Mohlala oa pele oa seva ea letsatsi e nang le selaoli sa tefo. Senepe:
Ka Loetse 2018, motho ea chesehang ho tsoa Makasine ea Low-tech
U ka ea ho seva
Nakoana pele mafube a hlaha ka la 31 Pherekhong 2020, e ne e e-na le 42% ea betri e setseng. Dawn e Barcelona ka 8:04 nako ea lehae, ka mor'a moo hona joale ho lokela ho phalla ho tloha setsing sa letsatsi.
Hobane'ng?
Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng litsebi
Likhamphani tsa IT li qalile matsapa a ho fetohela mehloling e meng ea matla, empa hona joale ha ho khonehe. Litsi tsohle tsa data li sebelisa matla a makhetlo a mararo ho feta a matla a letsatsi le a moea a hlahisoang lefatšeng. Ho hobe le ho feta, tlhahiso le phetolo ea kamehla ea liphanele tsa letsatsi le li-turbine tsa moea
Makasine ea theknoloji e tlase
Keketseho ea sephethephethe
'Me ha e le hantle, mosebetsi o eketsehileng o bōptjoa ke mokhoa oa bophelo ka boeona: batho ba qeta hoo e ka bang nako eohle ea bona Inthaneteng' me ba itšetlehile haholo ka litšebeletso tse sa tšoaneng tsa marang-rang. Ho se ho le thata ho nahana ka sechaba sa sejoale-joale se se nang lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tsa IT (marang-rang a sechaba, manģosa a hang-hang, mangolo, joalo-joalo).
Seva le tlhophiso ea sebaka sa marang-rang
В
Khomphuta ea boto e le 'ngoe
Olimex Olinuxin A20 Lime 2
Qalong, betri ea lithium-polymer e nang le matla a 6600 mAh (hoo e ka bang 24 Wh) e khethiloe e le betri, ebe ho kenngoa betere ea lead-acid e nang le matla a 84,4 Wh.
Sistimi ea ts'ebetso e qala ho tsoa kareteng ea SD. Le hoja OS e nka e seng ho feta 1 GB le websaeteng e tsitsitseng e ka bang 30 MB, ho ne ho se na kutloisiso ea moruo ho reka karete e nyenyane ho feta Sehlopha sa 10 16 GB.
Seva e hokela Marang-rang ka khokahanyo ea lapeng ea 100Mbps Barcelona le router e tloaelehileng ea bareki. Aterese ea IP e sa fetoheng e boloketsoe eona. Hoo e ka bang mang kapa mang a ka theha sebaka se joalo foleteng ea bona; o hloka ho fetola litlhophiso tsa firewall hanyane ho fetisetsa likou ho IP ea lehae:
Port 80 ho isa ho 80 bakeng sa HTTP Port 443 ho isa ho 443 bakeng sa HTTPS Port 22 ho isa ho 22 bakeng sa SSH
tshebetso ya ho sebetsa
Phanele ea letsatsi ea li-watt tse 50 bakeng sa seva sa marang-rang le phanele ea letsatsi ea 10-watt bakeng sa ho bonesa kamore ea ho phomola ka foleteng ea mongoli.
Sebaka sa marang-rang se entsoeng ke sistimi
Ntlha ea bohlokoa haholo ke khatello ea setšoantšo, kaha ntle le ts'ebetso ena ho batla ho le thata ho etsa maqephe a marang-rang a manyane ho feta 1 megabyte. Bakeng sa ntlafatso, ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea ho fetola linepe hore e be litšoantšo tsa halftone. Mohlala, mona ke foto ea basali ba sebelisang mehala ea mehala ka switchboard lekholong le fetileng la lilemo,
Mona ke setšoantšo se ntlafalitsoeng sa grayscale sa boholo
Lifoto tsa Halftone ha lia khethoa feela ho ntlafatsa boholo (e leng qeto e belaetsang), empa hape le ka mabaka a botle. Mokhoa ona oa khale oa ho sebetsana le litšoantšo o na le likarolo tse itseng tsa setaele, kahoo setša se na le moralo o itseng o ikhethang.
Ka mor'a ho ntlafatsa, litšoantšo tse 623 ho websaeteng ea Low-tech Magazine li fokotsehile ka boholo ho tloha ho 194,2 MB ho ea ho 21,3 MB, ke hore, ka 89%.
Lingoliloeng tsohle tsa khale li ile tsa fetoleloa ho Markdown bakeng sa ho ngola lingoliloeng tse ncha habonolo, hammoho le ho boloka bekapo habonolo.
