{"id":97328,"date":"2020-10-17T08:43:09","date_gmt":"2020-10-17T06:43:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vazhnejshie-vehi-v-istorii-razvitiya-sistem-videonablyudeniya"},"modified":"2026-05-20T17:45:16","modified_gmt":"2026-05-20T15:45:16","slug":"vazhnejshie-vehi-v-istorii-razvitiya-sistem-videonablyudeniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vazhnejshie-vehi-v-istorii-razvitiya-sistem-videonablyudeniya","title":{"rendered":"Pikat kryesore n\u00eb historin\u00eb e zhvillimit t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb mbik\u00ebqyrjes","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pikat
\nFunksionet e sistemeve moderne t\u00eb mbik\u00ebqyrjes kan\u00eb dal\u00eb prej koh\u00ebsh p\u00ebrtej regjistrimit t\u00eb videove si t\u00eb till\u00eb. Identifikimi i l\u00ebvizjes n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e interesit, num\u00ebrimi dhe identifikimi i njer\u00ebzve dhe mjeteve, ndjekja e objekteve n\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb \u2014 sot, madje edhe kamerat IP m\u00eb t\u00eb lira jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto. Me nj\u00eb server mjaft t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm dhe softuerin e nevojsh\u00ebm, mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e infrastruktur\u00ebs s\u00eb siguris\u00eb b\u00ebhen praktikisht t\u00eb pakufizuar. E dikur, sisteme t\u00eb tilla nuk ishin n\u00eb gjendje as t\u00eb regjistronin video.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Nga pantelgrafi deri te televizioni mekanik<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebrpjekjet e para p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar imazhe n\u00eb distanc\u00eb ishin b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XIX. N\u00eb vitin 1862, abati florentin Giovanni Caselli krijoi nj\u00eb pajisje q\u00eb mund t\u00eb transmetonte dhe merrte imazhe p\u00ebrmes telave elektrik\u00eb \u2014 pantelgrafi. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, p\u00ebr t\u00eb quajtur k\u00ebt\u00eb pajisje \"televizor mekanik\" ishte e nevojshme nj\u00eb ngulfatje e madhe; n\u00eb fakt, shpik\u00ebsi italian kishte krijuar nj\u00eb prototip t\u00eb aparatit fax.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nPantelgrafi i Giovanni Caselli<\/i><\/p>\n

Telegrafi elektro-kimik i Casellit funksiononte si\u00e7 vijon. Imazhi i transmetuar s\u00eb pari \"konvertohej\" n\u00eb nj\u00eb format t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm, duke u ripar\u00eb me ink t\u00eb pap\u00ebr\u00e7ar\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb stani (folie shkari), dhe m\u00eb pas duke u vendosur me ndiz\u00ebse n\u00eb nj\u00eb baz\u00eb bakri t\u00eb p\u00ebrkulur. Si kok\u00eb lexuese sh\u00ebrbente nj\u00eb gjilp\u00ebr\u00eb ari, e cila skanon nj\u00eb flet\u00eb metalike me hapa 0,5 mm. Kur gjilp\u00ebrja ishte mbi nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb me ink t\u00eb pap\u00ebr\u00e7ar\u00eb, skema e lidhjes b\u00ebhej e hapur dhe energjia d\u00ebrgohej p\u00ebrmes telave q\u00eb lidhin pantelgraf\u00ebt d\u00ebrgues dhe marr\u00ebs. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, gjilp\u00ebrja e marr\u00ebsit l\u00ebvizte mbi nj\u00eb flet\u00eb letre t\u00eb dendur, t\u00eb ngacmuar nga nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje gelatine dhe heksacianoferrat kaliumi. N\u00ebn ndikimin e energjis\u00eb elektrike, lidhja err\u00ebsohej, duke formuar imazhin.<\/p>\n

Ky ky\u00e7 kishte nj\u00eb mori t\u00eb metash, mes t\u00eb cilave spikaste performanca e ul\u00ebt, nevoja p\u00ebr sinkronizimin e marr\u00ebsit dhe transmetuesit, e cila diktonte cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e imazhit p\u00ebrfundimtar, si dhe punueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe koston e sh\u00ebrbimit, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs jeta e pantelografit u shfaq jasht\u00ebzakonisht e shkurt\u00ebr. P\u00ebr shembull, aparatet Kazelli, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb linj\u00ebn telegrafike Mosk\u00eb \u2013 Sh\u00ebn Petersburg, punuan m\u00eb pak se 1 vit: duke u futur n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim m\u00eb 17 prill 1866, n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e hapjes s\u00eb komunikimit telegrafik nd\u00ebrmjet dy kryeqyteteve, pantelograf\u00ebt u demontuan tashm\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1868.<\/p>\n

