel n\u00eb ata m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuar. Megjith\u00ebse aparati nuk ishte i liruar nga disa disavantazhe, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb ndjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e ul\u00ebt (p\u00ebr nj\u00eb xhirim t\u00eb plot\u00eb k\u00ebrkohej ndri\u00e7im prej t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 10 mij\u00eb luks) dhe distorsionet trapezoidale, t\u00eb shkaktuara nga moskoordinimi i boshtit optik me boshtin e tubit t\u00eb rrezes, shpikja e Zvorikinit u b\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb kryesore n\u00eb historin\u00eb e mbik\u00ebqyrjes video, duke p\u00ebrcaktuar n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe drejtimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb industris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrug\u00ebn nga \"analog\" n\u00eb \"digital\"<\/h2>\n

\nSi\u00e7 ndodh shpesh, zhvillimi i teknologjive t\u00eb caktuara nxisin konfliktet ushtarake, dhe mbik\u00ebqyrja video n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim. Gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Reich t\u00eb Tret\u00eb filloi zhvillimin aktiv t\u00eb raketave balistike me rreze t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, prototipat e par\u00eb t\u00eb famshme \"arm\u00ebve t\u00eb hakmarrjes\" V-2 nuk ishin t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm: raketat shpesh shp\u00ebrthenin n\u00eb start ose bien pak pas ngritjes. Duke qen\u00eb se sistemet e avancuara t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb nuk ekzistonin, m\u00ebnyra e vetme p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar shkakun e d\u00ebshtimeve ishte observimi vizual i procesit t\u00eb l\u00ebshimit, por ky ishte nj\u00eb pun\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht me rrezik.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nP\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr l\u00ebshimin e raket\u00ebs balistike V-2 n\u00eb poligonin n\u00eb Peenem\u00fcnde<\/i><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar detyr\u00ebn e zhvilluesve t\u00eb arm\u00ebve raketore dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos i ekspozuar ata n\u00eb rrezik, inxhinieri gjerman Walter Bruch krijoi sistemin e njohur si CCTV (Television i mbyllur n\u00eb qark \u2014 Closed Circuit Television). Pajisjet e nevojshme u instaluan n\u00eb poligonin n\u00eb Peenem\u00fcnde. Krijimi i inxhinierit gjerman lejoi shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgojn\u00eb provat nga nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt prej 2.5 kilometrash, pa pasur frik\u00eb p\u00ebr jet\u00ebt e tyre.<\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht t\u00eb gjitha avantazheve, sistemi i videov\u00ebzhgimit Bruha kishte nj\u00eb disavantazh t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm: mungonte pajisja e regjistrimit video, \u00e7ka do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se operatori nuk mund t\u00eb largohej as p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sekond\u00eb nga vendi i tij t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. Serioziteti i k\u00ebtij problemi e b\u00ebn t\u00eb vlefsh\u00ebm studimin e kryer nga IMS Research n\u00eb koh\u00ebt tona. Sipas rezultateve t\u00eb tij, nj\u00eb person fizikisht i sh\u00ebndetsh\u00ebm dhe i pushuar mir\u00eb do t\u00eb humbiste deri n\u00eb 45% t\u00eb ngjarjeve t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme pas vet\u00ebm 12 minutash v\u00ebzhgimi, dhe pas 22 minutash ky tregues do t\u00eb arrinte n\u00eb 95%. Dhe ndon\u00ebse n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e provave t\u00eb arm\u00ebve raketore ky fakt nuk kishte ndonj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, pasi shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt nuk kishin nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndronin p\u00ebrpara ekran\u00ebve p\u00ebr disa or\u00eb, n\u00eb rastin e sistemeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb, mungesa e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr regjistrim video ndikohej duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb efikasitetin e tyre.<\/p>\n