Ha nako e ntse e fokotseha, monyetla oa "ho bala ntle le marang-rang" o hlophisitsoe: litemana le litšoantšo li romelloa ho RSS feed. Caching ea 100% ea litaba e lumelletsoe, ho kenyelletsa le HTML.
Ntlafatso e 'ngoe ke ho nolofalletsa litlhophiso tsa HTTP2 ho nginx, e fokotsang sephethephethe hanyane mme e fokotsa nako ea ho jarolla leqephe ha e bapisoa le HTTP/1.1. Tafole e bapisa liphetho tsa maqephe a mahlano a fapaneng.
| | FP | RONA | HS | FW | CW | |----------|-------|---------------|-------|------ -| | HTTP/1.1 | 1.46s | 1.87s | 1.54s | 1.86s | 1.89s | | HTTP2 | 1.30s | 1.49s | 1.54s | 1.79s | 1.55s | | Litšoantšo | 9 | 21 | 11 | 19 | 23 | | polokelo | 11% | 21% | 0% | 4% | 18% |
Tlhophiso e felletseng ea nginx:
root@solarserver:/var/log/nginx# cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/solar.lowtechmagazine.com
# Expires map
map $sent_http_content_type $expires {
default off;
text/html 7d;
text/css max;
application/javascript max;
~image/ max;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
location / {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
server{
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name solar.lowtechmagazine.com;
charset UTF-8; #improve page speed by sending the charset with the first response.
location / {
root /var/www/html/;
index index.html;
autoindex off;
}
#Caching (save html pages for 7 days, rest as long as possible, no caching on frontpage)
expires $expires;
location @index {
add_header Last-Modified $date_gmt;
add_header Cache-Control 'no-cache, no-store';
etag off;
expires off;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#location = /50x.html {
# root /var/www/;
#}
#Compression
gzip on;
gzip_disable "msie6";
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;
#Caching (save html page for 7 days, rest as long as possible)
expires $expires;
# Logs
access_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/solar.lowtechmagazine.com_ssl.error.log;
# SSL Settings:
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/privkey.pem;
# Improve HTTPS performance with session resumption
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
# Enable server-side protection against BEAST attacks
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_ciphers ECDH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+3DES:!ADH:!AECDH:!MD5;
# Disable SSLv3
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
# Lower the buffer size to increase TTFB
ssl_buffer_size 4k;
# Diffie-Hellman parameter for DHE ciphersuites
# $ sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
# Enable HSTS (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Security/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security)
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains";
# Enable OCSP stapling (http://blog.mozilla.org/security/2013/07/29/ocsp-stapling-in-firefox)
ssl_stapling on;
ssl_stapling_verify on;
ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/solar.lowtechmagazine.com/fullchain.pem;
resolver 87.98.175.85 193.183.98.66 valid=300s;
resolver_timeout 5s;
}
Liphetho tsa likhoeli tse 15 tsa mosebetsi
Bakeng sa nako ea ho tloha ka la 12 Tšitoe 2018 ho isa la 28 Pulungoana 2019, seva e bonts'itse
Empa haeba u sa ele hloko likhoeli tse peli tse fetileng, nako ea ho qetela e ne e le 98,2%, 'me nako ea ho phomola e ne e le lihora tsa 152 feela, bahlahisi ba ngola. Uptime e theohetse ho 80% likhoeling tse peli tse fetileng ha tšebeliso ea matla e eketseha ka lebaka la ntlafatso ea software. Bosiu bo bong le bo bong sebaka seo se ne se theoha ka lihora tse 'maloa.
Ho ea ka lipalo-palo, bakeng sa selemo (ho tloha ka la 3 Tšitoe 2018 ho isa la 24 Pulungoana 2019), tšebeliso ea motlakase ea seva e ne e le 9,53 kWh. Litahlehelo tse kholo tsamaisong ea photovoltaic ka lebaka la phetoho ea motlakase le ho tsoa ha betri ho tlalehiloe. Molaoli oa letsatsi o bontšitse tšebeliso ea selemo le selemo ea 18,10 kWh, e bolelang hore ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso e ka ba 50%.
Setšoantšo se nolofalitsoeng. Ha e bontše motlakase oa motlakase ho tloha ho 12 ho ea ho 5 volts le betri ea ampere-hour meter.
Nakong ea thuto, baeti ba ikhethang ba 865 ba ile ba etela sebaka sena. Ho kenyeletsoa tahlehelo eohle ea matla ho kenngoeng ha letsatsi, tšebeliso ea matla ho moeti ea ikhethang e ne e le 000 Wh. Kahoo, hora e le 'ngoe ea kilowatt ea matla a letsatsi e hlahisoang e lekane ho sebeletsa baeti ba ikhethang ba ka bang 0,021.
