Sehlooho sa mongolo ona se 'nile sa hlaha ka nako e telele. 'Me le hoja ka kopo ea babali ba kanale , Ke ne ke batla feela ho ngola ka mosebetsi o sireletsehileng ka hydrogen peroxide, empa qetellong, ka mabaka ao ke sa a tsebeng (mona, e!), E 'ngoe ea nako e telele e ile ea thehoa. Motsoako oa popsci, mafura a rokete, "coronavirus disinfection" le permanganometric titration. Joang ka ho le letona boloka hydrogen peroxide, ke lisebelisoa life tse sireletsang tseo u ka li sebelisang ha u sebetsa le hore na u ka baleha joang tabeng ea chefo - re sheba tlas'a sehiloeng.
ps beetle e setšoantšong e hlile e bitsoa "bombardier". Hape o ne a lahlehile kae-kae har'a lik'hemik'hale :)
E inehetse ho "bana ba peroxide"...
Moena wa rona o ne a rata hydrogen peroxide, oh, kamoo a neng a e rata kateng. Ke nahana ka sena nako le nako ha ke kopana le potso e kang "botlolo ea hydrogen peroxide e ruruhile. se o lokelang ho se etsa?" Ka tsela, ke kopana le uena hangata :)
Ha ho makatse hore ebe libakeng tsa post-Soviet, hydrogen peroxide (3% tharollo) ke e 'ngoe ea li-antiseptics tse ratoang haholo tsa "batho". Le ho tšela holim'a leqeba, le ho bolaea likokoana-hloko metsing, le ho senya coronavirus (haufinyane tjena). Empa leha e le bonolo ebile e fumaneha habonolo, reagent e batla e sa hlaka, eo ke tla bua ka eona ho feta.
Ha ke se ke tsamaile "lihlopha" tsa baeloji ...
Hona joale ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nang le sehlomathiso sa eco e fesheneng: lihlahisoa tsa eco-friendly, li-shampoo tsa eco-friendly, lintho tse eco-friendly. Joalokaha ke e utloisisa, batho ba batla ho sebelisa mahlaodi ana ho kgetholla dintho tse biogenic (ke hore, tse fumanwang qalong dinthong tse phelang) ho tswa ho dintho tse iqapetsweng feela (“hard chemistry”). Ka hona, pele, kenyelletso e nyenyane, eo ke tšepang hore e tla hatisa botsoalle ba tikoloho ea hydrogen peroxide le ho eketsa kholiseho ho eona har'a batho ba bangata :)
Kahoo, hydrogen peroxide ke eng? Sena bonolo ka ho fetisisa motsoako oa peroxide, o nang le liathomo tse peli tsa oksijene ka nako e le 'ngoe (li kopantsoe ke tlamo -OO-). Moo ho nang le mofuta ona wa kgokelo, ho na le ho hloka botsitso, ho na le oksijene ya athomo, le thepa e matla ya oxidizing le ntho e nngwe le e nngwe, ntho e nngwe le e nngwe. Empa ho sa tsotellehe boima ba oksijene ea athomo, hydrogen peroxide e teng linthong tse ngata tse phelang, ho akarelletsa le. le ho motho. E thehoa ka bongata nakong ea ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea biochemical mme e oxidize liprotheine, membrane lipids esita le DNA (ka lebaka la li-radicals tsa peroxide). 'Mele oa rona, ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, o ithutile ho sebetsana le peroxide ka katleho. O etsa sena ka thuso ea enzyme ea superoxide dismutase, e senyang metsoako ea peroxide ho oksijene le hydrogen peroxide, hammoho le enzyme. e fetolang peroxide ho oksijene le metsi hang kapa habeli.
Li-Enzyme li ntle ka mefuta ea XNUMXD
E pate tlas'a sesenyi. Ke rata ho li sheba, empa ka tšohanyetso motho ha a rate ...
Ka tsela, ke ka lebaka la ketso ea catalase, e teng ka har'a lisele tsa 'mele ea rona, mali a "pheha" ha a phekola maqeba (ho tla ba le lintlha tse fapaneng ka maqeba ka tlase).
Hydrogen peroxide le eona e na le "mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa tšireletso" ka hare ho rona. Lintho tse ngata tse phelang li na le organelle e khahlisang joalo (sebopeho se hlokahalang bakeng sa ho sebetsa ha sele e phelang) joalo ka . Mehaho ena ke li-lipid vesicles tseo ka hare ho tsona ho nang le motheo o kang kristale o nang le "biological tubular"". Mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea lik'hemik'hale ea lik'hemik'hale e etsahala ka har'a khubu, ka lebaka leo ... hydrogen peroxide e thehoa ho tloha sepakapakeng sa oksijene le metsoako e rarahaneng ea tlhaho ea lipid tlhaho!
Empa ntho e khahlang haholo mona ke hore na peroxide ena e se e sebelisetsoa eng. Ka mohlala, liseleng tsa sebete le liphio, H2O2 e entsoeng e sebelisetsoa ho senya le ho fokotsa chefo e kenang maling. Acetaldehyde, e thehiloeng nakong ea metabolism ea lino tse tahang () - sena hape ke boleng ba basebetsi ba rona ba banyenyane ba sa khathaleng ba peroxisomes, le "mme" hydrogen peroxide.
