Hello mong le e mong!
Nikita o buisana - moenjiniere oa tsamaiso ho tsoa k'hamphaning SEMrushana. Kajeno ke tla u bolella kamoo re ileng ra tobana le mosebetsi oa ho netefatsa botsitso ba tšebeletso ea rona ea semrush.com Chaena, le hore na re ile ra kopana le mathata afe nakong ea ts'ebetsong ea eona (ho fanoe ka sebaka sa setsi sa rona sa data lebōpong le ka bochabela la United States).
Ena e tla ba pale e kholo, e arotsoe ka lihlooho tse 'maloa. Ke tla u bolella hore na tsohle li etsahetse joang bakeng sa rona: ho tloha tšebeletsong e sa sebetseng ka ho feletseng ho tloha Chaena, ho ea ho matšoao a ts'ebetso ea tšebeletso boemong ba phetolelo ea eona ea Amerika bakeng sa Maamerika. Ke ts'episa hore e tla ba monate ebile e na le thuso. Kahoo, ha re yeng.
Mathata a Marang-rang a China
Esita le motho ea hōle ka ho fetisisa ho tloha litabeng tse tobileng tsa tsamaiso ea marang-rang o utloile ka Firewall e kholo ea Chaena. Wow, ho utloahala ho pholile, ho nepahetse? Empa hore na ke eng le hore na e sebetsa joang ke potso e rarahaneng. U ka fumana lingoloa tse ngata Marang-rang tse amanang le sena, empa ho latela pono ea tekheniki, sebopeho sa firewall ena ha se hlalosoe kae kapa kae. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho makatse. Ke tla lumela hang-hang hore ho itšetlehile ka liphello tsa selemo sa mosebetsi, nke ke ka khona ho bolela hantle hore na e sebetsa joang, empa nka u bolella ka litlhaloso tsa ka le liqeto tse sebetsang. 'Me re tla qala ka menyenyetsi mabapi le firewall ena.
Ho na le menyenyetsi e mengata mabapi le firewall ena. Ha re bokelleng tse ka sehloohong le tse khahlang ka ho fetesisa lethathamong le le leng:
- Google, Facebook, Twitter le lits'ebeletso tse ling tse tšoanang li koetsoe ebile ha li sebetse China.
- Sephethephethe se seng le se seng se eang KA NTLE ho China le HO China sea aroloa ebile se lekanyelitsoe ho sebelisoa ho ithuta ka mochini (tabeng ea sephethephethe se belaetsang), se li fokotsang haholo (sephethephethe) se fetang moeling.
- Mekhatlo ea bohlale ea Chaena e tla senya sephethephethe sefe kapa sefe se patiloeng se fetang ka har'a firewall ea bona.
- Lithapo tsa VPN, lithanele tsa IPSEC ha li tsitsa, lia senyeha 'me li lula li koetsoe.
- Ha encryption e le bonolo haholoanyane, poleloana e bonolo e sebelisoang ho netefatsa / encryption ea sephethephethe, e feta kapele ho firewall ea China.
Mona ke seo re se fumaneng ka menyenyetsi ena:
- Google, Facebook, Twitter le lits'ebeletso tse ling tse tšoanang li thibetsoe (KO ea hau), empa libaka tse ngata tsa tekheniki tsa Google, mohlala, ha lia thibeloa ebile lia sebetsa (gstatic.com e tšoanang). Qeto e latela ho sena: ha ua lokela ho khaola lisebelisoa tsohle tsa Google le lisebelisoa tse ling tse bonahalang li koetsoe.
