Seo re lokelang ho se etsa blockchain?

Histori eohle ea moloko oa batho ke mokhoa o tsoelang pele oa ho tlosa liketane le ho theha tse ncha, tse matla le ho feta. (Sengoli se sa tsejoeng)

Ho sekaseka merero e mengata ea blockchain (Bitshares, Hyperledger, Exonum, Ethereum, Bitcoin, joalo-joalo), kea utloisisa hore ho latela pono ea tekheniki, kaofela li hahiloe ka melao-motheo e tšoanang. Li-blockchains li hopotsa matlo, ao, ho sa tsotellehe mefuta eohle ea meralo, mekhabiso le merero, e nang le motheo, marako, marulelo, lifensetere, mamati a kopantsoeng ka litsela tse itseng. 'Me haeba u utloisisa melao-motheo ea moralo oa mohaho le ho tseba thepa ea thepa e sebelisoang, joale u ka tseba morero o reretsoeng oa ntlo e itseng. Hona joale, boemo bo hlahile ka blockchain eo bohle ba e utloileng ka eona, empa ke batho ba fokolang ba utloisisang meralo le melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso. Ka hona, ho na le ho se utloisise hore na ke hobane'ng le hore na hoa utloahala ho sebelisa theknoloji ea blockchain.

Sehloohong sena re tla sekaseka thepa le melao-motheo e tloaelehileng ho li-blockchains tsohle. Ka mor'a moo, a re shebeng mathata a ka rarolloang ka ho sebelisa blockchain le ho matlafatsa thepa, ha re haheng blockchain e nyane empa e le ea 'nete sebakeng sa rona sa marang-rang!

Kahoo, a re hopoleng hore na ke mathata afe a blockchain a ileng a rarolloa qalong.

Ke na le bonnete ba hore ba bangata ba tla bua ka database e ajoang, e arolelitsoeng, ea sechaba le e ke keng ea fetoha. Empa ke hobane’ng ha see sohle se ne se hlokahala?

Ke khetha ho qala ho ithuta theknoloji leha e le efe ka ho bala litekanyetso, kaha lihlooho tsohle le libuka tse buang ka sehlooho se ithutoang li thehiloe ho tsona. Empa hajoale ha ho na litekanyetso tsa blockchain; ISO e thehile feela likomiti bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya bona. Hona joale, morero o mong le o mong oa blockchain oa sechaba o na le tokomane ea oona ea pampiri e tšoeu, eo ha e le hantle e leng tlhaloso ea tekheniki. Morero oa pele o tsejoang phatlalatsa oa blockchain ke marang-rang a Bitcoin. E-ea ho websaeteng ea molao ea marang-rang le sheba moo tsohle li qalileng teng.

Bothata ba Blockchain

Kahoo, mosebetsi oo blockchain e rarollotseng marang-rang a bo-pula-maliboho ba Bitcoin ke ho etsa phetisetso e tšepahalang ea beng ba thepa ea dijithale (matlotlo) sebakeng se sa tšepahaleng ntle le bakena-lipakeng. Ka mohlala, marang-rang a Bitcoin, letlotlo la digital ke lichelete tsa tšepe tsa bitcoin. 'Me litharollo tsohle tsa tekheniki tsa Bitcoin le li-blockchains tse ling li tla ho rarolla bothata bona.

Mathata ao blockchain a a rarollang

Ha re re mokhatlo o mong oa lichelete o re o hahile marang-rang ho pota lefatše ka thuso eo ho ka khonehang ho fetisetsa chelete ho motho leha e le ofe. Na o tla mo dumela? Haeba mokhatlo ona e le Visa kapa MasterCard, ho ka etsahala hore u tla e lumela, empa haeba, ha ho bapisoa, AnonymousWorldMoney, mohlomong u ke ke ua e lumela. Hobaneng? Empa hobane re tseba hantle hore na litsamaiso tse ajoang li etsoa joang ke lik'hamphani tse ikemetseng, ka sepheo sefe, le hore na sena se ka lebisa ho eng. A re ke re hlahlobisiseng mathata a litsamaiso tse joalo le hore na li ka rarolloa joang ho sebelisa theknoloji ea blockchain.

Ha re re ho AnonymousWorldMoney e nang le maemo ho na le li-server tse nang le li-database, 'me ho molemo haeba ho na le tse' maloa tsa tsona litsing tse fapaneng tsa data. Ha motho ea romelang chelete a fetisetsa chelete, thekiso e ngolisitsoe, e phetoang ho li-server tsohle, 'me chelete e fihla ho moamoheli.