E le hore ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e se ke ea bonahala e le monate haholo ka peroxides, ka tshohanyetso E-re ke u hopotse ka mochine oa ts'ebetso ea mahlaseli liseleng tse phelang. Limolek'hule tsa lisele tsa likokoana-hloko li nka matla a mahlaseli 'me li fetoha ionized, i.e. fetela boemong bo loketseng ho thehoa ha metsoako e mecha (hangata e sa hlokahaleng ka ho feletseng ka hare ho 'mele). Metsi a atisa ho ba bonolo ho feta ho fumana ionization; e etsahala . Ka pel'a oksijene, tlas'a tšusumetso ea mahlaseli a ionizing, li-radicals tse sa tšoaneng tsa mahala (OH- le tse ling tse kang tsona) le metsoako ea peroxide (H2O2 ka ho khetheha) e hlaha.
Li-peroxide tse hlahisoang li sebelisana ka mafolofolo le metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale 'meleng. Leha ho le joalo, haeba re nka mohlala oa superoxide anion (O2-) eo ka linako tse ling e thehoang nakong ea radiolysis, ke habohlokoa ho bolela hore ion ena e boetse e thehoa tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, 'meleng o phetseng hantle, ntle le li-radicals tsa mahala. и boits'ireletso ba rona bo ne bo sitoa ho senya tšoaetso ea baktheria. Tseo. ntle le tsena ho hang Sena ha se khonehe ho hang - li tsamaisana le karabelo ea oxidation ea biogenic. Bothata bo tla ha li le ngata haholo.
Ke ho loantša metsoako ea peroxide “e ngata haholo” eo motho a e qapileng lintho tse kang li-antioxidants. Li thibela ts'ebetso ea oxidation ea lintho tse rarahaneng ka sebopeho sa peroxides, joalo-joalo. li-radicals tsa mahala mme ka hona li fokotsa boemo .
Khatello ea oxidative ke ts'ebetso ea tšenyo ea lisele ka lebaka la oxidation (= li-radicals tse ngata haholo 'meleng)
Le hoja, ha e le hantle, likamano tsena ha li kenye ntho leha e le efe e ncha ho se seng se ntse se le teng, i.e. "Li-antioxidants tse ka hare" - superoxide dismutase le catalase. 'Me ka kakaretso, haeba e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o fosahetseng, li-antioxidants tsa maiketsetso li ke ke tsa thusa feela, empa khatello e tšoanang ea oxidative e tla eketseha.
Ela hloko ka "peroxide le maqeba". Leha hydrogen peroxide e le sesebelisoa ka har'a likhabinete tsa meriana tsa lapeng (le tsa mosebetsing, ho na le bopaki ba hore tšebeliso ea H2O2 e sitisa pholiso ea maqeba mme e baka leqeba hobane peroxide. . Ke maemo a tlase haholo feela a nang le phello e ntle (tharollo ea 0,03%, ho bolelang hore o hloka ho hlapolla tharollo ea 3% ea meriana ka makhetlo a 100), mme ka tšebeliso e le 'ngoe feela. Ka tsela, "coronavirus e loketse" tharollo ea 0,5% le eona . Kahoo, joalo ka ha ba re, tšepa, empa netefatsa.
Hydrogen peroxide bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le "khahlanong le coronavirus"
Haeba hydrogen peroxide e ka ba ea fetola ethanol hore e be acetaldehyde sebeteng, e ka ba ntho e makatsang ho se sebelise lisebelisoa tsena tse ntle tsa oxidizing bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Li sebelisoa ka mekhahlelo e latelang:
Halofo ea hydrogen peroxide eohle e hlahisoang ke indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale e sebelisoa ho bleach cellulose le mefuta e fapaneng ea pampiri. Sebaka sa bobeli (20%) se hlokahalang se tšoaretsoe ke tlhahiso ea li-bleach tse fapaneng tse thehiloeng ho li-peroxide tsa inorganic (sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, joalo-joalo, joalo-joalo). Li-peroxide tsena (hangata li kopane le ho fokotsa mocheso oa bleaching, hobane letsoai la peroxo ha le sebetse ka mocheso o ka tlase ho likhato tse 60) li sebelisoa ka mefuta eohle ea "Persol", joalo-joalo. (o ka bona lintlha tse ling ). Joale ho tla, ka moeli o monyenyane, ho soeufala ha masela le likhoele (15%) le tlhoekiso ea metsi (10%). 'Me qetellong, karolo e setseng e arotsoe ka ho lekana pakeng tsa lintho tsa lik'hemik'hale feela le tšebeliso ea hydrogen peroxide bakeng sa merero ea bongaka. Ke tla bua ka taba ena ka botlalo hobane seoa sa coronavirus se ka fetola lipalo tse setšoantšong (haeba se so fetohe).
Hydrogen peroxide e sebelisoa ka mafolofolo ho hloekisa libaka tse fapaneng (ho kenyeletsoa le lisebelisoa tsa ho buoa) hape, haufinyane tjena, hape ka mokhoa oa mouoane (seo ho thoeng ke - vaporized hydrogen peroxide) bakeng sa sterilization ea meaho. Setšoantšo se ka tlase se bontša mohlala oa jenereithara e joalo ea mouoane oa peroxide. Sebaka se ts'episang haholo se e-so fihle lipetlele tsa malapeng...