Biltelgrafi u tregua shum\u00eb m\u00eb praktik, i krijuar n\u00eb vitin 1902 nga Arthur Korn mbi baz\u00ebn e fotoelementit t\u00eb par\u00eb, t\u00eb shpikur nga fizikanti rus Aleksand\u00ebr Stoletev. Pajisja fitoi njohje nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare m\u00eb 17 mars 1908: n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb dit\u00eb, me ndihm\u00ebn e biltelgrafit, u d\u00ebrgua nj\u00eb fotografi e nj\u00eb kriminali nga nj\u00eb stacion policie n\u00eb Paris n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr, fal\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs policia arriti m\u00eb pas t\u00eb lokalizonte dhe arrestonte keqb\u00ebr\u00ebsin.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nArthur Korn dhe biltelgrafi i tij<\/i><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb aparat i till\u00eb siguroi nj\u00eb detajim t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb imazhit fotografic dhe nuk k\u00ebrkonte m\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar nj\u00eb imazh n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale ende nuk ishte i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm: p\u00ebr procesimin e nj\u00eb fotografie duheshin rreth 10\u201315 minuta. Megjithat\u00eb, biltelgrafi kishte gjetur nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb mir\u00eb n\u00eb kriminalistik\u00eb (policia e p\u00ebrdorte me sukses p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar foto, fotorekombinime dhe gjurm\u00eb gishtash nd\u00ebrmjet dyqaneve dhe madje vendeve), si dhe n\u00eb gazetarin\u00eb e lajmeve.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrparim i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb ndodhi n\u00eb vitin 1909: at\u00ebher\u00eb Georges Rinu arriti t\u00eb siguronte d\u00ebrgimin e imazhit me nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsimi prej 1 korniz\u00eb n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. Duke qen\u00eb se aparati fotografik telefonik kishte nj\u00eb \"sensor\" t\u00eb paraqitur nga nj\u00eb mozaik i fotoelementeve selenike, dhe rezolucioni i tij ishte vet\u00ebm 8 \u00d7 8 \"piksel\u00eb\", ai asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk doli jasht\u00eb mureve t\u00eb laborator\u00ebve. Megjithat\u00eb, fakti i vet\u00eb shfaqjes s\u00eb tij hapi baz\u00ebn e nevojshme p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkime t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e transmetimit t\u00eb imazhit.<\/p>\n

In the field of television engineering, the Scottish engineer John Logie Baird truly excelled; he is known as the first person to successfully transmit images over a distance in real-time, earning him the title of the \"father\" of mechanical television (and television as a whole). Considering that Baird nearly lost his life during his experiments after receiving a 2000-volt electric shock while replacing the photoelectric element in his camera, this title is well-deserved.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nJohn Logie Baird, inventor of television<\/i><\/p>\n

Baird's invention utilized a special disc invented by the German technician Paul Nipkow in 1884. Nipkow's disc, made from an opaque material with a series of holes of equal diameter arranged in a spiral pattern evenly spaced from the center, was used for both scanning the image and forming it on the receiving device.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nNipkow's disc device<\/i><\/p>\n

The lens focused the image of the subject onto the surface of the rotating disc. Light passing through the holes reached the photoelement, converting the image into an electrical signal. Since the holes were arranged in a spiral, each one effectively scanned line by line a specific section of the image focused by the lens. The same disc was also present in the playback device, but located behind it was a powerful electric bulb that detected variations in brightness, while in front was a magnifying lens or lens system projecting the image onto a screen.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nThe operation principle of mechanical television systems<\/i><\/p>\n

Baird's device employed a Nipkow disc with 30 holes (resulting in a total vertical resolution of 30 lines) and could scan objects at a rate of 5 frames per second. The first successful experiment in transmitting a black-and-white image took place on October 2, 1925, when the engineer managed to broadcast the first half-tone image of a ventriloquist's doll from one device to another.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb eksperimentit, dera u trokiti nga nj\u00eb kurier q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb dor\u00ebzonte nj\u00eb korrespondenc\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. I frym\u00ebzuar nga sukseset, Baird e kap\u00ebn p\u00ebr dore djaloshin e shqet\u00ebsuar dhe e \u00e7oi n\u00eb laboratorin e tij: kishte t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb vler\u00ebsonte se si krijimi i tij do t\u00eb p\u00ebrballonte transmetimin e imazhit t\u00eb nj\u00eb fytyre njer\u00ebzore. K\u00ebshtu, 20-vje\u00e7ari William Edward Thain, i kapur n\u00eb momentin e duhur n\u00eb vendin e duhur, hyri n\u00eb histori si personi i par\u00eb q\u00eb 'hyri n\u00eb televizor'.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1927, Baird kryen transmetimin e par\u00eb televiziv midis Londr\u00ebs dhe Glasgow (n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb prej 705 km) p\u00ebrmes telave telefonik\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb vitin 1928, kompania e themeluar nga inxhinieri, Baird Television Development Company Ltd, realizoi me sukses transmetimin e par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb t\u00eb sinjalit televiziv transatlantik midis Londr\u00ebs dhe Hartsville (Nju Jork). Demonstrimi i mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb sistemit 30-kanal\u00ebsh t\u00eb Baird-it u b\u00eb reklama m\u00eb e mir\u00eb: q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1929, BBC e mori at\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim dhe e p\u00ebrdori me sukses p\u00ebr 6 vitet e ardhshme, derisa u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsua nga pajisje m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara bazuar n\u00eb tubat e rrezatimit elektronike.<\/p>\n