- Sephethephethe leha e le sefe se fetang moeling se hlile se eketsa tieho e tebileng nakong ea sona. Sheba liphetho tse peli. Sebaka se le seng, leqephe le le leng, GET e bonolo sekonopo'om. Tekanyo ea pele e ne e tsoa Chaena ka boeona (motse o motle oa Shenzhen). Ea bobeli e ile ea lekanngoa ho tsoa ka ntle ho tloha Hong Kong (e na le bobusi, 'me ha ho na firewall pakeng tsa eona le lefatše). Sebaka se pakeng tsa metse ka tsela e otlolohileng ke hoo e ka bang 30-40 km.
nikita@china-shenzhen:~# curl -o /dev/null -w@curl_time "https://www.semrush.com/info/ebay.com"
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 381k 0 381k 0 0 71824 0 --:--:-- 0:00:05 --:--:-- 82832
time_namelookup: 0.004500
time_connect: 0.169342
time_appconnect: 0.723189
time_pretransfer: 0.723499
time_redirect: 0.000000
time_starttransfer: 1.532912
----------
time_total: 5.443407
----------
size_download: 390968 Bytes
speed_download: 71824.000B/s
nikita@china-hongkong:~# curl -o /dev/null -w@curl_time "https://www.semrush.com/info/ebay.com"
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 319k 0 319k 0 0 2555k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 2573k
time_namelookup: 0.029366
time_connect: 0.030742
time_appconnect: 0.047310
time_pretransfer: 0.047388
time_redirect: 0.000000
time_starttransfer: 0.120793
----------
time_total: 0.124871
----------
size_download: 326755 Bytes
speed_download: 2616740.000B/sEla hloko nako_connect. 'Me ka kakaretso, u bona sephetho: firewall e eketsa metsotsoana e meng e 4, e leng nako e telele haholo.
- Lithanele tsa VPN le IPSEC li hloleha hangata. Ke tla bua ka taba ena hamorao le ka botlalo. Li-server tsa VPN tse sebelisoang ke basebelisi li koetsoe ha nako e ntse e ea (hangata ka mor'a letsatsi kamora ho qala ts'ebeliso).
- Ho na le maikutlo a fumanoang ho tsoa ho batho ba lulang Chaena hore ho bonolo ho ngolisoa ha sephethephethe, ka potlako ho feta moeling, hobane ho bonolo ho utloisisa hore ha ho letho le seng molaong ka eona. 'Me ka tsela e ts'oanang, sephethephethe se "hloekileng" se fumana marang-rang le lebelo la ho feta, ha sephethephethe se "sila", seo ho seng letho le ka utloisisoang ka sona, se amohela, ho fapana le hoo, tsela e liehang. Ka mohlala, ke tla sebelisa curl ho ifconfig.co ka HTTPS le HTTP protocol.
curl -o /dev/null -w@curl_time "https://ifconfig.co/"
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 13 100 13 0 0 2 0 0:00:06 0:00:05 0:00:01 3
time_namelookup: 0.004305
time_connect: 0.397465
time_appconnect: 5.149305
time_pretransfer: 5.149393
time_redirect: 0.000000
time_starttransfer: 5.568847
----------
time_total: 5.568893
----------
size_download: 13 Bytes
speed_download: 2.000B/s
curl -o /dev/null -w@curl_time "http://ifconfig.co/"
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 13 100 13 0 0 28 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 28
time_namelookup: 0.004282
time_connect: 0.212457
time_appconnect: 0.000000
time_pretransfer: 0.212484
time_redirect: 0.000000
time_starttransfer: 0.450565
----------
time_total: 0.450620
----------
size_download: 13 Bytes
speed_download: 28.000B/sPhapang ea metsotsoana e 5 bakeng sa nako eohle ea ho jarolla ea li-byte tse 13. Ho feta moo, ha u etsa tlhahlobo e joalo ka makhetlo a 'maloa, u ka hlokomela hore GET ho HTTP e phethoa ka kakaretso ka nako e le' ngoe nako le nako, ha ho HTTPS sebaka ka linako tse ling se arabela ka 3, 5, 10 esita le metsotsoana ea 17. Ka linako tse ling liphoso tsa SSL li etsahala:
Unknown SSL protocol error in connection to ifconfig.co:443.
Kahoo seo re nang le sona:
- Mathata a entsoeng ke firewall ea Chaena a hlalositsoe ka holimo.
- Li-pings ho mehloli ea kantle le lithanele tse ka hare li nyamela nako le nako.