Ka kakaretso, peroxide e bontša katleho e phahameng ea ho thibela likokoana-hloko khahlanong le mefuta e mengata ea likokoana-hloko, libaktheria, tomoso le likokoana-hloko tsa baktheria. Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse rarahaneng, ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha li-enzyme tse senyang peroxide (seo ho thoeng ke peroxidase, nyeoe e khethehileng ea catalase e boletsoeng ka holimo), mamello (~ restance) e ka hlokomeloa. Sena ke 'nete haholo bakeng sa tharollo e nang le likhakanyo tse ka tlase ho 1%. Empa ho fihlela joale ha ho letho, eseng kokoana-hloko, eseng spore ea baktheria, e ka hanyetsang 3%, le ho feta 6-10%.
Ebile, hammoho le joala ba ethyl le isopropyl le sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide e lethathamong la "bohlokoa" ba li-antiseptics tsa tšohanyetso bakeng sa ho bolaea likokoana-hloko khahlanong le COVID-19. Leha e se feela ho tsoa ho COVID-19. qalong ea coronavirus bacchanalia kaofela, re na le babali likhothaletso tse sebelisoang ka mafolofolo ho tsoa ho . Litlhahiso li sebetsa ho li-coronavirus ka kakaretso, haholo-holo COVID-19. Kahoo ke khothaletsa ho jarolla le ho hatisa sengoloa (bakeng sa ba thahasellang khatiso ena).
Letšoao la bohlokoa bakeng sa sebolaea likokoana-hloko e nyane
Nakong e fetileng ho tloha ha seoa sena se qhoma, ha ho letho le fetohileng haholo mabapi le ho tsepamisa mohopolo mosebetsing. Empa se fetohileng, ka mohlala, ke mefuta eo hydrogen peroxide e ka sebelisoang ka eona. Mona ke rata ho hopola hang-hang tokomane eo ka metsoako ea liente tse khothalelitsoeng ho bolaea likokoana-hloko. Ka tloaelo ke ne ke rata ho hlakola lethathamong lena (ka tloaelo, hobane ke rata lihlaseli tse bolaeang likokoana-hloko, li-hypochlorite. , 'me ke khotsofetse ka 100% ka bona). Tabeng ena, ke ne ke thahasella sehlahisoa se joalo sa Amerika se kang Oxivir Hlakola (kapa e lekanang le eona Oxivir 1 Hlakola) ho tsoa ho Diversey Inc.
Ho na le lisebelisoa tse 'maloa tse sebetsang tse thathamisitsoeng:
Hydrogen Peroxide 0.5%
E bonolo ebile e monate. Empa bakeng sa ba batlang ho pheta sebopeho sena le ho kenya litlolo tsa bona tsa metsi tse tloaelehileng, ke tla re ho phaella ho hydrogen peroxide, tharollo ea ho ima e boetse e na le:
Phosphoric acid (phosphoric acid - stabilizer) 1-5%
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (salicylic acid) 0,1–1,5%
Ke hobane'ng ha "litšila" tsena kaofela li tla hlaka ha u bala karolo e buang ka botsitso.
Ntle le sebopeho, ke rata ho u hopotsa hore na e re'ng ho Oxivir e boletsoeng. Ha ho letho le lecha (le amanang le tafole ea pele), empa ke ratile mefuta e mengata ea livaerase tse ka hloekisoang ka disinfected.
Ke livaerase life tse ka hlolang peroxide?
'Me ke ne nke ke ka ba' na haeba ke sa u hopotse hape ka ho pepeseha nakong ea ts'ebetso. Joalo ka pele (= joalo ka kamehla) ho khothaletsoa ho etsa joalo Ha e hlakoa ka lihlapi tse metsi, libaka tsohle tse thata, tse se nang masoba li lula li le mongobo bonyane metsotsoana e 30. (kapa ho betere, motsotso!) ho tlosa litšila tsohle le batho bohle (ho kenyeletsoa le COVID-19 ea hau).
Hydrogen peroxide e le k'hemik'hale
Re tsamaile ho pota-pota morung, joale ke nako ea ho ngola ka hydrogen peroxide ho latela pono ea setsebi sa k'hemistri. Ka lehlohonolo, ke potso ena (eseng hore na peroxisome e shebahala joang) eo hangata e khahlang mosebelisi ea se nang boiphihlelo ea entseng qeto ea ho sebelisa H2O2 molemong oa hae. Ha re qaleng ka sebopeho sa mahlakore a mararo (joalo ka ha ke se bona):
Ngoanana Sasha o bona sebopeho joang, ea tšabang hore peroxide e ka phatloha (ho feta mona ka tlase)
"pono ea cockerel ho tloha ka tlase"
Peroxide e hloekileng ke mokelikeli o hlakileng (o bluish-tinged bakeng sa maemo a phahameng). Boima ba tharollo ea dilute bo haufi le bongata ba metsi (1 g / cm3), litharollo tse tsepamisitsoeng li thata haholo (35% - 1,13 g / cm3 ... 70% - 1,29 g / cm3, joalo-joalo). Ka boima ba 'mele (haeba u na le hydrometer), u ka tseba hantle hore na tharollo ea hau e hokae (lintlha tse tsoang ho ).