Ikonoskopi \u2014 pararoja e nj\u00eb epoke t\u00eb re<\/h2>\n

\nBot\u00ebs i detyrohet shfaqja e tubit t\u00eb rrezatimit elektronike ish-shtetasi yn\u00eb Vladimir Kozmi\u00e7 Zvorikini. N\u00eb vitet e luft\u00ebs civile, inxhinieri mori an\u00ebn e l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb bardh\u00eb dhe u arratis p\u00ebrmes Ekaterinburgut n\u00eb Omsk, ku merrej me pajisjen e stacioneve radiofonike. N\u00eb vitin 1919, Zvorikini shkoi n\u00eb nj\u00eb mision n\u00eb Nju Jork. Pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, ndodhi operacioni i Omskut (n\u00ebntor 1919), p\u00ebrfundimi i t\u00eb cilit ishte marrja e qytetit nga Ushtria e Kuqe praktikisht pa luft\u00eb. Pas k\u00ebsaj, inxhinierit nuk i mbetej tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebrve\u00e7se t\u00eb q\u00ebndronte n\u00eb emigracion t\u00eb detyruar, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb punonj\u00ebs i kompanis\u00eb Westinghouse Electric (aktualisht \u2014 CBS Corporation), e cila at\u00ebher\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb nga korporatat kryesore t\u00eb inxhinieris\u00eb elektrike n\u00eb SHBA, ku p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj merrej me hulumtime n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e transmetimit t\u00eb imazheve n\u00eb distanc\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nVladimir Kozmi\u00e7 Zvorikini, krijuesi i ikonoskopit<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1923, inxhinieri arriti t\u00eb krijonte pajisjen e par\u00eb televizive, bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb tub elektronik transmetues me fotokatalizator mozaik. Sidoqoft\u00eb, drejtuesit e rinj nuk e mor\u00ebn seriozisht pun\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebtarit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, Zvorikhin ishte i detyruar t\u00eb kryente k\u00ebrkime vet\u00eb, n\u00eb kushte jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb kufizuara burimesh. Mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t'u kthyer n\u00eb nj\u00eb aktivitet k\u00ebrkimor t\u00eb plot\u00eb iu paraqit Zvorikhin vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 1928, kur shkenc\u00ebtari u njoh me nj\u00eb emigrant tjet\u00ebr nga Rusia \u2013 David Sarnoff, i cili n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb mbante postin e n\u00ebn-presidentit t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Pasi e gjykoi iden\u00eb e shpik\u00ebsit si shum\u00eb premtuese, Sarnoff e em\u00ebroi Zvorikhin si drejtues t\u00eb laboratorit t\u00eb elektronik\u00ebs RCA, dhe pun\u00ebt mor\u00ebn nj\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb ri.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1929, Vladimir Kozymi\u00e7 paraqiti nj\u00eb prototip t\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tubit televiziv me vakuum t\u00eb lart\u00eb (kinoskopit), dhe n\u00eb vitin 1931 p\u00ebrfundoi pun\u00ebn mbi pajisjen e pranimit, e cila u quajt \"ikonoskop\" (nga greqishtja eikon \u2013 \"imazh\" dhe skopeo \u2013 \"t\u00eb shoh\u00ebsh\"). Ikonoskopi ishte nj\u00eb kolb qelqi vakum, brenda t\u00eb cilit ishin t\u00eb vendosura nj\u00eb objektiv ndjesh\u00ebm ndri\u00e7ues dhe nj\u00eb arm\u00eb elektronike e vendosur n\u00ebn nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd ndaj tij.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nSkema parimore e ikonoskopt<\/i><\/p>\n

Objektivi ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj drit\u00ebs me p\u00ebrmasat 6 \u00d7 19 cm ishte p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar nga nj\u00eb pllaka e holl\u00eb izoluese (mika), n\u00eb nj\u00eb an\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ishin aplikuar pika argjendi mikroskopike (me p\u00ebrmasa disa dhjet\u00ebra mikron secila) n\u00eb numrin e rreth 1,200,000, t\u00eb mbuluara me cezium, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr ishte nj\u00eb mbulim i plot\u00eb argjendi, nga sip\u00ebrfaqja e t\u00eb cilit shkarkohej sinjali dyt\u00ebsor. Kur objekti ndri\u00e7ohej n\u00ebn veprimin e efekteve fotoelektrike, pikcat e argjendit fitonin nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb pozitive, e cila varej nga niveli i ndri\u00e7imit.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nIkonoskopi origjinal n\u00eb ekspozit\u00ebn e Muzeut Komb\u00ebtar t\u00eb Teknik\u00ebs t\u00eb \u00c7ekis\u00eb<\/i><\/p>\n