- Latency pakeng tsa lintlha tse peli e lula e fetoha, 'me hangata ke ntho e sa lebelloang. Ha o hokahanya litoropo / libaka tse fapaneng, o lebelletse hore, ho latela sebaka sa libaka tsa libaka, ho lieha ho tla fokotseha, empa u fumana boemo bo fapaneng hantle.
- Marang-rang le mecha ea puisano li potlakile kapa li lieha. Ho na le ho itšetleha ho fokolang ka nako ea letsatsi le letsatsi la beke, empa eseng kamehla.
- Likopo tsa DNS tse eang kantle ho naha ho tsoa China ka linako tse ling li feta nako e lumelletsoeng.
Setšoantšo se hlahang ke "se setle haholo".
Setsi sa data, joalo ka ha ke se ke boletse, se karolong e ka bochabela ea United States, 'me SEMrush eohle e na le lihlahisoa tse ngata tse hokahaneng, li-backends, frontends, databases, le tsena tsohle ho DC le maru. Rona, re le sehlopha sa batsamaisi ba tsamaiso, re ile ra fuoa mosebetsi oa ho qala ka potlako ho sebetsa Chaena ka boiteko bo fokolang.
Re ile ra tlameha ho araba potso ea bohlokoa: na hoa khoneha ho iphelisa ka litšenyehelo tse nyane le ho rarolla mathata ohle a amanang le Marang-rang a Sechaena le firewall sebakeng sa marang-rang / leru / seva?
Re ile ra qala ka ho amohela .
Laesense ea ICP
E le hore u tsebe ho amohela tšebeletso ea hau ka hare ho Chaena (Mainland China) le ho etsa liteko, u tlameha ho qala ka ho fumana lengolo la ICP bakeng sa sebaka seo.
Haeba sephethephethe sa sebaka sa hau sa marang-rang se felisitsoe kahare ho Mainland China, 'me haeba sebaka sa hau sa marang-rang se se na laesense ea ICP, sephethephethe sa hau se tla koaleha ka lehlakoreng la ISP/ho amohela. Ho khahlisang, laesense ea ICP e kenyelletsa mofani oa thepa ea itseng, ekaba Cloudflare kapa Alibaba Cloud. Ka hona, haeba u fumane lengolo la ICP bakeng sa Cloudflare 'me u tsamaisitse sebaka sa hau sa marang-rang le bona, u ke ke ua khona ho "seamless" ho fallela Alibaba Cloud. U tla hloka ho kenya moamoheli e mong laesenseng ena.
Ha re se re fumane lengolo la ICP bakeng sa sebaka seo, re ile ra khona ho tla le ho kenya tšebetsong mehopolo le litharollo tse khethehileng tsa tekheniki.
Litharollo tsa liteko
Empa pele o etsa likhetho tsa sethala ka kotloloho, fetola likonopo, o ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea sebaka seo le lebelo la sona, o hloka ho khetha sesebelisoa sa ho se hlahloba ho bona hore na ke liketso life tsa rona tse ntlafatsang kapa, ho fapana le hoo, li mpefatsa ts'ebetso ea sebaka seo.
Sesebelisoa sa rona sa liteko se ne se tlameha ho fihlela litlhoko tse peli tsa mantlha:
- e lokela ho khona ho etsa liteko tse tsoang China,
- e tlameha ho ba le liteko tsa sebatli.
Kahoo re ile ra fumana ! Ba na le tšireletso e ntle ea libaka tsa liteko lefatšeng ka bophara. Chaena, liteko le tsona li ka etsoa ho tsoa liprofinseng tse 100500 ka sesebelisoa sena. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le bafani ba 'maloa ba fapaneng + bokhoni ba ho etsa Backbone-liteko (ntho e kang mochine oa sebele setsing sa data) le Lastmile-liteko (haufi le maemo a mosebelisi, aka sebaka sa mosebetsi). Mofuta oa ho qetela oa liteko o theko e boima haholo.