Peroxide ea haedrojene ea malapeng e ka ba ea lihlopha tse tharo: A = mahloriso 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. Hangata lebitso "perhydrol" le fumanoa (ho kile ha e-ba le poleloana "perhydrol blonde"). Ha e le hantle, e ntse e le "brand A" e tšoanang, i.e. tharollo ea hydrogen peroxide e nang le motsoako o ka bang 30%.
Ela hloko ka bleaching. Kaha re hopola ka blondes, ho ka hlokomeloa hore diluted hydrogen peroxide (2-10%) le ammonia li ne li sebelisoa e le motsoako oa bleaching bakeng sa moriri oa "operhydrolyzing". Hona joale ha se hangata ho etsoang. Empa ho na le peroxide meno whitening. Ka tsela, ho soeufala ha letlalo la matsoho ka mor'a ho kopana le peroxide hape ke mofuta oa "operhydration" e bakoang ke likete. , ke. ho thibela li-capillaries ka li-bubble tsa oksijene tse entsoeng nakong ea ho bola ha peroxide.
Medical peroxide botekgeniki e ba ha metsi demineralized e ekeletsoa peroxide le mahloriso ea 59-60%, diluting concentrate ho boemo ba batlang (3% naheng ea rōna, 6% USA).
Ho phaella ho density, parameter ea bohlokoa ke boemo ba pH. Hydrogen peroxide ke asiti e fokolang. Setšoantšo se ka tlase se bonts'a ho its'etleha ha pH ea tharollo ea hydrogen peroxide holim'a khatello ea boima:
Ha tharollo e ntse e hlapolla haholoanyane, pH ea eona e haufi le pH ea metsi. PH e fokolang (= e nang le asiti ka ho fetisisa) e hlaha maemong a 55-65% (sehlopha sa B ho ea ka lihlopha tsa malapeng).
Ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko mona, ka masoabi, hore pH e ke ke ea sebelisoa ho lekanya mahloriso ka mabaka a 'maloa. Taba ea pele, hoo e batlang e le peroxide eohle ea sejoale-joale e fumanoa ka oxidation ea li-anthraquinone. Ts'ebetso ena e hlahisa lihlahisoa tse nang le asiti tse ka qetellang ka peroxide e felileng. Tseo. PH e ka 'na ea fapana le e bontšitsoeng tafoleng e ka holimo ho itšetlehile ka bohloeki ba H2O2. Ultra-pure peroxide (mohlala, e sebelisetsoang mafura a rocket le eo ke tla bua ka eona ka thoko) ha e na litšila. Taba ea bobeli, li-acid stabilizers li atisa ho eketsoa ho hydrogen peroxide ea khoebo (peroxide e tsitsitse haholoanyane ka pH e tlaase), e tla "lubricate" ho bala. 'Me ea boraro, chelate stabilizers (bakeng sa ho tlama litšila tsa tšepe, ho feta ka tsona ka tlase) e ka boela ea e-ba alkaline kapa ea acidic' me ea ama pH ea tharollo ea ho qetela.
Mokhoa o motle oa ho tseba hore na mahloriso ke (). Mokhoa ona o ts'oana ka ho felletseng, empa li-reagents tsohle tse hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahlobo li fumaneha habonolo. U hloka sulfuric acid e matla (electrolyte ea betri) le potassium permanganate e tloaelehileng. Joalokaha B. Gates a kile a hoeletsa, "640 kb ea memori e lekane bakeng sa bohle!", Ke tla boela ke re hona joale, "E mong le e mong a ka titrate peroxide!" :). Ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore intuition ea ka e mpolella hore haeba u reka hydrogen peroxide k'hemik'hale 'me u sa e boloke ka lilemo tse mashome, joale ho fetoha ha maemo ho ke ke ha etsahala ho feta ± 1%, leha ho le joalo ke tla hlalosa mokhoa oa ho hlahloba, kaha li-reagents e fumaneha mme algorithm e bonolo haholo.
Ho hlahloba hydrogen peroxide ea khoebo bakeng sa linta
Joalokaha u ka nahana, re tla hlahloba ho sebelisa titration. Mokhoa ona o lumella motho hore a tsebe hantle hore na ho na le likhahla ho tloha ho 0,25 ho isa ho 50%.
Algorithm ea ho netefatsa ke e latelang:
1. Lokisetsa tharollo ea 0,1N ea potassium permanganate. Ho etsa sena, qhala 3,3 dikgerama tsa potassium permanganate ka litara e le 1 ea metsi. Chesa tharollo ho pheha 'me u phehe metsotso e 15.
2. Khetha molumo o hlokahalang oa peroxide ho lekoa (ho itšetlehile ka mahloriso a lebelletsoeng, ke hore, haeba u ne u e-na le 3%, u lebeletse hore ka tšohanyetso e ile ea e-ba 50% e hlokang kelello):
Re fetisetsa molumo o khethiloeng ka botlolong ebe re o lekanya likala (hopola ho tobetsa konopo ea Tara e le hore u se ke ua ela hloko boima ba botlolo ka boeona)
3. Tšela sampole ea rona ka har'a botlolo ea volumetric ea 250 ml (kapa botlolo ea lesea e nang le letšoao la molumo) 'me u e phahamise ho fihlela letšoao la ("250") ka metsi a hloekisitsoeng. Kopanya.