Ikonoskopi u themel t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb para t\u00eb televizionit elektronik. Shfaqja e tij mund\u00ebsoi nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e imazhit t\u00eb transmetuar p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb rritjeje multiple t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb elementeve n\u00eb imazhin televiziv: nga 300 \u00d7 400 piksel\u00eb n\u00eb modelet e para deri n\u00eb 1000 \u00d7 1000 piksel\u00eb n\u00eb ato m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara. Megjith\u00ebse pajisja nuk ishte pa disa mang\u00ebsi, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb ndjeshm\u00ebria e ul\u00ebt (p\u00ebr nj\u00eb xhirim t\u00eb plot\u00eb k\u00ebrkohej ndri\u00e7im prej t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 10 mij\u00eb luks\u00eb) dhe deformimet trapezoidale, t\u00eb shkaktuara nga mosp\u00ebrputhja e aksit optik me aksin e tubit t\u00eb rrezeve, shpikja e Zvorikinit u b\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb historin\u00eb e monitorimit video, duke p\u00ebrcaktuar n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe drejtimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb industris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrug\u00ebn nga \"analogu\" n\u00eb \"digjital\"<\/h2>\n

\nSi\u00e7 ndodh shpesh, zhvillimi i teknologjive t\u00eb ndryshme mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb konfliktet ushtarake, dhe monitorimi video n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim. Gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Reich-i i Tret\u00eb filloi zhvillimin aktiv t\u00eb raketave balistike me rreze t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, prototipet e para t\u00eb njohur \"arm\u00ebs s\u00eb hakmarrjes\" V-2 nuk ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb besueshme: raketat shpesh eksploduan n\u00eb nisje ose ran\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas ngritjes. Duke qen\u00eb se sistemet e avancuara t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb nuk ekzistonin, m\u00ebnyra e vetme p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar shkakun e d\u00ebshtimeve ishte v\u00ebzhgimi vizual i procesit t\u00eb nisjes, por ky ishte nj\u00eb proces jasht\u00ebzakonisht i rreziksh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nP\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr nisjen e raket\u00ebs balistike V-2 n\u00eb poligonin n\u00eb Peenem\u00fcnde<\/i><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar pun\u00ebn e zhvilluesve t\u00eb arm\u00ebve raketore dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos rrezikuar jet\u00ebn e tyre, inxhinieri gjerman Walter Bruch konceptoi nj\u00eb sistem CCTV (Closed Circuit Television \u2014 sistemi i televizionit me qark t\u00eb mbyllur). Pajisjet e nevojshme u instaluan n\u00eb poligonin n\u00eb Peenem\u00fcnde. Krijimi i inxhinierit gjerman i mund\u00ebsoi shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgojn\u00eb ecurin\u00eb e testeve nga nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt prej 2.5 kilometrash, pa rrezikuar jet\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse sistemi i survejimit Brucka kishte shum\u00eb p\u00ebrfitime, ai kishte nj\u00eb t\u00eb met\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme: mungonte pajisja e regjistrimit t\u00eb videos, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thoshte se operatori nuk mund t\u00eb largohej as p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sekond\u00eb nga vendi i tij t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. Seriousiteti i k\u00ebtij problemi lejon q\u00eb t\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet studimi i kryer nga IMS Research n\u00eb koh\u00ebt tona. Sipas rezultateve t\u00eb tij, nj\u00eb njeri fizikisht i sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb dhe t\u00ebrhequr do t\u00eb humbiste deri n\u00eb 45% t\u00eb ngjarjeve t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme brenda 12 minutash v\u00ebzhgimi, dhe pas 22 minutash ky tregues do t\u00eb arrinte n\u00eb 95%. Dhe n\u00ebse n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e provave t\u00eb arm\u00ebve raketore ky fakt nuk kishte ndonj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, pasi shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt nuk kishin nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndronin para ekraneve p\u00ebr disa or\u00eb rresht, n\u00eb kontekstin e sistemeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb, mungesa e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr regjistrimin e videos ndikonte duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb efikasitetin e tyre.<\/p>\n