Lefatšeng le letle, morero ona o sebetsa hantle, empa ho rona ho hlaha mathata a latelang:

1. Bothata ba ho khetholla barupeluoa ka lehlakoreng le leng le tlhokahalo ea ho se tsejoe ha litšebelisano ka lehlakoreng le leng. Tseo. o hloka ho fetisetsa chelete ho moamoheli ea itseng le ka tsela eo ho seng motho ea tsebang ka transaction ena ntle le barupeluoa ba thekiso. Libanka li na le linomoro tsa ak'haonte le likarete tsa banka tse hokahaneng le motho kapa mokhatlo o itseng oa molao, 'me lekunutu la banka le sireletsa tlhahisoleseling. Hona ke mang ea tiisang hore AnonymousWorldMoney e nang le maemo ha e sebelise data ea hau le lintlha tsa transaction molemong oa eona?
2. Joang ho etsa bonnete ba hore moamoheli o fumana hantle chelete e fetiselitsoeng ho eena? Ha ho bapisoa, motho ea rometseng o fetisitse $100, 'me moamoheli a fumana $10. Motho ea romelang molaetsa o tla ofising ea AnonymousWorldMoney le rasiti ea hae, 'me tlelereke e bontša phetolelo ea hae, moo ho ngotsoeng hore motho ea rometseng o fetisitse $10 feela.
3. Bothata ba tikoloho e sa tšepahaleng, mohlala, scam e bitsoang double-spending. Motho ea sa tšepahaleng a ka sebelisa tekanyo ea hae ka makhetlo a 'maloa ho fihlela tefo e phetoa ho li-server tsohle. Theorem ea CAP, ha e le hantle, ha ho motho ea hlakotsoeng, 'me tumellano e tla qetella e finyelloa, empa motho a ke ke a fumana chelete bakeng sa litšebeletso kapa thepa e fanoeng. Ka hona, haeba ho se na tšepo e feletseng mokhatlong oa litefello kapa barupeluoa litšebelisanong, joale ho hlokahala hore u hahe marang-rang a thehiloeng eseng ka tšepo, empa ka li-cryptography.
4. Conditional AnonymousWorldMoney e na le palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea li-server tse ka 'nang tsa se be teng ka boomo kapa ka lebaka la morero o kotsi.
5. AnonymousWorldMoney e tla inkela khomishene ea eona e bonahalang.
6. Monyetla oa ho laola. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea Bitcoin, ho ile ha fumaneha hore batho ha ba batle feela ho fetisetsa lichelete tsa tšepe ho e mong, empa hape le ho hlahloba maemo a sa tšoaneng bakeng sa transaction, maemo a mosebetsi oa lenaneo, ho iketsetsa liketso ho itšetlehile ka maemo, joalo-joalo.

Mokhoa oa blockchain o rarolla mathata ana

1. Ho tsebahatsa barupeluoa ho etsoa ho sebelisoa linotlolo tse peli: tsa poraefete le tsa sechaba, 'me algorithm ea signature ea dijithale e tsebahatsa motho ea rometseng le moamoheli, e siea mabitso a bona a sa tsejoe.
2. Litšebelisano li bokelloa ka li-blocks, hash ea block e baloa ebe e ngoloa ho thibela e latelang. Tatelano ena ea ho rekota li-hashes ka li-block e fa theknoloji ea blockchain lebitso la eona, hape e etsa hore ho se khonehe ho fetola / hlakola li-block kapa li-transaction tsa motho ka mong ho sa bonahale. Kahoo, haeba transaction e kenyelelitsoe ho blockchain, u ka kholiseha hore data ea eona e tla lula e sa fetohe.
3. Boqhekanyetsi ba ho sebelisa chelete habeli bo thibeloa ka ho fihlela tumellano ea marang-rang mabapi le hore na ke lintlha life tse lokelang ho nkoa e le tse nepahetseng le tse lokelang ho lahla. Ka marang-rang a Bitcoin, tumellano e finyelloa ka bopaki ba mosebetsi (PoW).
4. Ho tšepahala ha marang-rang ho finyelloa ke taba ea hore blockchain ke ea sechaba, moo morupeluoa e mong le e mong a ka tsamaisang node ea hae, a fumana kopi e feletseng ea blockchain 'me, ho feta moo, a qala ho hlahloba litšebelisano bakeng sa ho nepahala. Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore li-blockchains tsa morao-rao li etsa hore ho khonehe ho haha ​​​​sechaba feela (se bulehileng) empa hape le li-blockchains tse ikemetseng (tse koetsoeng), hammoho le tšebeliso ea merero e kopanetsoeng.
5. The blockchain e ke ke ea felisa likomishene ka botlalo, hobane ... u tlameha ho lefa batho ba tšehetsang marang-rang, empa ho thibela tlhokahalo ea komisi e pakoa ka mokhoa o kholisang hoo ha ho pelaelo ka tlhokahalo ea eona.
6. Li-blockchains tsa morao-rao li na le bokhoni ba ho kenya ts'ebetsong logic ea khoebo, eo ho eona thibela e bitsoang Smart Contracts. Melemo ea likonteraka tse bohlale e kengoa tšebetsong ka lipuo tse fapaneng tsa boemo bo holimo.

Ka mor'a moo, re tla tšohla litharollo tsena ka botlalo.