4. Tšela 500 ml ea metsi a hloekisitsoeng ka 250 ml conical flask (= "half-liter jar"), eketsa 10 ml ea concentrated sulfuric acid le 25 ml ea tharollo ea rona ho tloha mohato oa 3.
5. Lahlela lerotholi ka lerotholi (ka ho khetheha ho tloha pipette e nang le molumo oa molumo) tharollo ea 0,1N potassium permanganate ka har'a nkho ea rona ea halofo ea litha e le nngwe ho tloha mohato oa 4. E theohile - e kopane, e theohile - e kopane. 'Me kahoo re tsoela pele ho fihlela tharollo e hlakileng e fumana tint e nyenyane e pinki. Ka lebaka la karabelo, peroxide e senyeha ho etsa oksijene le metsi, 'me manganese (VI) ka potassium permanganate e fokotsehile ho manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 +2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. Re bala palo ea peroxide ea rona: C H2O2 (boima%) = [Moqolo oa tharollo ea potassium permanganate ka ml * 0,1 * 0,01701 * 1000] / [boima ba sampuli ka ligrama, ho tloha mohato oa 2] MOLEMO!!!
Lipuisano tsa mahala mabapi le botsitso ba polokelo
Hydrogen peroxide e nkoa e le motsoako o sa tsitsang o atisang ho bola ka tšohanyetso. Sekhahla sa ho bola se eketseha ka mocheso o ntseng o eketseha, mahloriso le pH. Tseo. Ka kakaretso, molao ona o sebetsa:
... litharollo tse batang, tse hlapollang, tse nang le asiti li bonts'a botsitso bo botle ka ho fetisisa...
Ho bola ho khothaletsoa ke: mocheso o ntseng o eketseha (ka lebelo le ntseng le eketseha ka makhetlo a 2,2 bakeng sa likhato tse ling le tse ling tse 10 tsa Celsius, 'me ka mocheso o ka bang likhato tse 150, li tsepamisa maikutlo ka kakaretso. ho bola joalo ka seqhomane se nang le ho phatlohaho eketseha ha pH (haholo-holo pH> 6-8)
Ho bua ka khalase: Ke peroxide feela e nang le acidified e ka bolokoang ka libotlolong tsa khalase, hobane khalase e atisa ho hlahisa tikoloho ea alkaline ha e kopana le metsi a hloekileng, e bolelang hore e tla kenya letsoho ho potlakisa ho senyeha.
E ama sekhahla sa ho bola le boteng ba litšila (haholo-holo litšepe tsa phetoho tse kang koporo, manganese, tšepe, silevera, polatinamo), ho pepesehela mahlaseli a kotsi. Hangata, lebaka le ka sehloohong le rarahaneng ke keketseho ea pH le boteng ba litšila. Ka karolelano, ka maemo a 30% hydrogen peroxide lahleheloa ke hoo e ka bang .
Ho tlosa litšila, ultrafine filtration (ho se kenyellelitsoe likaroloana) kapa chelates (complexing agents) tse tlamang li-ion tsa tšepe li sebelisoa. E ka sebelisoa e le chelates , colloidal kapa sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg / l), organophosphonates, nitrate (+ pH regulators le corrosion inhibitors), phosphoric acid (+ pH regulator), silicate sodium (stabilizer).
Tšusumetso ea mahlaseli a ultraviolet ka sekhahla sa ho bola ha e hlahe joalo ka pH kapa mocheso, empa e boetse e etsahala (bona setšoantšo):
Ho ka bonoa hore coefficient ea ho timela ha limolek'hule e eketseha ka ho fokotseha ha leqhubu la ultraviolet.
Molar extinction coefficient ke tekanyo ea hore na k'hemik'hale e monya khanya ka matla hakae ka bolelele bo itseng.
Ka tsela, ts'ebetso ena ea ho bola e qalileng ke photons e bitsoa photolysis:
Photolysis (eo hape e tsejoang e le photodissociation le photodecomposition) ke karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale moo ntho ea lik'hemik'hale (inorganic kapa organic) e rojoang ke li-photon ka mor'a hore li sebelisane le molek'hule e lebisitsoeng. Photon leha e le efe e nang le matla a lekaneng (e phahameng ho feta matla a ho arohana a bond e lebisitsoeng) e ka baka ho senyeha. Phello e tšoanang le ea mahlaseli a ultraviolet e ka finyelloa le mahlaseli a X-ray le γ-rays.
Re ka reng ka kakaretso? 'Me taba ea hore peroxide e lokela ho bolokoa ka sejaneng se opaque, kapa ho feta moo, ka libotlolong tsa khalase tse sootho tse thibelang khanya e feteletseng (ho sa tsotellehe hore "e monya" != "e senyeha hang-hang"). Ha ua lokela ho boloka botlolo ea peroxide haufi le mochine oa X-ray :) Ho tloha ho ena (UR 203Ex (?):
... ho tloha "“peroxide (le moratuoa oa hao, ho bua ’nete) le eona e lokela ho qojoa.