Kjo vazhdoi deri n\u00eb vitin 1956, kur doli n\u00eb treg videomagnetofoni i par\u00eb Ampex VR 1000, i krijuar p\u00ebrs\u00ebri nga bashkatdhetari yn\u00eb Aleksand\u00ebr Matvejevi\u00e7 Pjanatov. Ashtu si Zvorikini, shkenc\u00ebtari zgjodhi an\u00ebn e Armis\u00eb s\u00eb Bardh\u00eb, pas humbjes s\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs m\u00eb par\u00eb emigroi n\u00eb Kin\u00eb, ku punoi p\u00ebr 7 vjet n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga kompanit\u00eb elektromos t\u00eb Shangait, pastaj jetoi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, para se n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1920 t\u00eb kalonte p\u00ebr nj\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme n\u00eb SHBA dhe t\u00eb merrte qytetari amerikane n\u00eb vitin 1932.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nAleksand\u00ebr Matvejevi\u00e7 Pjanatov dhe prototipi i videomagnetofonit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb bot\u00ebs Ampex VR 1000<\/i><\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb 12 viteve t\u00eb ardhshme, Pjanatov arriti t\u00eb punonte n\u00eb kompani si General Electric, Pacific Gas and Electric dhe Dalmo-Victor Westinghouse, megjithat\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1944 mori vendimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb hapur biznesin e tij dhe regjistroi Ampex Electric and Manufacturing Company. Fillimisht, Ampex u specializua n\u00eb prodhimin e disqeve t\u00eb sakt\u00eb p\u00ebr sistemet e radar\u00ebve, por pas luft\u00ebs, aktiviteti i kompanis\u00eb u p\u00ebrqendrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim m\u00eb t\u00eb perspektivsh\u00ebm - prodhimin e pajisjeve p\u00ebr regjistrimin e z\u00ebrit. Nga viti 1947 deri n\u00eb 1953, kompania e Pjanatov l\u00ebshoi disa modele t\u00eb suksesshme t\u00eb magnetofon\u00ebve, t\u00eb cilat gjet\u00ebn p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e gazetaris\u00eb profesionale.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1951, Panyatov dhe k\u00ebshilltar\u00ebt e tij kryesor\u00eb teknik\u00eb Charles Ginzburg, Walter Celsted dhe Miron Stolyarov vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb shkonin p\u00ebrtej dhe t\u00eb zhvillonin nj\u00eb aparatur\u00eb regjistrimi video. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit ata krijuan prototipin Ampex VR 1000B, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte parimin e regjistrimit me skanimin n\u00eb transverse duke p\u00ebrdorur kokat magnetike rrotulluese. Ky dizajn ndihmonte n\u00eb ofrimin e nivelit t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs p\u00ebr regjistrimin e sinjalit televiziv me nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb prej disa megaherceve.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nPlani i regjistrimit me skanimin n\u00eb transverse t\u00eb sinjalit video<\/i><\/p>\n

Modeli i par\u00eb comercial i seris\u00eb Apex VR 1000 u lan\u00e7ua pas 5 vjet\u00ebsh. N\u00eb momentin e l\u00ebshimit, pajisja u shitej p\u00ebr 50 mij\u00eb dollar\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb ato koh\u00ebra ishte nj\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe. P\u00ebr krahasim: Chevy Corvette, q\u00eb doli n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit, ofrohej p\u00ebr vet\u00ebm 3000 dollar\u00eb, dhe ky automjet, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, i p\u00ebrkiste kategoris\u00eb s\u00eb sportist\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Sakt\u00ebsisht shtrenjta e pajisjeve p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb ushtroi ndikim frenues n\u00eb zhvillimin e mbik\u00ebqyrjes video. P\u00ebr t\u00eb ilustruar k\u00ebt\u00eb fakt, mjafton t\u00eb thuhet se gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitjes p\u00ebr vizit\u00ebn e familjes mbret\u00ebrore t\u00eb Tajland\u00ebs n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr, policia vendosi vet\u00ebm 2 kamera video n\u00eb Trafalgar Square (dhe kjo \u2014 p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar sigurin\u00eb e krer\u00ebve t\u00eb shtetit), dhe pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha aktiviteteve, sistemi i siguris\u00eb u demontua.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nMbret\u00ebresha e Britanis\u00eb s\u00eb Madhe Elizabeth II dhe Princi Philip, Duka i Edinburgut, takojn\u00eb mbretin e Tajland\u00ebs Bhumibol dhe mbret\u00ebresh\u00ebn Sirikit<\/i><\/p>\n