Nakong ea teko, liphanele tsa letsatsi tsa boholo bo fapaneng li ile tsa lekoa. Tafole e bonts'a lipalo tsa hore na ho tla nka nako e kae ho tjhaja libeteri tsa matla a fapaneng ha u sebelisa liphanele tsa letsatsi tsa boholo bo fapaneng.
Kakaretso ea tšebeliso ea matla ea seva sa marang-rang nakong ea selemo sa pele, ho kenyelletsa le tahlehelo eohle ea matla, e ne e le 1,97 Watts. Palo e bonts'a hore ho tsamaisa sebaka sa marang-rang bosiung bo bokhuts'oanyane ba selemo (lihora tse 8 metsotso e 50, la 21 Phuptjane) ho hloka lihora tse 17,40 tsa matla a polokelo, 'me bosiung bo bolelele (lihora tse 14 metsotso e 49, la 21 Tšitoe) o hloka 29,19. .XNUMX H.
Kaha libeteri tsa asiti ea lead ha lia lokela ho tsoa ka tlase ho halofo ea matla, sesebelisoa se hloka betri ea 60 Wh ho phela bosiu bo bolelele ka ho fetisisa ka khanya ea motšehare (2x29,19 Wh). Boholo ba selemo, sistimi e ne e sebetsa ka betri ea 86,4 Wh le phanele ea letsatsi ea 50-watt, ebe nako e boletsoeng ka holimo ea 95-98% e fihletsoe.
Uptime 100%
Bakeng sa nako ea 100%, hoa hlokahala ho eketsa matla a betri. Ho lefella letsatsi le le leng la boemo ba leholimo bo bobe haholo (ntle le ho hlahisa matla a maholo), lihora tse 47,28 tsa watt (lihora tse 24 × 1,97 watts) tsa polokelo lia hlokahala.
Ho tloha ka la 1 Tšitoe 2019 ho isa la 12 Pherekhong 2020, ho kentsoe betri ea 168-watt ka har'a sistimi, e nang le sebaka sa polokelo se sebetsang sa lihora tse 84 tsa watt. Ena ke polokelo e lekaneng ho boloka sebaka sa marang-rang se sebetsa ka masiu a mabeli le letsatsi le le leng. Tokiso e ile ea lekoa nakong e lefifi ka ho fetesisa ea selemo, empa boemo ba leholimo bo ne bo batla bo le botle - mme ka nako e boletsoeng nako e ne e le 100%.
Empa e le ho netefatsa nako ea 100% ka lilemo tse 'maloa, u tla tlameha ho fana ka boemo bo bobe ka ho fetisisa, ha boemo ba leholimo bo bobe bo phehella matsatsi a' maloa. Palo e bontša hore ho boloka sebaka sa marang-rang ka matsatsi a mane se na le matla a fokolang kapa a se nang matla, u tla hloka betri ea asiti ea lead e nang le matla a lihora tse 440, e leng boholo ba betri ea koloi.
Ha e le hantle, maemong a leholimo a matle, betri ea 48 Wh lead-acid e tla boloka seva se sebetsa bosiu bo le bong ho tloha ka Hlakubele ho isa Loetse. Betri ea 24 Wh e tla tšoarella seva ka lihora tse ngata tsa 6, ho bolelang hore e tla koala bosiu bo bong le bo bong, le hoja ka linako tse fapaneng ho itšetlehile ka khoeli.
Ka kakaretso, libaka tse ling ha li hloke ho sebetsa bosiu, ha palo ea baeti e fokotsehile, ho re bashanyana ba tsoang Makasine ea Low-tech. Ka mohlala, haeba ena e le sengoliloeng sa motse oa libaka, moo baeti ba tsoang libakeng tse ling tsa nako ba sa tle, empa ke baahi ba moo feela.
Ke hore, bakeng sa libaka tse nang le sephethephethe se fapaneng le nako e fapaneng ea ho qetela, libeteri tsa bokhoni bo fapaneng le lisebelisoa tsa letsatsi tsa boholo bo fapaneng lia hlokahala.
Mongoli o fana ka palo ea hore na ho hlokahala matla a makae bakeng sa tlhahiso liphanele tsa letsatsi ka botsona (matla a kentsoeng) le hore na e fella ka bokae haeba u arola chelete ena ka bophelo bo lebelletsoeng ba tšebeletso ea lilemo tse 10.