Ke habohlokoa hore ntle le ho opaque, setshelo / botlolo e lokela ho etsoa ka "peroxide-resistant" lisebelisoa, tse kang tšepe e sa hloekang kapa khalase (hantle, + li-plastiki tse ling le lisebelisoa tsa aluminium). Letšoao le ka ba molemo bakeng sa boithuto (ho tla ba molemo ho lingaka tse tla sebetsa lisebelisoa tsa tsona):
Tšōmo ea li-label ke e latelang: A - ho lumellana ho babatsehang, B - ho lumellana hantle, tšusumetso e nyenyane (micro-corrosion kapa discoloration), C - ho se lumellane hantle (ha ho kgothaletswe bakeng sa tšebeliso ea nako e telele, tahlehelo ea matla e ka etsahala, joalo-joalo). D - ha e lumellane (= e ke ke ea sebelisoa). Mothalo o bolela "ha ho lintlha tse fumanehang." Digital indices: 1 - e khotsofatsang ho 22 ° C, 2 - e khotsofatsang ho 48 ° C, 3 - e khotsofatsang ha e sebelisoa ka li-gaskets le litiiso.
Mehato ea tšireletso ha u sebetsa le hydrogen peroxide
Ho hlakile ho mang kapa mang ea balileng ho fihlela joale hore peroxide ke ntho e matla ea oxidizing, ho bolelang hore hoa hlokahala hore e bolokoe hole le lintho tse tukang kapa tse ka tukang le lintho tse fokotsang. H2O2, ka bobeli ka mokhoa o hloekileng le o hlapolotsoeng, e ka theha ha e kopana le metsoako ea lintho tse phelang. Ha re nahana ka tsohle tse ka holimo, re ka ngola tjena
Peroxide ea hydrogen ha e lumellane le lisebelisoa tse tukang, lino tse ka tukang le litšepe le letsoai la tsona (ka tatellano ea ho fokotsa phello ea catalytic) - osmium, palladium, platinum, iridium, khauta, silevera, manganese, cobalt, koporo, lead.
Ha re bua ka li-catalysts tsa ho senyeha ha tšepe, motho a ke ke a hlōleha ho bua ka thoko . Ha se feela tšepe e teteaneng ka ho fetisisa Lefatšeng, hape ke sebetsa se setle ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng sa ho pshatla hydrogen peroxide.
Phello ea ho potlakisa ho bola ha hydrogen peroxide bakeng sa tšepe ena e hlokomeloa ka bongata bo ke keng ba fumanoa ka mokhoa o mong le o mong oa ho hlahloba - e le ho atleha haholo (makhetlo a x3-x5 a amanang le peroxide ntle le catalyst) ho senya peroxide ka oksijene le metsi, o hloka feela gram e le 1 ea osmium ka lithane tse 1000 tsa peroxide hydrogen.
Maikutlo ka "explosive character": (Hang-hang ke ne ke batla ho ngola "Ke peroxide", empa ke ne ke hlajoa ke lihlong). Tabeng ea hydrogen peroxide, ngoanana ea chitja Sasha, ea lokelang ho sebetsa le peroxide ena, hangata o tšaba ho phatloha. 'Me ha e le hantle, tšabo ea Alexandra ea utloahala. Etsoe, peroxide e ka phatloha ka mabaka a mabeli. Ntlha ea pele, ho tloha tabeng ea hore ka sejaneng se tiisitsoeng ho tla ba le ho senyeha butle-butle ha H2O2, ho lokolloa le ho bokella oksijene. Khatello e ka hare ho setshelo e tla eketseha le ho eketseha 'me qetellong BOOM! Taba ea bobeli, ho na le monyetla oa hore ha hydrogen peroxide e kopana le lintho tse ling, ho tla ba le sebopeho sa metsoako e sa tsitsang ea peroxide, e ka phatlohang ka tšusumetso, ho futhumatsa, joalo-joalo. Bukeng e pholileng ea meqolo e mehlano Ho 'nile ha buuoa ho hongata ka sena hoo ke ileng ka ba ka etsa qeto ea ho e pata tlas'a spoiler. Tlhahisoleseding e sebetsa ho hydrogen peroxide e matla> = 30% le <50%:
Ho se lumellane ho hang
e phatloha ha e kopana le: joala + sulfuric acid, acetal + acetic acid + mocheso, acetic acid + N-heterocycles (ka holimo ho 50 °C), li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (hoo e ka bang 45 °C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid , carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, tartaric), diphenyl diselenide (ka holimo ho 53 °C), 2-ethoxyethanol + polyacrylamide gel + toluene + mocheso, gallium + hydrochloric acid, tšepe (II) sulfate + nitric acid + carboxymethyl +cellulose, nitric acid ketone (2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), metheo ea naetrojene (ammonia, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), metsoako ea lintho tse phelang (glycerin, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, selulose, lerōle la mashala), lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho + acid (haholo-holo libakeng tse koaletsoeng), metsi + a nang le oksijene (acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, propanol, propanal), vinyl acetate, alcohols + tin chloride, phosphorus oxide (V), phosphorus, nitric acid , stibnite, arsenic trisulfide, chlorine + potassium hydroxide + chlorosulfonic acid, koporo sulfide, tšepe (II) sulfide, formic acid + organic contaminants, hydrogen selenide, lead di- le monoxide, lead (II) sulfide, manganese dioxide. , mercury oxide (I), molybdenum disulfide, sodium iodate, mercuric oxide + nitric acid, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, thiourea + acetic acid
e bonesa ha e kopana le: joala ba furfuryl, tšepe e phofshoana (magnesium, zinki, tšepe, nickel), sawdust
karabelo e mabifi ka: aluminium isopropoxide+matsoai a tšepe a boima, mashala, mashala, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, tšepe ea alkali, methanol+phosphoric acid, metsoako ea lintho tse phelang, tin (II) chloride, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, lead hydroxide, nickel oxide.