Kjo vazhdoi deri n\u00eb vitin 1956, kur drita pa videomagnetofonin e par\u00eb Ampex VR 1000, i krijuar po ashtu nga bashkatdhetari yn\u00eb Aleksand\u00ebr Matvejevi\u00e7 Pjanatov. Ngjash\u00ebm me Zvorikin, shkenc\u00ebtari zgjodhi an\u00ebn e ushtris\u00eb s\u00eb Bardh\u00eb, pas disfat\u00ebs s\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs emigroi s\u00eb pari n\u00eb Kin\u00eb, ku punoi p\u00ebr 7 vjet n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga kompanit\u00eb energjetike n\u00eb Shangai, pastaj jetoi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, dhe m\u00eb pas n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1920 u vendos p\u00ebrfundimisht n\u00eb SHBA, ku mori qytetarin\u00eb amerikane n\u00eb vitin 1932.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nAleksand\u00ebr Matvejevi\u00e7 Pjanatov dhe prototipi i videomagnetofonit t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb Ampex VR 1000<\/i><\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb 12 viteve t\u00eb ardhshme, Pjanatov punoi n\u00eb kompani si General Electric, Pacific Gas and Electric dhe Dalmo-Victor Westinghouse, por n\u00eb vitin 1944 mori vendimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb biznes t\u00eb tij dhe regjistroi Ampex Electric and Manufacturing Company. Fillimisht, Ampex u specializua n\u00eb prodhimin e aktiveve t\u00eb sakt\u00eb p\u00ebr sistemet e radarit, por pas luft\u00ebs, aktiviteti i kompanis\u00eb u orientua drejt nj\u00eb drejtimi m\u00eb premtues \u2014 prodhimi i pajisjeve p\u00ebr regjistrim audio magnetik. Gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs nga 1947 deri n\u00eb 1953, kompanis\u00eb Pjanatov i kaluan disa modele t\u00eb suksesshme t\u00eb banderave q\u00eb gjet\u00ebn p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e gazetaris\u00eb profesionale.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1951, Panyatov dhe k\u00ebshilltar\u00ebt e tij teknik\u00eb kryesor\u00eb Charles Ginzburg, Walter Selsted dhe Miron Stolyarov vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb shkojn\u00eb p\u00ebrpara dhe t\u00eb zhvillojn\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje regjistruese video. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit, ata krijuan prototipin Ampex VR 1000B, i cili p\u00ebrdorte parimin e regjistrimit me linj\u00eb t\u00ebrthore p\u00ebrmes kokave magnetike q\u00eb rrotullohen. Kjo struktur\u00eb ndihmonte n\u00eb sigurimin e nivelit t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs p\u00ebr regjistrimin e sinjalit televiziv me frekuenc\u00eb disa megaher\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nSkema e regjistrimit t\u00eb sinjalit video me linj\u00eb t\u00ebrthore<\/i><\/p>\n

Modeli i par\u00eb komercial i seris\u00eb Apex VR 1000 doli n\u00eb pah pas 5 vitesh. N\u00eb momentin e l\u00ebshimit, pajisja shitej p\u00ebr 50,000 dollar\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb ato koh\u00ebra ishte nj\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe. P\u00ebr t\u00eb ilustruar, vetura Chevy Corvette q\u00eb doli at\u00eb vit ofrohej p\u00ebr vet\u00ebm 3,000 $, dhe kjo makin\u00eb i p\u00ebrkiste, p\u00ebr t'u kujtuar, kategoris\u00eb s\u00eb sporteve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fakt, shtrenjta e pajisjeve ka ushtruar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb ndikim mbajt\u00ebs n\u00eb zhvillimin e videov\u00ebshtrimit. P\u00ebr ta ilustruar k\u00ebt\u00eb fakt, mjafton t\u00eb thuhet se gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitjeve p\u00ebr vizit\u00ebn e familjes mbret\u00ebrore t\u00eb Tajland\u00ebs n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr, policia vendosi vet\u00ebm 2 kamera n\u00eb Sheshin Trafalgar (dhe kjo \u2014 p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar sigurin\u00eb e lider\u00ebve t\u00eb shtetit), nd\u00ebrsa pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb \u00e7do aktiviteti, sistemi i siguris\u00eb u demontua.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nMbret\u00ebresha e Britanis\u00eb s\u00eb Madhe Elizabeth II dhe Princi Philip, Duk\u00eb i Edinburgut, takojn\u00eb Mbretin e Tajland\u00ebs Bhumibol dhe Mbret\u00ebresh\u00ebn Sirikit<\/i><\/p>\n

Shfaqja e funksioneve t\u00eb af\u00ebrsis\u00eb, panoramimit dhe kthes\u00ebs me timer ka optimizuar shpenzimet n\u00ebn nd\u00ebrtimin e sistemeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb duke reduktuar numrin e pajisjeve t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr kontrollin e territorit, megjithat\u00eb realizimi i projekteve t\u00eb till\u00eb ende k\u00ebrkonte investime t\u00eb konsiderueshme. P\u00ebr shembull, sistemi urban i videov\u00ebzhgimit i nd\u00ebrtuar p\u00ebr qytetin e Olean (shteti i New Yorkut), i cili u aktivizua n\u00eb vitin 1968, i kushtoi autoritetit qytetar 1.4 milion dollar\u00eb, dhe zbatimi i tij zgjati 2 vjet, duke pasur parasysh se e gjith\u00eb infrastruktura p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej vet\u00ebm nga 8 kamera. Dhe natyrisht, nuk kishte asnj\u00eb fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr regjistrimin 24\/7: videomagnetofoni aktivizohej vet\u00ebm me urdh\u00ebr t\u00eb operatorit, pasi edhe filmi, edhe pajisja vet\u00eb ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjta, dhe p\u00ebrdorimi i tyre n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb 24\/7 nuk mund t\u00eb kuptohej.<\/p>\n