Shfaqja e funksioneve t\u00eb afrove, panoramave dhe rrotullimeve p\u00ebrmes timerit lejoi optimizimin e shpenzimeve p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e sistemeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb duke zvog\u00ebluar numrin e pajisjeve t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr kontrollin e territorit, megjithat\u00eb realizimi i projekteve t\u00eb tilla ende k\u00ebrkonte investime t\u00eb konsiderueshme financiare. P\u00ebr shembull, sistemi urban i video-monitorimit i zhvilluar p\u00ebr qytetin e Olean (n\u00eb shtetin e New Yorkut), i vendosur n\u00eb funksion n\u00eb vitin 1968, i kushtoi autoriteteve qytetare 1.4 milion dollar\u00eb, dhe zbatimi i tij zgjati 2 vjet, duke pasur parasysh se e gjith\u00eb infrastruktura p\u00ebrfshinte vet\u00ebm 8 kamera video. Dhe natyrisht, asnj\u00eb fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr regjistrimin 24\/7 nuk mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhej: regjistri i videove aktivizohej vet\u00ebm me urdh\u00ebr t\u00eb operatorit, sepse si filmi ashtu edhe vet\u00eb pajisja ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjta, dhe p\u00ebrdorimi i tyre n\u00eb modin 24\/7 nuk mund t\u00eb diskutohej.<\/p>\n

E gjitha ndryshoi me p\u00ebrhapjen e standardit VHS, krijimi i t\u00eb cilit i takon inxhinierit japonez Shidzuo Takano, i cili punonte n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb JVC.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nShidzuo Takano, krijuesi i formatit VHS<\/i><\/p>\n

Formati parashikonte p\u00ebrdorimin e regjistrimit azimuta, ku aktivizoheshin menj\u00ebher\u00eb dy kokat e videos. Secila prej tyre regjistronte nj\u00eb fush\u00eb televizive dhe kishte hap\u00ebsira punuese, t\u00eb devijuara nga drejtimi perpendicular n\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd t\u00eb barabart\u00eb prej 6\u00b0 n\u00eb drejtime t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta, gj\u00eb q\u00eb lejonte reduktimin e nd\u00ebrhyrjeve t\u00eb kryq\u00ebzuara midis regjistrimeve t\u00eb videove ngjitur dhe zvog\u00eblonte ndjesh\u00ebm intervalin midis tyre, duke rritur densitetin e regjistrimit. Kok\u00ebt e videos ishin vendosur n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrotull me diamet\u00ebr 62 mm, duke u rrotulluar me frekuenc\u00eb 1500 rrotullime n\u00eb minut\u00eb. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 rrug\u00ebve t\u00eb pjerrta t\u00eb regjistrimit t\u00eb videos, p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb shiritit magnetik ishin regjistruar dy rrug\u00eb audio, t\u00eb ndara nga nj\u00eb interval mbrojt\u00ebs. Pjesa e poshtme e shiritit p\u00ebrmbante nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb kontrolli, e cila p\u00ebrmbante impulsat sinkronizues t\u00eb kadrave.<\/p>\n

Me p\u00ebrdorimin e formatit VHS, nj\u00eb sinjal videosh kompozit sh\u00ebnohej n\u00eb kaset\u00eb, \u00e7ka lejonte t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej nj\u00eb kanal i vet\u00ebm komunikimi dhe ndjesh\u00ebm thjeshtonte nd\u00ebrlidhjen midis pajisjeve prit\u00ebse dhe transmetuese. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ndryshe nga formatet e njohura t\u00eb asaj kohe Betamax dhe U-matic, ku p\u00ebrdorej nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm U p\u00ebr ngarkimin e kasetave t\u00eb filmave me nj\u00eb platform\u00eb rotuese, e cila ishte karakteristike edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha sistemet e m\u00ebparshme t\u00eb kasetave, formati VHS ishte i bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb parim t\u00eb ri t\u00eb ashtuquajtur M-ngarkim.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nSkema e M-ngarkimit t\u00eb filmit magnetik n\u00eb kaset\u00ebn VHS<\/i><\/p>\n