Ha e le hantle, haeba u tšoara peroxide e tebileng ka tlhompho 'me u sa e kopane le lintho tse boletsoeng ka holimo, joale u ka sebetsa ka boiketlo ka lilemo tse ngata' me u se ke ua tšaba letho. Empa Molimo o sireletsa tse ntle ka ho fetisisa, kahoo re tsoela pele hantle ho lisebelisoa tsa tšireletso tsa botho.
PPE le karabo
Mohopolo oa ho ngola sengoloa o ile oa hlaha ha ke etsa qeto ea ho ngola lengolo , e inehetseng litabeng tsa mosebetsi o sireletsehileng ka tharollo ea H2O2 e tsepamisitsoeng. Ka lehlohonolo, babali ba bangata ba ile ba reka li-canister tsa perhydrol (haeba ho na le "ha ho letho ka k'hemisteng" / "re ke ke ra fihla k'hemisteng") mme ba bile ba khona ho fumana lik'hemik'hale tse tukang mocheso oa nako eo. Ka hona, boholo ba se ngotsoeng ka tlase (le ka holimo) se sebetsa haholo-holo ho tharollo e nang le lintlha tse ka holimo ho 6%. Ha khatello ea maikutlo e phahame, ho ba teng ha PPE ho bohlokoa haholo.
Bakeng sa mosebetsi o bolokehileng, tsohle tseo o li hlokang e le lisebelisoa tsa ho itšireletsa ke liatlana tse entsoeng ka polyvinyl chloride / butyl rabara, polyethylene, polyester le lipolasetiki tse ling ho sireletsa letlalo la matsoho a hao, likhalase kapa limaske tse sireletsang tse entsoeng ka thepa ea polymer e hlakileng ho sireletsa mahlo a hau. Haeba li-aerosol li etsoa, kenya sets'oants'o se nang le tšireletso ea anti-aerosol ho kit (kapa ho molemo le ho feta, cartridge ea ABEK carbon filter e nang le tšireletso ea P3). Ha u sebetsa ka tharollo e fokolang (ho fihlela ho 6%), liatlana li lekane.
Ke tla lula ke nahana ka "liphello tse hlollang" ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane. Hydrogen peroxide ke ntho e kotsi ka mokhoa o itekanetseng e bakang ho chesoa ke lik'hemik'hale haeba e ka kopana le letlalo le mahlo. E kotsi ha e hema kapa e koetsoe. Sheba setšoantšo ho tsoa ho SDS ("Oxidizer" - "Corrodes" - "Irritant"):
E le hore ke se ke ka otla morung, hang-hang ke tla ngola ka seo ke lokelang ho se etsa haeba hydrogen peroxide e nang le motsoako oa> 6% e kopana le motho ea itseng oa selikalikoe ntle le lisebelisoa tsa ho itšireletsa.
ka ho kopana le letlalo - hlakola ka lesela le omeletseng kapa swab e kolobisitsoeng ka joala. Ebe o hloka ho hlatsoa letlalo le senyehileng ka metsi a mangata ka metsotso e 10.
ka ho kopana le mahlo - hang-hang hlatsoa mahlo a bulehileng, hammoho le ka tlas'a lintši, ka metsi a fokolang (kapa tharollo ea 2% ea soda e bakang) bonyane metsotso e 15. Ikopanye le ngaka ea mahlo.
Haeba e metsoa - noa metsi a mangata (=metsi a hlakileng ka lilithara), k'habone e kentsoeng (letlapa le le leng ho 1 kg ea boima ba 'mele), laxative ea letsoai (magnesium sulfate). U se ke ua etsa hore motho a hlatse (= gastric lavage FEELA ke ngaka, ho sebelisa probe, le ho se be le "menoana e 'meli ka hanong" e tloaelehileng). U se ke ua fana ka letho ka molomo ho motho ea akhehileng.
Kakaretso ho ja ho kotsi haholo, kaha nakong ea ho bola ka mpeng ho thehoa khase e ngata (ka makhetlo a 10 boholo ba tharollo ea 3%), e leng se lebisang ho senya le ho hatella litho tsa ka hare. Sena ke seo activated carbon e leng sona bakeng sa...
Haeba ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e hlakile ka ho phekoloa ha liphello tsa 'mele, joale ho bohlokoa ho bua mantsoe a seng makae a eketsehileng mabapi le ho lahla ho feteletseng / khale / ho tšolla hydrogen peroxide ka lebaka la ho hloka phihlelo.
