Tlhaloso
Lumelang bohle! Lebitso la ka ke Sasha, 'me esale ke ntse ke leka backend (litšebeletso tsa Linux le API) ka lilemo tse fetang tse tšeletseng. Mohopolo oa sehlooho sena o ile oa tla ho 'na ka mor'a kopo e' ngoe e tsoang ho motsoalle oa mohlahlobi hore a mo bolelle seo a ka se balang ka litaelo tsa Linux pele ho lipuisano. Ka tloaelo, motho ea khethiloeng bakeng sa boemo ba moenjiniere oa QA o hlokeha ho tseba litaelo tsa motheo (haeba, ehlile, li ama ho sebetsa le Linux), empa u tseba joang hore na ke litaelo life tseo u lokelang ho li bala ha u itokisetsa lipuisano haeba u na le ho honyenyane? kapa ha ho na boiphihlelo ka Linux?
Ka hona, le hoja sena se se se ngotsoe ka makhetlo a mangata, ke ntse ke etsa qeto ea ho ngola sengoloa se seng "Linux bakeng sa ba qalang" mme ke thathamise mona litaelo tsa motheo tseo u lokelang ho li tseba pele ho lipuisano leha e le life lefapheng (kapa k'hamphani) e sebelisang Linux. Ke ile ka nahana ka litaelo le lits'ebeletso life le hore na ke li-parameter life tseo ke li sebelisang hangata, ka bokella maikutlo ho tsoa ho basebetsi-'moho le 'na, 'me ka e kopanya kaofela hore e be sengoloa se le seng. Sengoloa se arotsoe ka likarolo tsa 3: ea pele, tlhaiso-leseling e khutšoane mabapi le metheo ea I/O ho terminal ea Linux, ebe kakaretso ea litaelo tsa mantlha, 'me karolo ea boraro e hlalosa mokhoa oa ho rarolla mathata a tloaelehileng Linux.
Taelo ka 'ngoe e na le likhetho tse ngata, kaofela ha tsona li ke ke tsa thathamisoa mona. O ka kena kamehla `monna <taelo>` kapa `<taelo> --thusa` ho ithuta haholoanyane ka sehlopha.
Mohlala:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Haeba taelo e nka nako e telele ho phethoa, u ka e emisa ka ho tobetsa ho console Ctrl + C (sesupo se romelloa ts'ebetsong PONTS'O SETSOELA).
Hanyenyane mabapi le tlhahiso ea taelo
Ha ts'ebetso e qala ho Linux, melapo e 3 e tloaelehileng ea data e etsoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso eo: stdin, stout и ltsoa. Li baloa 0, 1 le 2 ka ho latellana. Empa hona joale re thahasella stout mme, ho isa tekanyong e nyane, ltsoa. Ho tsoa mabitsong ho bonolo ho hakanya seo stout e sebelisoa ho hlahisa data, le ltsoa — ho hlahisa melaetsa ya diphoso. Ka ho sa feleng ha o tsamaisa taelo ho Linux stout и ltsoa hlahisa tlhahisoleseding eohle ho console, leha ho le joalo, haeba tlhahiso ea taelo e le khōlō, ho ka ba bonolo ho e fetisetsa ho file. Sena se ka etsoa, ka mohlala, joalo ka:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Haeba re hlahisa litaba tsa faele monna_pontšo, joale re tla bona hore e ts'oana le seo e ka bang sona ha re ka tsamaisa taelo `sesupo sa motho`.
Ts'ebetso ea ho tsamaisa `>`mehla ho stout. O ka hlakisa sebaka sa ho tsamaisa bocha stout ka ho hlaka: `1>`. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, o ka hlakisa redirection ltsoa:`2>`. O ka kopanya lits'ebetso tsena mme ka hona o arola tlhahiso e tloaelehileng ea taelo le tlhahiso ea molaetsa oa phoso:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Tsamaisa hape le stoutle ltsoa faeleng e le 'ngoe ka tsela e latelang:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Ts'ebetso ea ho tsamaisa `2> & 1` e bolela ho tsamaisa ltsoa ho ya sebakeng se le seng kamoo ho laetsoeng stout.