Shkarkimi dhe ngarkimi i filmave magnetik realizoheshin me ndihm\u00ebn e dy drejtuesve me maja, secila prej t\u00eb cilave p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga nj\u00eb rrotull vertikale dhe nj\u00eb shtyll\u00eb cilindrike n\u00eb k\u00ebnd, q\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktonte k\u00ebndin e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb hyrjes s\u00eb filmit n\u00eb tamburin e kokave q\u00eb rrotullohen, duke siguruar nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb regjistrimit t\u00eb videos me skajin baz\u00eb. K\u00ebndet e hyrjes dhe daljes s\u00eb filmit nga tamburi ishin t\u00eb barabarta me k\u00ebndin e thjesht\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb rrotullimit t\u00eb tamburit me baz\u00ebn e mekanizmit, \u00e7ka b\u00ebri q\u00eb t\u00eb dy rul\u00ebt e kasetave t\u00eb ishin n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin plan.<\/p>\n

Mekanizmi i M-ngarkimit doli m\u00eb i besuesh\u00ebm dhe ndihmoi n\u00eb uljen e ngarkes\u00ebs mekanike mbi film. Mungesa e platform\u00ebs rotuese thjeshtonte prodhimin si t\u00eb kasetave ashtu edhe t\u00eb videomagnetofon\u00ebve, \u00e7ka reflektohej pozitivisht n\u00eb kostot e tyre. N\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, VHS arriti nj\u00eb fitore t\u00eb sigurt n\u00eb \"luft\u00ebn e formateve\", duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb videov\u00ebzhgimin realisht t\u00eb arritsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Kamerat e videove gjithashtu nuk q\u00ebndruan n\u00eb vend: n\u00eb vend t\u00eb pajisjeve me tub elektronike, u shfaq\u00ebn modele t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb matri\u00e7\u00ebn CCD. Botimi i fundit \u00ebsht\u00eb fal\u00eb Willard Boyle dhe George Smith, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt punuan n\u00eb AT&T Bell Labs mbi ruajt\u00ebsit poluprodhues t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebrkimeve t\u00eb tyre, fizikant\u00ebt zbuluan se \u00e7ipet e integruara q\u00eb kishin krijuar ishin t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj efektit fotoelektrik. Q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1970, Boyle dhe Smith prezantuan receptor\u00ebt e par\u00eb linear\u00eb t\u00eb fotove (linja CCD).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1973, kompania Fairchild filloi prodhimin n\u00eb seri t\u00eb matriksave CCD me nj\u00eb rezolut\u00eb prej 100 \u00d7 100 piksel\u00ebsh, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb vitin 1975, Steve Sasson nga kompania Kodak krijoi kamer\u00ebn e par\u00eb digjitale me k\u00ebt\u00eb matrice. Megjithat\u00eb, ajo ishte krejt\u00ebsisht e pamundur p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur, pasi procesi i formimit t\u00eb imazhit zgjaste 23 sekonda, dhe regjistrimi i m\u00ebtejm\u00eb n\u00eb kaset\u00ebn me 8 mm zgjaste nj\u00ebher\u00eb e gjysm\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, p\u00ebr burimin e energjis\u00eb t\u00eb kamer\u00ebs ishin p\u00ebrdorur 16 bateria nik\u00ebl-kadmiumi, dhe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebto peshoheshin 3.6 kg.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nSteve Sasson dhe kamera e par\u00eb digjitale Kodak n\u00eb krahasim me \"\u00e7antat\" moderne<\/i><\/p>\n