Gjith\u00e7ka ndryshoi me p\u00ebrhapjen e standardit VHS, p\u00ebrhapje q\u00eb e kemi borxh ingjinierit japonez Shizuo Takano, i cili punonte n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb JVC.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nShizuo Takano, krijuesi i formatit VHS<\/i><\/p>\n

Formati p\u00ebrfshinte p\u00ebrdorimin e regjistrimit azimutan, ku angazhoheshin dy kokat e videove. \u00c7do nj\u00ebra regjistronte nj\u00eb fush\u00eb televizive dhe kishte hapje punuese, t\u00eb devijuara nga drejtk\u00ebnd\u00ebshi n\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb prej 6\u00b0 n\u00eb drejtimin e kund\u00ebrt, gj\u00eb q\u00eb lejonte uljen e nd\u00ebrhyrjeve nd\u00ebrmjet videostradave fqinje dhe ndjesh\u00ebm zvog\u00eblonte hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn midis tyre, duke rritur dend\u00ebsin\u00eb e regjistrimit. Kok\u00ebn e videove ishin t\u00eb vendosura n\u00eb nj\u00eb tambur me diamet\u00ebr 62 mm, i cili rrotullohej me nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb prej 1500 xhiro p\u00ebr minut\u00eb. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 videostradave me k\u00ebnd, p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb filmit magnetik ishin regjistruar dy kanale t\u00eb shoq\u00ebrimit t\u00eb z\u00ebrit, t\u00eb ndara nga nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb mbrojt\u00ebse. Pjesa e poshtme e filmit p\u00ebrmbante nj\u00eb kanal kontrolli, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante impulsat e sinkronizimit t\u00eb kadrove.<\/p>\n

Me p\u00ebrdorimin e formatit VHS, nj\u00eb sinjal vid\u00e9o kompozit shkruhej n\u00eb kaset\u00eb, gj\u00eb q\u00eb lejonte p\u00ebrdorimin e nj\u00eb kanali komunikimi t\u00eb vet\u00ebm dhe thjeshtonte ndjesh\u00ebm lidhjen mes aparateve marr\u00ebs dhe d\u00ebrgues. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ndryshe nga formatet popullore t\u00eb asaj kohe, Betamax dhe U-matic, ku p\u00ebrdorej mekanizmi n\u00eb form\u00eb U p\u00ebr ngjiturin e kaset\u00ebs me platform\u00eb rotuese, e cila ishte karakteristik\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha sistemet e kasetave t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme, formati VHS bazohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb parim t\u00eb ri t\u00eb ashtuquajtur M-ngjitje.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nSkema M-ngjitjes s\u00eb filmit magnetik n\u00eb kaset\u00ebn VHS<\/i><\/p>\n

Nxjerrja dhe ngjitja e filmit magnetik realizoheshin me an\u00eb t\u00eb dy drejtuesve n\u00eb form\u00eb vil\u00eb, \u00e7do nj\u00ebra p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga nj\u00eb rrok\u00eb vertikale dhe nj\u00eb shtyll\u00eb cilindrike me k\u00ebnd t\u00eb pjerr\u00ebt, e cila p\u00ebrcaktonte k\u00ebndin e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb hyrjes s\u00eb filmit n\u00eb tamburin e kok\u00ebs q\u00eb rrotullohen, duke siguruar k\u00ebndin e regjistrimit t\u00eb videos n\u00eb margjin\u00ebn baz\u00eb. K\u00ebndet e hyrjes dhe daljes s\u00eb filmit nga tamburi ishin t\u00eb barabarta me k\u00ebndin e pjerr\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb planeve t\u00eb rrotullimit t\u00eb tamburit n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e mekanizmit, duke siguruar q\u00eb t\u00eb dy rulot e kaset\u00ebs ishin n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin plan.<\/p>\n

Mekanizmi i M-ngjitjes doli t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb i besuesh\u00ebm dhe ndihmonte n\u00eb uljen e ngarkes\u00ebs mekanike mbi film. Mungesa e platform\u00ebs rotuese thjeshtonte prodhimin si t\u00eb kasetave ashtu edhe t\u00eb videomagnetofon\u00ebve, gj\u00eb q\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb ndikim pozitiv n\u00eb \u00e7mimin e tyre. Shum\u00eb gracias k\u00ebtij fakti, VHS fitoi nj\u00eb fitore t\u00eb sigurt n\u00eb 'luft\u00ebn e formateve', duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb videon nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb aksesueshme.<\/p>\n