Sesebelisoa se seng se bonolo sa ho sebetsa le I/O (kapa ho fapana le moo, ke sesebelisoa se bonolo sa puisano ea lipuisano) ke phala (kapa morekisi). Hangata liphaephe li sebelisoa ho buisana le litaelo tse ngata: stout litaelo li fetisetsoa ho stdin latelang, joalo-joalo ka ketane:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Litaelo tsa motheo tsa Linux
pwd
Hlahisa lenane la hona joale (le sebetsang).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
letsatsi
Hlahisa letsatsi le nako ea sistimi ea hajoale.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Taelo ena e bontša hore na ke mang ea kentsoeng tsamaisong. Ho phaella moo, nako ea ho qetela le LA (karolelano ea mojaro) le tsona li bontšoa skrineng.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Hatisa litaba tsa bukana. Haeba u sa fete tsela, litaba tsa bukana ea hajoale li tla hlahisoa.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Ka boeena, hangata ke sebelisa likhetho -l (sebopeho sa lethathamo le lelelele - tlhahiso ho kholomo e nang le tlhaiso-leseling e eketsehileng mabapi le lifaele), -t (ho hlopha ka nako ea phetoho ea faele/directory) le -r (ho hlopha ka morao - mmoho le -t lifaele tsa morao-rao li tla ba ka tlase):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
Ho na le mabitso a 2 a khethehileng a li-directory: "."Le"..". Ea pele e bolela bukana ea hajoale, ea bobeli e bolela bukana ea motsoali. Li ka ba bonolo ho li sebelisa lihlopheng tse fapaneng, haholo-holo ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
Hape ho na le khetho e ntle ea ho bonts'a lifaele tse patiloeng (ho qala ka ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
U ka boela ua sebelisa khetho -h - tlhahiso ka mokhoa o ka baloang ke motho (ela hloko boholo ba lifaele):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Fetola lethathamo la hona joale.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Haeba u sa fetise lebitso la directory e le khang, ho tla sebelisoa phapang ea tikoloho $ HOME, ke hore, buka ea lapeng. Hape ho ka ba bonolo ho sebelisa `~` ke moelelo oa semelo se khethehileng $ HOME:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Theha lethathamo.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
Ka linako tse ling ho hlokahala hore u thehe sebopeho se itseng sa li-directory: mohlala, directory ka har'a bukana e seng teng. Ho qoba ho kena ka makhetlo a mangata ka tatellano mkdir, u ka sebelisa khetho -p - e o lumella ho theha li-directory tsohle tse sieo sehlopheng sa maemo. Hape le khetho ena mkdir e ke ke ea khutlisa phoso haeba directory e teng.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Hlakola faele.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Khetho -r e u lumella ho hlakola li-directory ka litaba tsa tsona kaofela, khetho -f e u lumella ho hlokomoloha liphoso ha u hlakola (mohlala, ka faele e seng teng). Likhetho tsena li lumella, ha re bua, ho hlakoloa ho netefalitsoeng ha sehlopha sohle sa lifaele le li-directory (haeba mosebelisi a na le litokelo tsa ho etsa joalo), ka hona, li lokela ho sebelisoa ka hloko (mohlala oa khale oa metlae ke "rm-rf /", tlas'a maemo a itseng, e tla u hlakola, haeba e se sistimi eohle, lifaele tse ngata tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea eona).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Kopitsa faele kapa directory.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
Taelo ena e boetse e na le likhetho -r и -f, li ka sebelisoa ho etsa bonnete ba hore lihlopha tsa lihlopha le lifoldara li kopitsoa sebakeng se seng.
mv
Tsamaisa kapa o rehe faele kapa bukana bocha.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
katse
Hatisa litaba tsa faele (kapa lifaele).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
Hape ke habohlokoa ho ela hloko litaelo Hlooho (sephetho n mela ea pele kapa li-byte tsa faele) le mohatla (ho feta ka eena hamorao).
mohatla
Tlosa n mela ea ho qetela kapa li-byte tsa faele.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
Khetho e molemo haholo -f - e o lumella ho hlahisa data e ncha faeleng ka nako ea nnete.
Nyane
Ka linako tse ling faele ea mongolo e kholo haholo 'me ha ho bonolo ho e hlahisa ka taelo katse. Joale u ka e bula u sebelisa taelo Nyane: faele e tla hlahisoa ka likarolo; ho tsamaea ka likarolo tsena, ho batla le lits'ebetso tse ling tse bonolo lia fumaneha.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
Hape ho ka ba bonolo ho e sebelisa Nyane le conveyor (phala):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Lethathamo la mekhoa.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Ke tloaetse ho sebelisa likhetho tsa BSD "aux"- bonts'a lits'ebetso tsohle tsamaisong (kaha ho ka ba le lits'ebetso tse ngata, ke bonts'a tse 5 feela tsa tsona ke sebelisa pipeline (phala) le sehlopha Hlooho):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
Ba bangata ba sebelisa likhetho tsa BSD "axjf", e u lumellang ho bonts'a sefate sa ts'ebetso (mona ke tlositse karolo ea tlhahiso bakeng sa pontšo):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
Taelo ena e na le likhetho tse ngata tse fapaneng, kahoo haeba u e sebelisa ka mafolofolo, ke khothaletsa hore u bale litokomane. Maemong a mangata, ho lekane ho tseba "ps kapa".