Mehaho ea Blockchain

Likarolo tsa Blockchain

Morupeluoa e mong le e mong a ka qala node ea bona ka kopi e feletseng ea blockchain (node ​​e feletseng). Li-node tse felletseng tse ka ngolang litšebelisano ho blockchain li bitsoa li-node tsa tumellano (paki) kapa basebetsi ba morafong (morafo). Li-node tse feletseng tse hlahlobang feela ho nepahala ha litšebelisano li bitsoa li-node tsa tlhahlobo (tlhahlobo). Bareki ba leseli (bareki ba leseli) ha ba boloke likopi tse felletseng tsa blockchain, empa ba sebelisana le marang-rang ba sebelisa li-node tse felletseng.
Basebelisi ba bangata ba sebelisa bareki ba bobebe kapa li-wallet tsa marang-rang ho etsa litšebelisano. Li-node tsohle li kopantsoe hammoho. Ka sehlopha sena sa likarolo, meralo ea marang-rang e ba e tsitsitseng haholoanyane:

Phetoho ea bophelo ba transaction

Ha re shebeng phetiso ea transaction lifecycle 'me re e qhekelle ka sekotoana:

Theknoloji ea Blockchain

A re ke re lule ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane ka tharollo ea tekheniki le likamano tsa bona le tse ling.

Boitsebiso

Ts'ebetso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea blockchain e tlameha ho saena ka dijithale. Ka hona, ho phethela khoebo, monkakarolo e mong le e mong o tlameha ho ba le para ea bohlokoa: ea lekunutu / ea sechaba. Ka linako tse ling para ea linotlolo e bitsoa sepache, hobane linotlolo li amahanngoa ka tsela e ikhethang le aterese e ikhethang ea dijithale ea motho ea nkang karolo le ho leka-lekana. Ha e le hantle, linotlolo le liaterese e mpa e le letoto la linomoro mekhoeng e fapaneng ea linomoro. Mehlala ea linotlolo le liaterese tsa sepache:

Private key: 0a78194a8a893b8baac7c09b6a4a4b4b161b2f80a126cbb79bde231a4567420f
Public key: 0579b478952214d7cddac32ac9dc522c821a4489bc10aac3a81b9d1cd7a92e57ba
Address: 0x3814JnJpGnt5tB2GD1qfKP709W3KbRdfb27V

Ho theha signature ea dijithale ho li-blockchains, ho sebelisoa algorithm e thehiloeng ho li-curve tsa elliptic: Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). Hore e sebetse, senotlolo sa poraefete (nomoro ea 256-bit) hangata e nkuoa ka tšohanyetso. Palo ea likhetho tsa bohlokoa ke 2 ho matla a 256, kahoo re ka bua ka ho se khonehe ho ts'oanela boleng ba linotlolo tsa poraefete.

Ka mor'a moo, senotlolo sa sechaba se fumanoa ho tloha ho ea poraefete ka ho atisa boleng ba eona ka lihokahanyo tsa ntlha e teng holim'a elliptic curve, e leng se etsang hore ho be le likhokahano tsa ntlha e ncha lehlakoreng le le leng. Ketso ena e netefatsa hore o fumana li-key pair tse loketseng ho saena ka dijithale. Qetellong, aterese ea sepache e tsoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho tsoa ho senotlolo sa sechaba.

Ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse nang le lintlha tse mabapi le cryptography e sebelisitsoeng ho blockchain, mohlala: Bitcoin ka bokhutšoanyane - Cryptography

Senotlolo sa poraefete se tlameha ho ba lekunutu 'me se lule se sireletsehile. Senotlolo sa sechaba se tsejoa ke bohle. Haeba senotlolo sa poraefete se lahlehile, phihlello ea thepa (chelete ea tšepe) e ke ke ea khutlisoa mme chelete e tla lahleha ka ho sa feleng. Ka hona, mosebetsi oa ho boloka linotlolo ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng o bohlokoa haholo, hobane Sena ha se banka moo o ka tlang le pasepoto ea hau kamehla mme o khutlisa ak'haonte ea hau. Ho na le indasteri eohle ea tlhahiso ea seo ho thoeng ke li-wallet tse batang tsa crypto, tse ts'oanang le li-flash drive:

kapa o ka sebelisa mekhoa e tšepahalang haholoanyane, mohlala, ho hatisa boleng ba senotlolo sa lekunutu ho li-tokens:

Litšebelisano

Lintlha tse ling mabapi le sebopeho sa transaction li ka fumanoa sehloohong Bitcoin ka bokhutšoanyane - Transaction. Ho bohlokoa ho rona ho utloisisa hore khoebo ka 'ngoe e na le bonyane lintlha tse latelang:

From: 0x48C89c341C5960Ca2Bf3732D6D8a0F4f89Cc4368 - цифровой адрес отправителя
To: 0x367adb7894334678b90аfe7882a5b06f7fbc783a - цифровой адрес получателя
Value: 0.0001 - сумма транзакции
Transaction Hash: 0x617ede331e8a99f46a363b32b239542bb4006e4fa9a2727a6636ffe3eb095cef - хэш транзакции

Ka mor'a moo, transaction e saennoe ka senotlolo sa poraefete ebe e romelloa (sheba lintlha tse mabapi le ts'ebetso ea protocol Bitcoin ka bokhutšoanyane-Protocol) ho li-node tsohle tse blockchain tse hlahlobang litšebelisano hore na li nepahetse. Algorithm ea netefatso ea transaction ha e na taba ebile e kenyelletsa mehato ea dozen tse peli.