Kontributi kryesor n\u00eb zhvillimin e tregut t\u00eb kamerave digjitale erdhi nga korporata Sony dhe personalisht Kazuo Iwama, i cili drejtonte at\u00ebher\u00eb Sony Corporation of America. Ai insistoi n\u00eb investimin e koli\u00e7ive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb zhvillimin e \u00e7ipave CCD, fal\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebve, n\u00eb vitin 1980, kompania prezantoi kamer\u00ebn e par\u00eb me ngjyra CCD XC-1. Pas vdekjes s\u00eb Kazuo n\u00eb vitin 1982, mbi varrin e tij u vendos nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb varri me nj\u00eb matric\u00eb CCD t\u00eb instaluar n\u00eb t\u00eb. <\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nKazuo Iwama, president i Sony Corporation of America n\u00eb vitet '70 t\u00eb shekullit XX<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1996, muaji Shtator sh\u00ebnoi nj\u00eb ngjarje q\u00eb mund t\u00eb krahasohet me shpikjen e ikonoskopit. At\u00ebher\u00eb, kompania suedeze Axis Communications prezantoi kamer\u00ebn e par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb \"digjitale me funksione serveri web\" NetEye 200.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nAxis Neteye 200 \u2014 kamera e par\u00eb IP n\u00eb bot\u00eb<\/i><\/p>\n

Edhe n\u00eb momentin e lansimit, NetEye 200 ishte e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ta quash nj\u00eb kamer\u00eb n\u00eb kuptimin e zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs. Pajisja nuk kishte performanc\u00eb n\u00eb krahasim me homolog\u00ebt e saj: performanca e saj varionte nga 1 kad\u00ebr n\u00eb sekond\u00eb n\u00eb formatin CIF (352 \u00d7 288, ose 0,1 Mp) deri n\u00eb 1 kad\u00ebr \u00e7do 17 sekonda n\u00eb 4CIF (704 \u00d7 576, 0,4 Mp), dhe regjistrimi nuk ruhej as n\u00eb nj\u00eb skedar t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, por si nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb imazhesh JPEG. Megjithat\u00eb, karakteristika kryesore e produktit t\u00eb Axis nuk ishte shpejt\u00ebsia e t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuarit dhe as qart\u00ebsia e imazhit, por pranimi i nj\u00eb procesori RISC t\u00eb quajtur ETRAX dhe port\u00ebs Ethernet t\u00eb integruar 10Base-T, e cila lejonte lidhjen e kamer\u00ebs drejtp\u00ebrdrejt me routerin ose kartel\u00ebn rrjet t\u00eb PC-s\u00eb si nj\u00eb pajisje rrjeti e zakonshme dhe menaxhimin e saj p\u00ebrmes aplikacioneve Java t\u00eb dh\u00ebna n\u00eb paketim. Kjo novatoriz\u00ebm b\u00ebri q\u00eb shum\u00eb prodhues t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb videov\u00ebzhgimit t\u00eb rishikojn\u00eb radikalisht pik\u00ebpamjet e tyre dhe p\u00ebrcaktoi n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb drejtimin e zhvillimit t\u00eb industris\u00eb. <\/p>\n

M\u00eb shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi \u2014 m\u00eb shum\u00eb shpenzime<\/h2>\n

\nPavar\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrparimeve t\u00eb shpejta teknologjike, edhe pas kaq shum\u00eb vitesh, aspekti financiar mbetet nj\u00eb nga faktor\u00ebt ky\u00e7 n\u00eb projektimin e sistemeve t\u00eb videov\u00ebzhgimit. Megjith\u00ebse avancimi teknik ka ndihmuar n\u00eb uljen e konsiderueshme t\u00eb kostos s\u00eb pajisjeve, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb mundur q\u00eb sot t\u00eb ushqehet nj\u00eb sistem i ngjash\u00ebm me at\u00eb q\u00eb u instalua n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve '60 n\u00eb Oleana p\u00ebr vet\u00ebm disa qindra dollar\u00eb dhe disa or\u00eb koh\u00eb reale, nj\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb e till\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbush\u00eb k\u00ebrkesat e shumta t\u00eb rritura t\u00eb biznesit modern.<\/p>\n