bolaea
Romela lets'oao ts'ebetsong. Ka ho sa feleng lets'oao le rometsoe MOTS'ELISI, e felisang ts'ebetso.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Kaha ts'ebetso e ka ba le basebelisi ba matšoao, bolaea ha se kamehla e lebisang sephethong se lebelletsoeng - ho phetheloa ha ts'ebetso hang hang. Ho "bolaea" ts'ebetso ka 'nete, o hloka ho romella lets'oao ts'ebetsong PONTS'O LEKHOTLA. Leha ho le joalo, sena se ka lebisa tahlehelong ea data (mohlala, haeba ts'ebetso e hloka ho boloka tlhahisoleseling ho disk pele e emisa), kahoo o hloka ho sebelisa taelo ena ka hloko. Nomoro ea lets'oao PONTS'O LEKHOTLA - 9, kahoo mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa taelo o shebahala tjena:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
Ho phaella ho tse boletsoeng MOTS'ELISI и PONTS'O LEKHOTLA Ho na le matšoao a mangata a fapaneng; lethathamo la tsona le ka fumanoa habonolo Marang-rang. 'Me u se ke ua lebala hore lipontšo PONTS'O LEKHOTLA и PONTS'O SETSOA e ke ke ea thijoa kapa ea hlokomolohuoa.
bi
Romela pakete ea ICMP ho moamoheli ECHO_KOPO.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
ke default bi e sebetsa ho fihlela e fediswa ka letsoho. Ka hona, khetho e ka ba molemo -c - palo ea lipakete ka mor'a ho romela bi e tla phetha ka boyona. Khetho e 'ngoe eo ka linako tse ling ke e sebelisang ke -i, nako e pakeng tsa ho romela lipakete.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
ssh
Moreki oa OpenSSH SSH o u lumella ho hokela ho moamoheli ea hole.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
Ho na le lintlha tse ngata tsa ho sebelisa SSH, 'me moreki enoa o na le bokhoni bo bongata, kahoo haeba u lakatsa (kapa u hloka) u ka bala ka eona. .
scp
Kopitsa lifaele lipakeng tsa mabotho (bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ena ssh).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
U ka boela ua sebelisa ho amahanya li-directory pakeng tsa li-hosts rsync (-a - mokhoa oa polokelo, o u lumella ho kopitsa litaba tsohle tsa bukana "joalo ka", -v - tlhahiso ho console ea boitsebiso bo eketsehileng):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
Echo
Hlahisa mola oa mongolo.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Likhetho tse lokelang ho nahanoa mona -n - u se ke ua hlomathisa mola ka ho khaoha ha mola qetellong, le -e - thusa ho baleha tlhaloso o sebelisa "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
U ka boela ua bonts'a boleng ba mefuta-futa u sebelisa taelo ena. Ka mohlala, ho Linux khoutu ea ho tsoa ea taelo ea ho qetela e phethiloeng e bolokiloe ka mokhoa o khethehileng $?, 'me ka tsela ena u ka fumana hantle hore na phoso e etsahetseng ts'ebelisong ea ho qetela e sebetsang:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
Telnet
Moreki bakeng sa protocol ea TELNET. E sebelisoa ho buisana le moamoheli e mong.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Haeba o hloka ho sebelisa protocol ea TLS (e re ke u hopotse hore SSL ke khale e siiloe ke nako), joale Telnet ha e lokele merero ena. Empa moreki o tla tla openssl:
Mohlala oa ho sebelisa openssl ka ho hlahisa karabo ho kopo ea GET
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Ho rarolla mathata a tloaelehileng ho Linux
Fetola mong'a faele
U ka fetola mong'a faele kapa bukana u sebelisa taelo chown:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Paramethara ea taelo ena e tlameha ho fuoa mong'a le sehlopha se secha (ho ikhethela), se arohanngoa ke kolone. Hape, ha u fetola mong'a bukana, khetho e ka ba molemo -R - joale beng ba eona ba tla fetoha bakeng sa litaba tsohle tsa bukana.