Ka tsela ena, hoa khoneha ho bala palo e lekanang ea mafura a mafura a sebelisoang tlhahiso le ts'ebetsong ea liphanele. Makasine ea theknoloji e tlase e fumane hore selemong sa pele sa ts'ebetso, sistimi ea bona (50 W panel, 86,4 Wh betri) "e hlahisitse" hoo e ka bang 9 kg ea mesi, kapa e lekanang le ho chesa lilithara tse 3 tsa peterole: e batlang e tšoana le 50- koloi ea mopalami ea lilemo li km leeto.
Haeba seva e tsamaisoa eseng ho tloha liphanele tsa letsatsi, empa ho tsoa ho marang-rang a kakaretso ea matla, joale likhahla tse lekanang li bonahala li le tlase ka makhetlo a tšeletseng: 1,54 kg (lefapha la matla la Spain le na le karolo e phahameng ea matla a mang le limela tsa matla a nyutlelie). Empa sena ha se papiso e nepahetseng ka ho feletseng, mongoli oa ngola, hobane e ela hloko matla a kenyelletsoeng a lisebelisoa tsa letsatsi, empa ha a nahane ka pontšo ena bakeng sa marang-rang a matla a kakaretso, ke hore, litšenyehelo tsa kaho le tšehetso ea eona. .
Lintlafatso tse ling
Nakong e fetileng, ho entsoe lintlafatso tse ngata tse fokolitseng tšebeliso ea matla a seva. Ka mohlala, ka nako e 'ngoe moqapi o ile a hlokomela hore 6,63 TB ea kakaretso ea 11,15 TB ea sephethephethe e hlahisitsoe ke ts'ebetsong e le' ngoe e fosahetseng ea RSS e neng e hula litaba metsotso e meng le e meng e seng mekae. Kamora ho lokisa bothata bona, tšebeliso ea matla a seva (ntle le tahlehelo ea matla) e theohile ho tloha ho 1,14 W ho isa ho hoo e ka bang 0,95 W. Phaello e ka 'na ea bonahala e le nyenyane, empa phapang ea 0,19 W e bolela lihora tse 4,56 ka letsatsi, tse lumellanang le lihora tse fetang 2,5 tsa bophelo ba betri bakeng sa seva.
Nakong ea selemo sa pele, katleho e ne e le 50% feela. Litahlehelo li ile tsa hlokomeloa ha ho lefisoa le ho ntša betri (22%), hammoho le ha ho fetola motlakase ho tloha 12 V (solar PV system) ho ea ho 5 V (USB), moo tahlehelo e neng e fihla ho 28%. Moqapi oa lumela hore o na le sesebelisoa sa motlakase se tlase (se laola ntle le USB e hahelletsoeng), kahoo o ka khona ho ntlafatsa ntlha ena kapa oa fetohela ho kenyelletso ea letsatsi ea 5V.
Ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba polokelo ea matla, libeteri tsa lead-acid li ka nkeloa sebaka ke libeteri tsa lithium-ion tse theko e boima haholo, tse nang le tahlehelo e tlase ea tefiso / ho tsoa (<10%). Hona joale moqapi o nahana ka compact
Compact compressed air energy accumulator,
Ho ntse ho nahanoa ka ho kenya mochini oa motlakase o eketsehileng (ho ka ba joalo
Tsela e 'ngoe ea ho eketsa katleho ea tsamaiso ke ho e fokotsa. Phahamisa liwebsaete tse ling ho seva 'me u hlahise li-server tse ngata. Joale tšebeliso ea matla ka sebaka ka seng e tla fokotseha.
Khampani ea ho amohela letsatsi. Setšoantšo: Diego Marmolejo
Haeba u koahela foranteng ea folete eohle ea hau ka liphanele tsa letsatsi 'me u bula k'hamphani ea solar web hosting, litšenyehelo ka moreki li tla ba tlase haholo ho feta bakeng sa sebaka sa marang-rang se le seng: economies of scale.
Ka kakaretso, teko ena e bontša hore, ha ho fanoe ka mefokolo e itseng, ho ka khoneha hore lisebelisoa tsa lik'homphieutha li sebetse mehloling ea matla a tsosolositsoeng.
Ho ea ka maikutlo, seva e joalo e ka khona ho etsa ntle le betri haeba e bonoa likarolong tse ling tsa lefats'e. Ka mohlala, kenya liipone New Zealand le Chile. Ho na le liphanele tsa letsatsi li tla sebetsa ha e le bosiu Barcelona.
Source: www.habr.com