Ha re qetile konteraka ea selemo le selemo (e ka tlaase ho moo e ke ke ea khoneha), re ile ra qala ho ithuta seletsa sena. Ha e le hantle, re ile ra makatsoa ke ts'ebetso ea eona. O ka matha:
- liteko tsa DNS,
- Liteko tsa marang-rang (liteko tsa sebatli, GET/POST e bonolo, mohlala oa moreki oa mohala, jj.),
- Licheke tsa transaction (mohlala, ho kena),
- Liteko tsa API,
- Ping, traceroute, NTP, joalo-joalo.
O ka se thathamise tsohle. Habohlokoa le ho feta, tlhahlobo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ka etsoa hantle ka ho kenyelletsa lihlooho tse ngata le liparamente tse ling. Sephetho ke palo e kholo ea tlhahisoleseling e hlalosang tlhahlobo ea hau ka botlalo. Haeba re bua ka lintho tse khahlang haholo bakeng sa rona (liteko tsa sebatli), sephetho se kenyelletsa:
- Hokela, ema, Mojaro, SSL, DNS nako,
- TTFB, TTLB, Tokomane e felile, Nako ea ho fana, mojaro oa DOM,
- Karabo (ntho e haufi le Time To First Byte), Karabo ea Leqephe la Webo (ntho e haufi le Nako ea ho Qetella Byte),
- Nako efe kapa efe ea peresente, Karolelano, Nako ea Bohareng
- jj.
Ka hona, metrics ena kaofela e ntle bakeng sa ho bona liphetoho le ho utloisisa hore na lintho li ntlafetse. Re ile ra sheba haholo-holo Karabelo, Karabelo ea Leqephe la Marang-rang, Median, 75 le 95 Percentiles.
Potso ea bohlokoa e neng e le moeeng ho tloha qalong: A na u ka tšepa Catchpoint?? Na sesebelisoa see se bonts'a lebelo la 'nete la ho kenya sebaka sa China ho tsoa metseng e fapaneng, kapa ke mofuta o itseng feela oa tlhahlobo sebakeng se sa amane le boiphihlelo ba basebelisi ba nnete?
Ena ke bothata bo boholo, hobane ho ba Russia ho batla ho le thata ho fumana ka ts'epo hore na sebaka se tsoang Chaena se sebetsa joang. Ka ho etsa li-socks-proxy ka mochine oa sebele, sephetho ke hore sebaka sa marang-rang se jara ka mor'a metsotso e seng mekae, e leng ntho e sa amoheleheng bakeng sa liteko, kahoo khetho e le 'ngoe feela ea tlhahlobo ea matsoho ke curl le GET e bonolo ho tloha console e nang le timer. . Sena se thusa hobane tlhahlobo ena e bontša hantle lebelo la tharollo ea marang-rang, 'me haeba ho boetse ho na le liteko tsa sebatli, joale ho molemo haholo.
Hamorao re ile ra ea Chaena ’me ra kholiseha hore ho joalo U ka tšepa Catchpoint; e bonts'a matšoao a 'nete a ts'ebetso ka nepo.
Cloudflare China Network
Kaha re atlehile ho sebelisa Cloudflare bakeng sa domain name semrush.com, re nkile qeto ea ho leka hang-hang tšobotsi ea bona e bitsoang . Khetho ena e lumelloa feela bakeng sa libaka tsa Khoebo ka kopo e fapaneng le bakeng sa tefo e eketsehileng. E fumaneha feela libakeng tse nang le lengolo la tumello la ICP le thathamisang Cloudflare e le mofani. Kamora ho e nolofalletsa, "CDN ea China" e tsoang Cloudflare e ea fumaneha bakeng sa sebaka sa marang-rang - sephethephethe se tsoang libakeng tsa China se fihla sebakeng se haufi sa PoP (Points of Presence) CF, ebe ka marang-rang a eona kapa marang-rang a bafani / balekane e isoa tšimolohong. .
Setšoantšo sa benche ena ea liteko se hlahisoa ka tlase.
Ena ke khetho e ntle bakeng sa rona. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore sebaka sa bobeli se tla ba sa CF, se sa kenyelletseng palo ea tharollo e sebelisoang k'hamphaning, hape ha se thatafatse lisebelisoa.