Fetola tumello ea faele
Bothata bona bo ka rarolloa ka ho sebelisa taelo chmod. Ka mohlala, ke tla fana ka tumello ea ho beha "mong'a ntlo o lumelloa ho bala, ho ngola le ho phethahatsa, sehlopha se lumelloa ho bala le ho ngola, bohle ba bang ha ba lumelloe letho":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
7 ea pele (ena ke 0b111 setšoantšong se nyenyane) parameter e bolela "litokelo tsohle bakeng sa mong'a", ea bobeli 6 (ena ke 0b110 setšoantšong se nyenyane) e bolela "ho bala le ho ngola", 'me 0 ha e bolele letho ho ba bang kaofela. . Bitmask e na le likotoana tse tharo: karoloana ea bohlokoa haholo ("e nepahetseng") e ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetso, karolo e latelang ("bohareng") ke ea ho ngola, 'me ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ("ka ho le letšehali") ke ea ho bala.
U ka boela ua beha tumello ka ho sebelisa litlhaku tse khethehileng (syntax ea mnemonic). Mohlala, mohlala o latelang o tlosa litokelo tsa ts'ebetso bakeng sa mosebelisi oa hajoale ebe o li fetola hape:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Taelo ena e na le litšebeliso tse ngata, kahoo ke u eletsa hore u bale haholoanyane ka eona (haholo-holo ka syntax ea mnemonic, mohlala, ).
Hatisa litaba tsa faele ea binary
Sena se ka etsoa ho sebelisa sesebelisoa hexdump. Ka tlase ke mehlala ea tšebeliso ea eona.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
U sebelisa sesebelisoa sena, u ka ntša data ka liforomo tse ling, empa tsena ke likhetho tse sebelisoang hangata ho li sebelisa.
Batla lifaele
U ka fumana faele ka karolo ea lebitso la eona ho sefate sa directory u sebelisa taelo fumana:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Likhetho tse ling tsa ho batla le li-filters le tsona lia fumaneha. Ka mohlala, ena ke mokhoa oa ho fumana lifaele ka har'a foldara mamella tekoe entsoe matsatsi a fetang 5 a fetileng:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Batla mongolo lifaeleng
Sehlopha se tla u thusa ho sebetsana le mosebetsi ona grep. E na le lisebelisoa tse ngata, tse bonolo ka ho fetisisa li fanoe mona e le mohlala.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
E 'ngoe ea mekhoa e tsebahalang ea ho sebelisa taelo grep - ho e sebelisa ka pompong (phala):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Khetho -v e o lumella ho etsa phello grep'me ka morao - ke mela feela e se nang paterone e fetiselitsoeng ho eona grep.
Sheba liphutheloana tse kentsoeng
Ha ho na taelo ea bokahohle, hobane ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e itšetlehile ka kabo ea Linux le mookameli oa sephutheloana o sebelisitsoeng. Mohlomong e 'ngoe ea litaelo tse latelang e tla u thusa:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Sheba hore na sefate sa directory se nka sebaka se kae
E 'ngoe ea likhetho tsa ho sebelisa taelo du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
O ka fetola boleng ba parameter -dho fumana lintlha tse qaqileng haholoanyane mabapi le sefate sa directory. U ka boela ua sebelisa taelo hammoho le mofuta:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Khetho -h sehlopha mofuta e u lumella ho hlophisa boholo bo ngotsoeng ka mokhoa o ka baloang ke motho (mohlala, 1K, 2G), khetho -r e o lumella ho hlophisa data ka tatellano e fapaneng.
"Fumana 'me u nkele sebaka" faeleng, lifaeleng tse bukeng
Ts'ebetso ena e etsoa ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sed (ha ho folakha g qetellong, ke ketsahalo ea pele feela ea "sengoloa sa khale" moleng se tla nkeloa sebaka):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
U ka e sebelisa bakeng sa lifaele tse 'maloa ka nako e le ngoe:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Thala kholomo ho tsoa tlhahiso
E tla thusa ho sebetsana le mosebetsi ona mofutso. Mohlala ona o bonts'a kholomo ea bobeli ea tlhahiso ea taelo `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
Ka nako e ts'oanang, e tlameha ho hopoloa hore mofutso e na le ts'ebetso e matla haholo, kahoo haeba o hloka ho sebetsa ka mongolo moleng oa taelo, o lokela ho bala haholoanyane ka taelo ena.