Lithibelo tsa transaction

Kamora ho hlahloba bonnete ba litšebelisano, li-node li theha li-blocks ho tsona. Ntle le litšebelisano, hashe ea block e fetileng le nomoro (Nonce counter) e ngotsoe ka har'a block, 'me hash ea block ea hona joale e baloa ho sebelisoa SHA-256 algorithm. Hashe e tlameha ebe e thehile maemo a rarahaneng. Ka mohlala, marang-rang a Bitcoin, bothata ba hash bo fetoha ka boomo libeke tse ling le tse ling tsa 2 ho itšetlehile ka matla a marang-rang e le hore thibela e hlahisoa hoo e ka bang hang ka metsotso e meng le e meng ea 10. Ho rarahana ho khethoa ke maemo a latelang: hashe e fumanoeng e tlameha ho ba ka tlase ho palo e reriloeng esale pele. Haeba boemo bona bo sa finyelloe, joale 1 e kenngoa ho Nonce, 'me mosebetsi oa ho bala hash o phetoa. Ho khetha hash, ho sebelisoa tšimo ea Nonce, hobane Ena ke eona feela data ho block e ka fetoloang; tse ling kaofela li tlameha ho lula li sa fetohe. Hashe e nepahetseng e tlameha ho ba le palo e itseng ea li-zero tse etellang pele, joalo ka e 'ngoe ea li-hashe tsa 'nete:

000000000000000000000bf03212e7dd1176f52f816fa395fc9b93c44bc11f91

Ho fumana hashe ka katleho ke bopaki ba mosebetsi o entsoeng (Bopaki-ba-Work, PoW) bakeng sa marang-rang a Bitcoin kapa Ethereum. Mokhoa oa ho fumana li-hashes o bitsoa merafo, e tšoanang le merafo ea khauta. Lebitso le hlalosa ka nepo moelelo oa tšebetso, hobane ho na le patlisiso e bonolo ea likhetho, 'me haeba motho a fumana hashe e loketseng, joale sena ke lehlohonolo. Ho tšoana le ho fumana khauta ea 'nete ka har'a majoe a litšila. Moputso oa thibela hona joale ke 12.5 BTC 'me haeba u e atisa ka tekanyo ea hona joale ea Bitcoin ea $ 3900, u fumana ho feta kilogram ea khauta e hloekileng. Ho na le seo u lokelang ho se loanela!

Kamora ho fumana hashe ka katleho, block le hashe e fumanoeng ka boeona e ngolloa blockchain joalo ka block e latelang. Lintlha tse ling mabapi le sebopeho sa li-blocks li ka fumanoa sehloohong Bitcoin ka bokhutšoanyane-Blockchain, mme ka tlase ke setšoantšo se nolofalitsoeng:

The blockchain e qala ka block e e-so be le hash ea block e fetileng. Ho na le boloko bo le bong feela ho blockchain mme e na le lebitso la eona la Genese block. Li-blocks tse setseng li na le sebopeho se ts'oanang 'me li fapana feela ka palo ea litšebelisano. Litšebelisano tsa 'nete le li-block tse ntseng li bōptjoa hona joale ho Bitcoin kapa Ethereum li ka shejoa ho Thibela Explorer.

Boholo ba li-blocks ho Bitcoin bo lekanyelitsoe ho 1MB mme ka bonyane ba tlhaiso-leseling ka transaction e ka bang 200 byte, palo e kholo ea litšebelisano ka block e ka ba 6000. Ho tloha mona, ka tsela, ho latela ts'ebetso ea Bitcoin, eo bohle ba e tšehang: thibela e hlahisoa hoo e ka bang hanngoe metsotso e meng le e meng e 10 * metsotsoana e 60 = metsotsoana ea 600, e fanang ka ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea 10 TPS. Le hoja ha e le hantle, sena ha se tlhahiso, empa ke algorithm ea mosebetsi e entsoeng ka boomo. Ho Ethereum, bakeng sa tlholisano, ba mpa ba etsa nako ea block block 15 metsotsoana. mme tlhahiso e ile ya eketseha ka semolao. Ka hona, ho li-blockchains tse sebelisang PoW e le tumellano, ha ho utloahale ho bapisa ts'ebetso ho hang, hobane ka ho toba e itšetlehile ka ho rarahana ha palo ea cache, e ka abeloang boleng leha e le bofe.