Kamerat gjithashtu nuk q\u00ebndruan duarkryq: p\u00ebr aparaturat me tub elektronike, erdh\u00ebn modele t\u00eb realizuara mbi baz\u00ebn e matrixeve CCD. Pjes\u00ebmarrja e fundit i takon Willard Boyle dhe George Smith, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt punonin n\u00eb AT&T Bell Labs mbi ruajt\u00ebsit e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me gjysm\u00ebp\u00ebr\u00e7ues. Gjat\u00eb hulumtimeve t\u00eb tyre, fizikant\u00ebt zbuluan se mikro\u00e7ipet e krijuara prej tyre ishin t\u00eb ndikuara nga efekti fotoelektrik. Q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1970, Boyle dhe Smith prezentuan marr\u00ebsit e par\u00eb linear\u00eb t\u00eb fotove (CCD-linera).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1973, kompania Fairchild filloi prodhimin serial t\u00eb matricave CCD me rezolucion 100 \u00d7 100 piksel. N\u00eb vitin 1975, Steve Sasson nga Kodak krijoi kamer\u00ebn e par\u00eb digjitale mbi baz\u00ebn e k\u00ebsaj matrice. Megjithat\u00eb, ishte krejt\u00ebsisht e pamundur p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur, pasi procesi i formimit t\u00eb imazhit zgjaste 23 sekonda dhe regjistrimi i tij n\u00eb kaset\u00eb 8-mm zgjaste nj\u00eb her\u00eb e gjysm\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb. Gjithashtu, si burim energjie p\u00ebr kamer\u00ebn ishin p\u00ebrdorur 16 bateri nikeli-kadmiumi, dhe gjith\u00eb kjo peshonte 3.6 kg.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nSteve Sasson dhe kamera e par\u00eb digjitale Kodak krahasuar me \"kamera t\u00eb thjeshta\" moderne<\/i><\/p>\n

Kontributi kryesor n\u00eb zhvillimin e tregut t\u00eb kamerave digjitale erdhi nga korporata Sony dhe konkretisht Kazuo Iwama, i cili udh\u00ebhoqi at\u00ebher\u00eb Sony Corporation of America. Ai insiston p\u00ebr investimin e nj\u00eb sume t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb zhvillimin e \u00e7ipave CCD t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1980 kompania t\u00eb prezantoj\u00eb kamer\u00ebn e par\u00eb digjitale me ngjyr\u00eb XC-1. Pas vdekjes s\u00eb Kazuo n\u00eb vitin 1982, nj\u00eb pllakat\u00eb varri me nj\u00eb matric\u00eb CCD t\u00eb montuar n\u00eb t\u00eb u vendos mbi varrin e tij. <\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nKazuo Iwama, president i Sony Corporation of America n\u00eb vitet '70 t\u00eb shekullit XX<\/i><\/p>\n

Shtatori i vitit 1996 sh\u00ebnoi nj\u00eb ngjarje q\u00eb mund t\u00eb krahasohet n\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi me shpikjen e ikonoskopit. At\u00ebher\u00eb, kompania suedeze Axis Communications prezantoi kamer\u00ebn e par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb \"kamera digjitale me funksione t\u00eb serverit t\u00eb uebit\" NetEye 200.<\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nAxis Neteye 200 \u2014 kamera e par\u00eb IP n\u00eb bot\u00eb<\/i><\/p>\n

Edhe n\u00eb momentin e lan\u00e7imit, NetEye 200 ishte e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ta konsideronim si nj\u00eb kamera n\u00eb kuptimin tradicional t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs. Pajisja ishte mbrapa konkurrenc\u00ebs n\u00eb \u00e7do aspekt: performanca e saj varionte nga 1 kad\u00ebr n\u00eb sekond\u00eb n\u00eb formatin CIF (352 \u00d7 288, ose 0,1 Mp) deri n\u00eb 1 kad\u00ebr \u00e7do 17 sekonda n\u00eb 4CIF (704 \u00d7 576, 0,4 Mp), duke regjistruar madje jo n\u00eb nj\u00eb skedar t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, por si nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb imazhesh JPEG. Megjithat\u00eb, karakteristika kryesore e produktit t\u00eb Axis nuk ishte as shpejt\u00ebsia e regjistrimit dhe as qart\u00ebsia e imazhit, por prania e nj\u00eb procesori RISC ETRAX dhe nj\u00eb porte Ethernet t\u00eb integruar 10Base-T, e cila lejonte lidhjen e kamer\u00ebs drejtp\u00ebrdrejt me routerin ose kartel\u00ebn e rrjetit t\u00eb PC-s\u00eb si nj\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb zakonshme rrjeti dhe menaxhimin e saj me aplikacionet Java t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira n\u00eb paketim. Ky inovacion detyroi shum\u00eb prodhues t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb mbik\u00ebqyrjes t\u00eb rishikonin radikalisht qasjen e tyre dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoi drejtimin kryesor t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb industris\u00eb. <\/p>\n