Kjo shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra shpjegohet nga zhvendosja e prioriteteve. N\u00ebse m\u00eb par\u00eb videos\u00ebzimi p\u00ebrdorej vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar sigurin\u00eb n\u00eb zonat e mbrojtura, sot p\u00ebrcaktuesi kryesor i rritjes s\u00eb industris\u00eb (sipas vler\u00ebsimeve nga Transparency Market Research) \u00ebsht\u00eb tregtia me pakic\u00eb, e cila k\u00ebto sisteme i ndihmon t\u00eb zgjidhin shum\u00eb probleme marketingu. Nj\u00eb skenar tipik \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimi i norm\u00ebs s\u00eb transformimit mbi baz\u00ebn e informacionit p\u00ebr numrin e vizitor\u00ebve dhe sasis\u00eb s\u00eb klient\u00ebve q\u00eb kaluan n\u00ebp\u00ebr pikat e pages\u00ebs. N\u00ebse shtojm\u00eb k\u00ebtu nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb njohjes s\u00eb fytyr\u00ebs, duke e integruar me programin ekzistues t\u00eb besnik\u00ebris\u00eb, do t\u00eb kemi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb studiuar sjelljen e bler\u00ebsve me lidhje me faktor\u00ebt socio-demografik\u00eb, p\u00ebr formimin e ofertave t\u00eb personalizuara (zbritjeve individuale, paketave me \u00e7mime t\u00eb favorshme etj.).<\/p>\n

Problemi q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se implementimi i nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb videoanalitik\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb i shoq\u00ebruar me shpenzime kapitale dhe operative t\u00eb konsiderueshme. Nj\u00eb pik\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb njohja e fytyr\u00ebs s\u00eb bler\u00ebsve. Nj\u00eb gj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb skanimi i fytyr\u00ebs p\u00ebrball\u00eb n\u00eb pik\u00ebn e pages\u00ebs me pages\u00eb pa kontakt, dhe krejt ndryshe n\u00eb nj\u00eb turm\u00eb (n\u00eb sall\u00ebn e shitjes), n\u00ebn k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrime t\u00eb ndryshme dhe n\u00eb kushte ndri\u00e7imi t\u00eb ndryshme. K\u00ebtu, mjaftuesh\u00ebm efektivitet mund t\u00eb demonstrohet vet\u00ebm nga modelimi tre-dimensionale i fytyrave n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale duke p\u00ebrdorur kamera stereoskopike dhe algoritemsit e t\u00eb m\u00ebsuarit makinerik, q\u00eb do t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb rritjen e pashmangshme t\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Duke e marr\u00eb parasysh k\u00ebt\u00eb, kompania Western Digital zhvilloi konceptin Core to Edge storage for Surveillance, duke ofruar klient\u00ebve nj\u00eb paket\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb zgjidhjesh moderne p\u00ebr sistemet e regjistrimit t\u00eb videos \"nga kamera n\u00eb server\". Kombinimi i teknologjive m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara, besueshm\u00ebris\u00eb, kapacitetit dhe performanc\u00ebs i lejon nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb ekosistemi harmoni, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb praktikisht \u00e7do problem t\u00eb vendosur, dhe t\u00eb optimizoj\u00eb shpenzimet p\u00ebr implementimin dhe mbajtjen e saj.<\/p>\n

Seria kryesore e kompanis\u00eb son\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb familja e hard disk\u00ebve t\u00eb specializuar p\u00ebr sistemet e videos\u00ebzimit WD Purple me kapacitete nga 1 deri n\u00eb 18 terabajt. <\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nDisqet e seris\u00eb purpur jan\u00eb projektuar posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr funksionim t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm n\u00eb sistemet e mbik\u00ebqyrjes me definicion t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb arritjet m\u00eb t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb Western Digital n\u00eb prodhimin e disqeve t\u00eb ngurta.<\/p>\n