Lifereko

Ho etsahala'ng haeba, ka mohlala, li-node tse 'maloa li fumane li-hashes tse finyellang maemo a rarahaneng, empa li fapane ka bohlokoa (ka mantsoe a mang, li ile tsa tla litumellano tse fapaneng)' me tsa ngola li-blocks ho blockchain? Ha re boneng hore na blockchain e sireletsa joang khahlanong le boemo bona. Tabeng ena, seo ho thoeng ke fereko se etsahala, 'me blockchain e na le mefuta e' meli ea ketane:

Ho etsahala'ng ka mor'a moo? Ka mor'a moo, karolo ea marang-rang e qala ho sebetsa ho thibela N+2 ho tloha ketane e le 'ngoe,' me karolo ho tloha ho e 'ngoe:

E 'ngoe ea li-blocks e tla fumanoa pejana ebe e romelloa ho blockchain, ebe, ho latela melao, blockchain e tla tlameha ho fetohela ho ketane e telele ebe e hlakola lits'ebetso tsohle ho tsoa ho blockchain e 'ngoe:

Ka nako e ts'oanang, boemo bo ka 'na ba hlaha ha ts'ebetso ea morupeluoa e ne e le feela ho e' ngoe ea li-blocks tsa fereko, e ileng ea hlakoloa. Ka hona, ho etsa bonnete ba hore transaction e lakatsehang e tlalehiloe ho blockchain, ho na le khothaletso e akaretsang - pele u tšepa transaction, u lokela ho ema ho fihlela li-blocks tse 'maloa tse latelang li kenyelletsoa ho blockchain. Litlhahiso tsa hore na ke li-block tse kae tse lokelang ho emela li-blockchain tse fapaneng li fapana. Mohlala, bakeng sa marang-rang a Bitcoin bonyane ke li-block tse 2, boholo ke 6.

Setšoantšo se tšoanang se nang le liforomo tsa li-block se tla hlokomeloa nakong ea seo ho thoeng ke 51% tlhaselo - ke ha sehlopha sa basebetsi ba morafong se leka ho hōlisa ketane e 'ngoe thibela, ho batla ho hlakola ketane ka litšebelisano tsa bona tsa bolotsana. Le hoja hona joale, ho e-na le bolotsana, ho na le phaello e ngata ho sebelisa matla a hau merafong e tšepahalang.

Tumellano

Ho rekota thibela blockchain, marang-rang a tlameha ho fihlela tumellano. Ha re hopoleng mosebetsi oa ho fihlela tumellano ho marang-rang a likhokahano tsa likhomphutha. Bothata bo entsoe e le mosebetsi oa balaoli ba Byzantine BFT (Mamello ea phoso ea Byzantine). Ho tlohela tlhaloso e ntle ea mathata a sesole sa Byzantium, bothata bo ka rarolloa ka tsela e latelang: li-node tsa marang-rang li ka fihla joang sephethong se tloaelehileng haeba li-node tse ling tsa marang-rang li ka li senya ka boomo. Li-algorithms tse teng bakeng sa ho rarolla bothata ba BFT li bontša hore marang-rang a ka sebetsa ka nepo haeba ho na le balotsana ba ka tlase ho 1/3. Ke hobane'ng ha tumellano ea BFT e sa sebelisoa ho marang-rang a Bitcoin? Hobaneng ho ne ho hlokahala ho sebelisa PoW? Ho na le mabaka a 'maloa:

• BFT e sebetsa hantle ka li-node tse nyenyane tse tsitsitseng, empa ka har'a blockchain ea sechaba palo ea li-node ha e tsejoe hantle, ho feta moo, li-node li ka buloa le ho tima ka mokhoa o sa reroang.
• Hoa hlokahala ho susumetsa batho ho qala li-node tsa blockchain. Ho etsa sena, batho ba tlameha ho putsoa. Ho BFT ha ho na letho leo u ka fumanang moputso ho lona, ​​​​empa hore na moputso ke ofe ho PoW o hlakile ho motho e mong le e mong ka mokhoa o hlakileng: bakeng sa motlakase o sebelisoang ke processor nakong ea ho fumana hash ea block.

Ntle le PoW, ho na le litumellano tse ling tse 'maloa tse sebelisoang ho li-blockchains tsa sejoale-joale, mohlala:

• PoS (Bopaki ba-Stake) - ho blockchain Hyperledger
• DPoS (Bopaki bo Felletseng ba-Stake) - ho blockchain Li-BitShares
• Liphetoho tsa BFT: SBFT (Simplified BFT) le PBFT (Practical BFT), mohlala ho blockchain. Exonum

Ha re luleng hanyane tumellanong ea PoS, hobane ... Ke PoS le mefuta ea eona e atileng haholo ho li-blockchains tse ikemetseng. Ke hobane'ng ha u le boinotšing? Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litšobotsi tsa PoS li molemo ho bapisoa le PoW, hobane Ho finyella tumellano, lisebelisoa tse fokolang tsa k'homphieutha lia hlokahala, e leng se bolelang hore lebelo la ho ngola lintlha ho thibela ho eketseha. Empa ka lehlakoreng le leng, PoS e na le menyetla e mengata ea bomenemene, kahoo ho fokotsa sena, barupeluoa bohle ba blockchain ba tlameha ho tsejoa.