Re entse liteko tsa sebatli 'me sena ke se etsahetseng:
Litaemane tse khubelu ke ho hlōleha ha liteko. Lifaele tse ka tlase ke liphoso tsa DNS (rarolla nako ea nako). Ho hloleha ka holimo ke ho felloa ke nako.
Nako ea ho qetela: 86.6
Bohareng: 18s
Liphesente tse 75: 29.3s
Liphesente tse 95: 60s
Median, ka mor'a hore loading e tlosoe recaptcha (Tšebeletso ea Google e thibetsoe China) e fokotsehile ho tloha ho metsotsoana e 28 ho isa ho e 18. Empa tsena e ntse e le liphetho tse mpe, ho nahanoa hore tlhahlobo e tšoanang ea semrush.com (e tsoang US) e fane ka metsotsoana e ka tlase ho 10 bakeng sa 95% ea basebelisi (ba tsoang US) leqepheng le le leng (static + dynamic).
U ka kena tekong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe 'me ua sheba Waterfall le liparamente tse ling tse qaqileng haholoanyane. Re ile ra qala ho batlisisa mabaka a liphoso, 'me haeba nako ea nako e fela ntho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e hlakile haholoanyane: Marang-rang a Chaena "a kena le ho tsoa", ka lebaka la sena lebelo la ho hokahanya le ho laela lisebelisoa tse tsoang linaheng tse ling ha li tsitsa ebile ha li lekane, joale liphoso tsa DNS li ile tsa re makatsa haholo . Re fumane seo PoP Cloudflare ha e le hantle e fumaneha Chaena, aterese ea sebaka sa marang-rang e rarolla IP e le 'ngoe, empa li-server tsa DNS ke tsa Amerika, ke ka lebaka leo likopo tsa DNS li qobelloang ho tšela moeli, kahoo ka linako tse ling lia hloleha.
Kamora ho hlakisa potso ena le CF, ho ile ha fumaneha hore Ha ba na li-server tsa bona tsa DNS naheng ea China, le hore na e tla ba neng ha ho tsejoe.
Ka hona, re nkile qeto ea ho leka Cloudflare DNS feela mme ra fetola mochini oa ts'ebetso oa Cloudflare bakeng sa sebaka sa rona ho "DNS feela" Ena ke mokhoa oa ha Cloudflare e se na sephethephethe sa proxy ka boeona, ho bolelang hore ha e fane ka tšireletso ea DDoS, CDN le likarolo tse ling, 'me e sebetsa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa seva sa DNS.
Boemo bona bo bontšoa ka schematically setšoantšong se latelang. Palo ena e nka tsebo e hlahang ea hore li-server tsa Cloudflare tsa DNS li ka morao ho firewall.
Ho Catchpoint re ile ra etsa liteko tse bonolo tsa GET (eseng liteko tsa sebatli), tse bonts'itseng liphoso tse ngata. Li bakiloe ke liphoso tse tšoanang tsa DNS.
Re ile ra qala ho lokisa liphoso tsena re sebelisa cheka mme ra fumana hore ka kopo ya pele aterese e behilwe ka nepo, mme ka kopo e phetwang hangata re fumana nako le nako TŠEBELETSO TLHOKOMELO и ha ea fumanoa. Ke hobane’ng ha see se etsahala ka tšohanyetso?
root@iZwz97n2wgbp61qucbfrjsZ:~# host semrushchina.cn
semrushchina.cn has address 220.170.186.192
Host semrushchina.cn not found: 2(SERVFAIL)
root@iZwz97n2wgbp61qucbfrjsZ:~# host semrushchina.cn
semrushchina.cn has address 220.170.186.192
Host semrushchina.cn not found: 2(SERVFAIL)
root@iZwz97n2wgbp61qucbfrjsZ:~# host semrushchina.cn
semrushchina.cn has address 220.170.186.192
Host semrushchina.cn not found: 2(SERVFAIL)
root@iZwz97n2wgbp61qucbfrjsZ:~# host semrushchina.cn
semrushchina.cn has address 220.170.186.192
Host semrushchina.cn not found: 2(SERVFAIL)Ha u botsa li-server tsa Cloudflare NS ka kotloloho, ha ho na liphoso tse joalo:
root@iZwz97n2wgbp61qucbfrjsZ:~# for i in `seq 1 2`; do host semrushchina.cn ray.ns.cloudflare.com.; done
Using domain server:
Name: ray.ns.cloudflare.com.