M\u00eb shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi \u2014 m\u00eb shum\u00eb shpenzime<\/h2>\n

\nPavar\u00ebsisht zhvillimit t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb, edhe pas kaq shum\u00eb vitesh, aspekti financiar mbetet nj\u00eb nga faktor\u00ebt kryesor\u00eb gjat\u00eb projektimit t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb mbik\u00ebqyrjes. Edhe pse p\u00ebrparimi teknologjik ka ndihmuar n\u00eb uljen e ndjeshme t\u00eb kostove, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb sot t\u00eb krijohet nj\u00eb sistem i ngjash\u00ebm me at\u00eb q\u00eb u instalua n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve '60 n\u00eb Olean, p\u00ebr vet\u00ebm disa qindra dollar\u00eb dhe disa or\u00eb koh\u00eb reale, nj\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb e till\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e aft\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00ebsoj\u00eb k\u00ebrkesat e rritura shum\u00ebfish t\u00eb biznesit modern.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb mase, kjo shpjegohet me ndryshimin e prioriteteve. Nj\u00ebher\u00eb, videonazora p\u00ebrdorej vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr sigurimin e siguris\u00eb n\u00eb territore t\u00eb mbrojtura, por sot, drejtimi kryesor i zhvillimit t\u00eb industris\u00eb (sipas vler\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb Transparency Market Research) \u00ebsht\u00eb shitjet me pakic\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat k\u00ebto sisteme i ndihmojn\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidhin disa detyra t\u00eb ndryshme tregtare. Nj\u00eb skenar tipik \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimi i coeficientit t\u00eb konvertimit n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebr numrin e vizitor\u00ebve dhe numrin e klient\u00ebve q\u00eb kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes pikave t\u00eb pages\u00ebs. N\u00ebse shtojm\u00eb k\u00ebtu nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb njohjes s\u00eb fytyr\u00ebs, duke e integruar at\u00eb me programin aktual t\u00eb besnik\u00ebris\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb kemi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb studiojm\u00eb sjelljen e bler\u00ebsve duke e lidhur at\u00eb me faktor\u00ebt socio-demografik\u00eb p\u00ebr formimin e ofertave t\u00eb personalizuara (zbritje individuale, bunde me \u00e7mime t\u00eb favorshme, etj.).<\/p>\n

Problemi q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se implementimi i nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb videoanalitik\u00ebs sjell shpenzime t\u00eb konsiderueshme kapitale dhe operative. Nj\u00eb penges\u00eb k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb njohja e fytyrave t\u00eb bler\u00ebsve. Nj\u00eb gj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb skanim i fytyr\u00ebs frontal n\u00eb kas\u00eb gjat\u00eb pages\u00ebs pa kontakt, dhe nj\u00eb gj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb fluks (n\u00eb sall\u00ebn e shitjes), nga k\u00ebnde t\u00eb ndryshme dhe n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb ndryshme ndri\u00e7imi. K\u00ebtu, vet\u00ebm modelimi tre-dimensional i fytyrave n\u00eb koh\u00eb reale duke p\u00ebrdorur kamerat stereoskopike dhe algoritmet e m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb makinerive mund t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb nj\u00eb efikasitet t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm, gj\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb sjell\u00eb nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb pashmangshme t\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Duke pasur parasysh k\u00ebt\u00eb, kompania Western Digital ka zhvilluar konceptin Core to Edge storage for Surveillance, duke ofruar klient\u00ebve nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb zgjidhjesh moderne p\u00ebr sistemet e regjistrimit t\u00eb videove \"nga kamera n\u00eb server\". Kombinimi i teknologjive t\u00eb avancuara, besueshm\u00ebris\u00eb, kapacitetit dhe performanc\u00ebs lejon krijimin e nj\u00eb ekosistemi harmoni q\u00eb mund t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb praktikisht \u00e7do detyr\u00eb t\u00eb vendosur dhe t\u00eb optimizoj\u00eb shpenzimet p\u00ebr implementimin dhe mbajtjen e saj.<\/p>\n

Gama kryesore e kompanis\u00eb son\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb familja e hard disk\u00ebve t\u00eb specializuar p\u00ebr sistemet e videonazora WD Purple me kapacitet nga 1 deri n\u00eb 18 terabajt. <\/p>\n

\"Pikat
\nDisqet e seris\u00eb Purple jan\u00eb dizajnuar posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr funksionim 24 or\u00eb n\u00eb sistemet e k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb videove me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb arritjet m\u00eb t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb Western Digital n\u00eb prodhimin e disk\u00ebve t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb.<\/p>\n