Tumellano ea PoS e itšetlehile ka khetho ea node e ka ngolang thibela ka litšebelisano ho thibela ho itšetlehile ka chelete ea chelete ka akhaonto, kapa ho e-na le hoo, eseng ka akhaonto, empa ka tebeletso, i.e. Ha u na le chelete e ngata e le tebeletso, ho na le monyetla o moholo oa hore marang-rang a tla khetha node ea hau ho ngola block. Chelete ea deposit e ke ke ea khutlisoa haeba boloko bo sa sebetse. Sena se fana ka tšireletso khahlanong le bomenemene. Ho na le liphapang tse latelang tsa PoS:

• Tumellano ea Moifo oa PoS (DPoS) e arola barupeluoa ka "bakhethi" le "ba netefatsang". Ba nang le lichelete tsa tšepe (barupeluoa ba likhetho) ba fana ka matla a bona a ho netefatsa le ho rekota litšebelisano ho blockchain ho barupeluoa ba bang. Kahoo, li-validators li etsa mosebetsi oohle oa computational mme li fumana moputso bakeng sa eona, 'me boteng ba barupeluoa ba likhetho bo tiisa botšepehi ba li-validators, hobane li ka fetoloa neng kapa neng.
• LPoS (Leased Proof-of-Stake) tumellano e u lumella ho hira chelete ea hau ho li-node tse ling e le hore ba be le monyetla o motle oa ho netefatsa li-block. Seo. U ka fumana komisi bakeng sa litšebelisano ntle le ho kenya letsoho ho netefatso ea sebele ea transaction le thibela merafo.

Ho na le litumellano tse ling tse ngata tse e-so sebelisoe haholo, ke tla li thathamisa mona bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling, 'me kakaretso ea li-algorithms tsa tumellano e ka fumanoa, mohlala, sengolong: Li-algorithms tsa Consensus ho Blockchain.

• Seroki (Bopaki-ba-Nako e Fetileng)
• PoC (Bopaki ba Bokhoni)
• PoB (Bopaki ba ho Chesa)
• Poweight (Bopaki ba Boima)
• PoA (Bopaki-ba-Mosebetsi) - PoW + PoS
• PoI (Bopaki-ba-Bohlokoa)

Ho tšepahala le mekhoa ea ho tsamaisa li-blockchains

Blockchain ea sechaba

Khokahano Public kapa lebitso le leng blockchain e se nang tumello Sena se finyelloa ka ho lumella mang kapa mang ho hokela le ho sheba tlhahisoleseling kapa esita le ho hokela node ea bona, 'me tšepo e hahiloe holim'a tumellano ea PoW.

Blockchain ea poraefete

Private kapa Poraefete Tumello blockchain. Li-blockchains tsena, ke sehlopha se itseng feela sa barupeluoa (mekhatlo kapa batho) ba nang le monyetla oa ho fumana tlhahisoleseling. Li-blockchains tse joalo li hahiloe ke mekhatlo ka sepheo sa ho eketsa melemo kapa katleho ka kakaretso. Ho tšepahala ha bona ho netefatsoa ke lipakane tse tloaelehileng tsa barupeluoa le li-algorithms tsa tumellano ea PoS le BFT.

Mokhatlo oa Blockchain

E teng Consortium kapa Setjhabeng tumello blockchain. Tsena ke li-blockchains tseo mang kapa mang a ka li hokahanyang ho li sheba, empa motho ea nkang karolo a ka eketsa tlhahisoleseling kapa a hokahanya node ea hae feela ka tumello ea barupeluoa ba bang. Li-blockchains tse joalo li hahiloe ke mekhatlo e le ho eketsa tšepo ho bareki kapa bareki ba lihlahisoa kapa sechaba ka kakaretso. Mona, ho tšepahala ho boetse ho finyelloa ke ho ba teng ha tšepo pakeng tsa barupeluoa le li-algorithms tse tšoanang tsa tumellano ea PoS le BFT.

Smart Contracts

Li-blockchains tse kentsoeng ts'ebetsong ka mor'a hore Bitcoin, ho isa tekanyong e 'ngoe, e ekelitse bokhoni ba ho phethahatsa likonteraka tse bohlale. Ha e le hantle, konteraka e bohlale ke transaction eo khoutu ea lenaneo e behoang ho eona. Likonteraka tse bohlale ho marang-rang a Ethereum li etsoa ho EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine). Ho qala ho etsa konteraka e bohlale, e tlameha ho qalisoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ke terakase e 'ngoe, kapa lipehelo tsa pele tsa ho e sebelisa li tlameha ho fihleloa. Liphetho tsa ts'ebetso ea konteraka e bohlale le tsona li tla ngoloa ho blockchain. Ho fumana data ho tsoa kantle ho blockchain hoa khoneha, empa ho lekanyelitsoe haholo.