Fumana aterese ea IP ka lebitso la moamoheli
E 'ngoe ea litaelo tse latelang e tla thusa ho sena:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Litaba tsa Marang-rang
E ka sebelisa haebaconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Kapa mohlomong ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Ho feta moo, haeba, ka mohlala, u thahasella IPv4 feela, joale u ka eketsa khetho -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Sheba likou tse bulehileng
Ho etsa sena, sebelisa lisebelisoa netstat. Mohlala, ho sheba likou tsohle tsa ho mamela tsa TCP le UDP tse nang le ponts'o ea PID ea ts'ebetso e mametseng boema-kepeng le boemeli ba linomoro tsa boema-kepe, o hloka ho e sebelisa ka likhetho tse latelang:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Lintlha tsa tsamaiso
U ka fumana lintlha tsena ka ho sebelisa taelo sa tsebeng.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Ho utloisisa sebopeho seo sehlahisoa se hlahisoang ka sona, u ka bua ka sona Thusa'bakeng sa taelo ena:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Boitsebiso ba memori
Ho utloisisa hore na RAM e tšoaretsoe hakae kapa e lokolohile, o ka sebelisa taelo mahala.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Tlhahisoleseling ka sistimi ea lifaele (sebaka sa mahala sa disk)
sehlopha df e u lumella ho bona hore na sebaka se kae se lokolohile ebile se tšoaretsoe lits'ebetsong tsa faele tse kentsoeng.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Khetho -T e bolela hore mofuta oa tsamaiso ea faele o lokela ho hlalosoa.
Tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le mesebetsi le lipalo-palo tse fapaneng tsa sistimi
Ho etsa sena, sebelisa taelo tlhōrōng. E khona ho bonts'a tlhahisoleseling e fapaneng: mohlala, lits'ebetso tse holimo ka ts'ebeliso ea RAM kapa lits'ebetso tse holimo ka ts'ebeliso ea nako ea CPU. E boetse e bonts'a tlhahisoleseling mabapi le memori, CPU, uptime le LA (karolelano ea mojaro).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
Sesebelisoa sena se na le ts'ebetso e ngata, kahoo haeba u hloka ho e sebelisa khafetsa, ho molemo ho bala litokomane tsa eona.
Sephethephethe sa marang-rang
Ho thibela sephethephethe sa marang-rang ho Linux, ho sebelisoa thuso tcpdump. Ho lahla sephethephethe ho port 12345, o ka sebelisa taelo e latelang:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Khetho -A e re re batla ho bona sephetho ho ASCII (kahoo ho molemo bakeng sa liprothokholo tsa mongolo), -ke leha e le efe e bontša hore ha re thahaselle sebopeho sa marang-rang, kepe boo - sephethephethe sa boema-kepe se lokelang ho lahla. Sebakeng sa kepe boo u ka e sebelisa moamoheli, kapa motsoako moamoheli и kepe boo (moamoheli A le port X). Khetho e 'ngoe e molemo e ka ba -n - se ke oa fetolela liaterese ho mabitso a moamoheli ho tlhahiso.
Ho thoe'ng haeba sephethephethe ke binary? Joale khetho e tla re thusa -X - data e hlahisoang ho hex le ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
Ho lokela ho nahanoa hore maemong a mabeli a tšebeliso lipakete tsa IP li tla hlahisoa, kahoo qalong ea e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona ho tla ba le lihlooho tsa binary IP le TCP. Mona ke mohlala oa tlhahiso ea potso "123" e rometsoe ho seva e mametseng ho port 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Ho e-na le liphello
Ehlile, ho na le lintho tse ling tse ngata tse khahlisang ho Linux tseo u ka li balang ho Habré, StackOverflow le libaka tse ling (ke tla u fa mohlala. , e leng eona hape ). Batsamaisi ba sistimi le DevOps ba sebelisa litaelo le lisebelisoa tse ling tse ngata ho lokisa li-server, empa le bahlahlobi ba kanna ba se be le litaelo tse lekaneng tse thathamisitsoeng. U ka 'na ua hloka ho hlahloba ho nepahala ha nako e itseng e qhekellang pakeng tsa mofani le seva, kapa ts'ebetso ea seva ha ho se na sebaka sa mahala sa disk. Ha ke bue ka, mohlala, Docker, eo hona joale e sebelisoang ka mafolofolo ke lik'hamphani tse ngata. Na e ka ba ntho e khahlisang, joalo ka karolo ea ntšetso-pele ea sengoloa see sa litšupiso, ho sheba mehlala e mengata ea ho sebelisa lits'ebeletso tse fapaneng tsa likhomphutha tsa Linux ts'ebetsong ea lits'ebeletso tsa liteko? Hape arolelana lihlopha tsa hau tse holimo maikutlong :)
Source: www.habr.com