Address: 173.245.59.138#53
Aliases:
semrushchina.cn has address 220.170.186.192
semrushchina.cn has address 220.170.186.192
Using domain server:
Name: ray.ns.cloudflare.com.
Address: 173.245.59.138#53
Aliases:
semrushchina.cn has address 220.170.186.192
semrushchina.cn has address 220.170.186.192Sena se bolela hore bothata bo ka lehlakoreng la "sebaka" sa DNS seva kapa seva sa mofani.
Lipatlisiso tse ling li ile tsa senola seo TŠEBELETSO TLHOKOMELO re etsa qeto YYYY-litlaleho.
Ho ile ha fumaneha hore ha o kopa ho tloha Cloudflare AAAA-rekoto e seng teng sebakeng sa marang-rang, Cloudflare e arabile А-keno eo e leng phoso le ho se ikobele RFC. Ke hobane'ng ha moemeli oa lehae a etsa qeto (xxx) Ke ne ke sa e rate, mme o ile a araba TŠEBELETSO TLHOKOMELO. Boitšoaro bona bo bonahala ka ho hlaka lethathamong le ka tlase:
root@iZwz97n2wgbp61qucbfrjsZ:~# dig -t AAAA semrushchina.cn @x.x.x.x
; <<>> DiG 9.10.3-P4-Ubuntu <<>> -t AAAA semrushchina.cn @x.x.x.x
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: SERVFAIL, id: 55467
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;semrushchina.cn. IN AAAA
;; Query time: 334 msec
;; SERVER: x.x.x.x#53(x.x.x.x)
;; WHEN: Tue Aug 14 23:38:50 CST 2018
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 44
root@iZwz97n2wgbp61qucbfrjsZ:~# dig -t AAAA semrushchina.cn @dana.ns.cloudflare.com.
; <<>> DiG 9.10.3-P4-Ubuntu <<>> -t AAAA semrushchina.cn @dana.ns.cloudflare.com.
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 63944
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;semrushchina.cn. IN AAAA
;; ANSWER SECTION:
semrushchina.cn. 300 IN A 220.170.186.192
;; Query time: 185 msec
;; SERVER: 173.245.58.105#53(173.245.58.105)
;; WHEN: Tue Aug 14 23:43:03 CST 2018
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 60
Re rometse tlaleho ea bug ho Cloudflare, 'me ba e lokisa ka mor'a nako e itseng. Ho ile ha e-ba monate: hajoale ha ho na tšehetso ea IPv6 Chaena, kahoo Cloudflare ha e khone ho fana ka aterese ea eona ea IPv6 moo ho arabela kopo. AAAA-litlaleho. Qetellong, ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ile ea rarolloa ka tsela eo Cloudflare e ileng ea qala ho arabela Chaena NODATA ho likopo tse joalo.
Kahoo, liphoso tsa DNS litekong tsa Catchpoint li fokotsehile haholo, empa eseng ka botlalo. Linako tsa nako li ntse li le teng:
Mme re ile ra qala ho batla tharollo e 'ngoe.
Karolong e latelang ke tla u bolella kamoo re ileng ra leka leru la Sechaena kateng Cloud Cloud, joang, ka thuso ea "boselamose" bo fokolang ba Nginx, re khonne ho potlakela ho theha tharollo ea PoC (Bopaki ba Maikutlo), kamoo re entseng litharollo tsa Multi-Cloud, e 'ngoe ea tsona e ileng ea thusa haholo ho potlakisa mosebetsi oa tšebeletso. ho tsoa Chaena.
Lula u mametse!
Likarolo tse latelang
Source: www.habr.com