Ke mabaka afe a khoebo a ka sebelisoang ka konteraka e bohlale? Ha e le hantle, ha ho na lintho tse ngata, ka mohlala, ho hlahloba maemo ho sebelisa lintlha tse tsoang ho blockchain, ho fetola beng ba thepa ea digital ho itšetlehile ka maemo ana, ho rekota lintlha ka polokelo e sa feleng ka har'a blockchain. The logic e kenngoa ts'ebetsong ka puo e khethehileng ea boemo bo phahameng ba Solidity.

Mohlala oa khale oa ts'ebetso o sebelisoang ho sebelisoa likonteraka tse bohlale ke ho fana ka li-tokens bakeng sa li-ICO. Ka mohlala, ke ile ka kenya ts'ebetsong konteraka e bohlale ea ho fana ka AlexToken e itekanetseng ea 500. Ka sehokelo ho Etherscan e teng

mohloli oa konteraka e bohlale ka puo ea Solidity

pragma solidity ^0.4.23;
library SafeMath {
/**
* @dev Multiplies two numbers, throws on overflow.
**/
function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
if (a == 0) {
return 0;
}
c = a * b;
assert(c / a == b);
return c;
}
/**
* @dev Integer division of two numbers, truncating the quotient.
**/
function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
// assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
/**
* @title SafeMath
* @dev Math operations with safety checks that throw on error
*/
// uint256 c = a / b;
// assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
return a / b;
}
/**
* @dev Subtracts two numbers, throws on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
**/
function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
assert(b <= a);
return a - b;
}
/**
* @dev Adds two numbers, throws on overflow.
**/
function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256 c) {
c = a + b;
assert(c >= a);
return c;
}
}
/**
* @title Ownable
* @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
* functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
**/
contract Ownable {
address public owner;
event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
/**
* @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender account.
**/
constructor() public {
owner = msg.sender;
}
/**
* @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
**/
modifier onlyOwner() {
require(msg.sender == owner);
_;
}
/**
* @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
* @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
**/
function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
require(newOwner != address(0));
emit OwnershipTransferred(owner, newOwner);
owner = newOwner;
}
}
/**
* @title ERC20Basic interface
* @dev Basic ERC20 interface
**/
contract ERC20Basic {
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);
function balanceOf(address who) public view returns (uint256);
function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
}
/**
* @title ERC20 interface
* @dev see https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20
**/
contract ERC20 is ERC20Basic {
function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns (uint256);
function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool);
event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
}
/**
* @title Basic token
* @dev Basic version of StandardToken, with no allowances.
**/
contract BasicToken is ERC20Basic {
using SafeMath for uint256;
mapping(address => uint256) balances;
uint256 totalSupply_;
/**
* @dev total number of tokens in existence
**/
function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
return totalSupply_;
}
/**
* @dev transfer token for a specified address
* @param _to The address to transfer to.
* @param _value The amount to be transferred.
**/
function transfer(address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
require(_to != address(0));
require(_value <= balances[msg.sender]);
balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].sub(_value);
balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
emit Transfer(msg.sender, _to, _value);
return true;
}
/**
* @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
* @param _owner The address to query the the balance of.
* @return An uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
**/
function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256) {
return balances[_owner];
}
}
contract StandardToken is ERC20, BasicToken {
mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) internal allowed;
/**
* @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another
* @param _from address The address which you want to send tokens from
* @param _to address The address which you want to transfer to
* @param _value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
**/
function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
require(_to != address(0));
require(_value <= balances[_from]);
require(_value <= allowed[_from][msg.sender]);
balances[_from] = balances[_from].sub(_value);
balances[_to] = balances[_to].add(_value);
allowed[_from][msg.sender] = allowed[_from][msg.sender].sub(_value);
emit Transfer(_from, _to, _value);
return true;
}
/**
* @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
*
* Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
* and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
* race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
* https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
* @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
* @param _value The amount of tokens to be spent.
**/
function approve(address _spender, uint256 _value) public returns (bool) {
allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = _value;
emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, _value);
return true;
}
/**
* @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
* @param _owner address The address which owns the funds.
* @param _spender address The address which will spend the funds.
* @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
**/
function allowance(address _owner, address _spender) public view returns (uint256) {
return allowed[_owner][_spender];
}
/**
* @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
*
* approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To increment
* allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
* the first transaction is mined)
* From MonolithDAO Token.sol
* @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
* @param _addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
**/
function increaseApproval(address _spender, uint _addedValue) public returns (bool) {
allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = allowed[msg.sender][_spender].add(_addedValue);
emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
return true;
}
/**
* @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
*
* approve should be called when allowed[_spender] == 0. To decrement
* allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
* the first transaction is mined)
* From MonolithDAO Token.sol
* @param _spender The address which will spend the funds.
* @param _subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
**/
function decreaseApproval(address _spender, uint _subtractedValue) public returns (bool) {
uint oldValue = allowed[msg.sender][_spender];
if (_subtractedValue > oldValue) {
allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = 0;
} else {
allowed[msg.sender][_spender] = oldValue.sub(_subtractedValue);
}
emit Approval(msg.sender, _spender, allowed[msg.sender][_spender]);
return true;
}
}
/**
* @title Configurable
* @dev Configurable varriables of the contract
**/
contract Configurable {
uint256 public constant cap = 1000000000*10**18;
uint256 public constant basePrice = 100*10**18; // tokens per 1 ether
uint256 public tokensSold = 0;
uint256 public constant tokenReserve = 500000000*10**18;
uint256 public remainingTokens = 0;
}
/**
* @title CrowdsaleToken 
* @dev Contract to preform crowd sale with token
**/
contract CrowdsaleToken is StandardToken, Configurable, Ownable {
/**
* @dev enum of current crowd sale state
**/
enum Stages {
none,
icoStart, 
icoEnd
}
Stages currentStage;
/**
* @dev constructor of CrowdsaleToken
**/
constructor() public {
currentStage = Stages.none;
balances[owner] = balances[owner].add(tokenReserve);
totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.add(tokenReserve);
remainingTokens = cap;
emit Transfer(address(this), owner, tokenReserve);
}
/**
* @dev fallback function to send ether to for Crowd sale
**/
function () public payable {
require(currentStage == Stages.icoStart);
require(msg.value > 0);
require(remainingTokens > 0);
uint256 weiAmount = msg.value; // Calculate tokens to sell
uint256 tokens = weiAmount.mul(basePrice).div(1 ether);
uint256 returnWei = 0;
if(tokensSold.add(tokens) > cap){
uint256 newTokens = cap.sub(tokensSold);
uint256 newWei = newTokens.div(basePrice).mul(1 ether);
returnWei = weiAmount.sub(newWei);
weiAmount = newWei;
tokens = newTokens;
}
tokensSold = tokensSold.add(tokens); // Increment raised amount
remainingTokens = cap.sub(tokensSold);
if(returnWei > 0){
msg.sender.transfer(returnWei);
emit Transfer(address(this), msg.sender, returnWei);
}
balances[msg.sender] = balances[msg.sender].add(tokens);
emit Transfer(address(this), msg.sender, tokens);
totalSupply_ = totalSupply_.add(tokens);
owner.transfer(weiAmount);// Send money to owner
}
/**
* @dev startIco starts the public ICO
**/
function startIco() public onlyOwner {
require(currentStage != Stages.icoEnd);
currentStage = Stages.icoStart;
}
/**
* @dev endIco closes down the ICO 
**/
function endIco() internal {
currentStage = Stages.icoEnd;
// Transfer any remaining tokens
if(remainingTokens > 0)
balances[owner] = balances[owner].add(remainingTokens);
// transfer any remaining ETH balance in the contract to the owner
owner.transfer(address(this).balance); 
}
/**
* @dev finalizeIco closes down the ICO and sets needed varriables
**/
function finalizeIco() public onlyOwner {
require(currentStage != Stages.icoEnd);
endIco();
}
}
/**
* @title LavevelToken 
* @dev Contract to create the Lavevel Token
**/
contract AlexToken is CrowdsaleToken {
string public constant name = "AlexToken";
string public constant symbol = "ALT";
uint32 public constant decimals = 18;
}

le boemeli ba binary joalokaha marang-rang a e bona

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Lintlha tse ling mabapi le likonteraka tse bohlale li ka fumanoa sehloohong sena: Ke likonteraka life tse bohlale ho Ethereum.

fihlela qeto e

Re thathamisitse theknoloji eo li-blockchains tsa morao-rao li hahiloeng ho tsona le hore na li amana joang. Joale a re theheng hore na ke mathata afe a ka rarolloang ka ho sebelisa blockchain, le hore na ke litharollo life, ka ho fetisisa, tse sa sebetseng. Kahoo, ho sebelisa blockchain ha ho hlokahale haeba:

• Litšebelisano li etsoa sebakeng se tšepahalang;
• Ho ba teng ha komisi ea bakena-lipakeng ha ho mpefatse bophelo ba barupeluoa;
• Barupeluoa ha ba na thepa e ka hlahisoang e le thepa ea digital;
• Ha ho na kabo ea thepa ea digital, i.e. boleng ke ba motho kapa bo fanoe ke monkakarolo a le mong.

Bokamoso bo tšoere eng bakeng sa blockchain? Joale re ka hakanya feela ka mekhoa e ka khonehang ea nts'etsopele ea mahlale a blockchain:

• Blockchain e tla fetoha thekenoloji e tloaelehileng ea database, ka mohlala, SQL kapa NoSQL bakeng sa ho rarolla mathata a eona a khethehileng;
• Blockchain e tla fetoha protocol e atileng, joalo ka HTTP ke Marang-rang;
• Blockchain e tla fetoha motheo oa tsamaiso e ncha ea lichelete le lipolotiki lefatšeng!

Karolong e latelang re tla sheba hore na li-blockchains li teng hona joale le hore na ke hobane'ng ha li sebelisoa liindastering tse fapaneng.

Ena ke qalo feela!

Source: www.habr.com