... hydrogen peroxide e sebelisoa hape ka a) ho e hlapolla ka metsi le ho e tšela ka har'a mokelikeli, kapa b) ho bola ho sebelisoa li-catalysts (sodium pyrosulfite, joalo-joalo), kapa c) ho bola ka ho futhumatsa (ho kenyeletsoa ho belisa)
Mona ke mohlala oa kamoo tsohle li shebahalang kateng. Ka mohlala, ka laboratoring ke ile ka tšolla ka phoso litha e le nngwe tsa 30% hydrogen peroxide. Ha ke hlakole letho, empa eketsa mokelikeli ka motsoako oa bongata bo lekanang (1: 1: 1) +lehlabathe+ (= "bentonite filler for trays"). Ebe ke kolobisa motsoako ona ka metsi ho fihlela ho etsoa slurry, ke tšela slurry ka har'a setshelo ebe ke e fetisetsa ka nkhong ea metsi (karolo ea bobeli ho tse tharo e tletse). 'Me e se e ntse e le ka nkhong ea metsi ke eketsa butle-butle tharollo ea sodium pyrosulfite ka 20% e feteletseng. Ho fokotsa ntho ena kaofela ka karabelo:
Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Haeba u latela maemo a bothata (litha e le nngwe ea tharollo ea 30%), joale ho bonahala eka bakeng sa ho se nke lehlakore u hloka ligrama tse 838 tsa pyrosulfite (kilogram ea letsoai e tsoa ka bongata). Ho qhibiliha ha ntho ena metsing ke ~ 650 g/l, ke hore. Ho tla hlokahala litara e le 'ngoe le halofo ea tharollo e tsitsitseng. Boitšoaro ke bona: ebang u se ke ua qhala perhydrol fatše, kapa ua e hlapolla ka matla, ho seng joalo u ke ke ua fumana li-neutralizer tse lekaneng :)
Ha ho batloa lintho tse ka nkeloang sebaka sa pyrosulfite, Captain Obvious o khothalletsa ho sebelisa li-reagents tse sa hlahiseng likhase tse ngata haholo ha li sebelisa hydrogen peroxide. Sena se ka ba, mohlala, tšepe (II) sulfate. E rekisoa mabenkeleng a hardware esita le Belarus. Ho fokotsa H2O2, ho hlokahala tharollo e nang le sulfuric acid:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
U ka sebelisa iodide ea potassium (hape e entsoe ka sulfuric acid):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
E-re ke u hopotse hore mabaka ohle a ipapisitse le bothata ba selelekela (tharollo ea 30%); haeba u tšela peroxide maemong a tlase (3-7%), joale u ka sebelisa potassium permanganate acidified ka sulfuric acid. Esita le haeba oksijene e lokolloa moo, joale ka lebaka la likhahla tse tlaase e ke ke ea khona ho "etsa lintho" le haeba e batla.
Mabapi le khukhwane
Empa ha kea lebala ka eena, moratuoa. E tla ba moputso ho ba qetileng ho bala se latelang nako e telele. Ha ke tsebe hore na Alexey JetHackers Statsenko aka ka li-jetpacks tsa ka, empa ka sebele ke ne ke e-na le mehopolo e joalo. Haholo-holo ha ke ne ke e-na le monyetla oa ho shebella (kapa esita le ho shebella hape) filimi e bobebe ea pale ea Disney e theiping ea VHS." (ka qalong Rocketeer).
Khokahano mona e tjena. Joalokaha ke ile ka ngola pejana, hydrogen peroxide ea mahloriso a phahameng (joaloka sehlopha sa malapeng B) ka tekanyo e phahameng ea tlhoekiso (hlokomela - ho thoeng ke peroxide e phahameng-teko kapa ) e ka sebelisoa e le mafura ka limisaele (le torpedoes). Ho feta moo, e ka sebelisoa ka bobeli e le oxidizer ka lienjineri tse nang le likarolo tse peli (mohlala, e le sebaka sa oksijene ea metsi), le ka mokhoa o bitsoang. monofuel. Tabeng ea ho qetela, H2O2 e kenngoa ka "kamoreng e tukang", moo e senyehang holim'a sesebelisoa sa tšepe (leha e le efe ea tšepe e boletsoeng pejana sehloohong sena, mohlala, silevera kapa platinum) 'me, tlas'a khatello, ka mokhoa oa mouoane. ka mocheso oa hoo e ka bang 600 ° C, e tsoa ka nozzle, e theha traction.
Ntho e thahasellisang ka ho fetisisa ke hore beetle e nyenyane e tsoang ho subfamily beetle ea fatše e na le mohaho o tšoanang oa ka hare ("kamore ea mollo", li-nozzles, joalo-joalo) ka hare ho 'mele oa eona. e bitsoa ka molao, empa ho 'na sebopeho sa eona sa ka hare (=setšoantšo se qalong ea sengoloa) se nkhopotsa karolo ea filimi ea 1991 e boletsoeng ka holimo :)
Kokoana ena e bitsoa bombardier hobane e khona ho thunya metsi a belang ka nepo kapa ka monko o sa thabiseng o tsoang litšoeleseng tse ka morao ho mpa.
Thempereichara ea ejection e ka fihla likhato tse 100 tsa Celsius, 'me lebelo la ejection ke 10 m/s. Thunya e le 'ngoe e nka ho tloha ho 8 ho isa ho 17 ms, 'me e na le 4-9 pulses hang-hang e latelang e' ngoe. E le hore ke se ke ka khutlela morao qalong, ke tla pheta setšoantšo mona (ho bonahala eka se nkiloe makasineng. ho tsoa sehloohong sa lebitso le le leng).
Beetle e hlahisa "likarolo tsa mafura a rocket" tse peli ka hare ho eona (ke hore, e ntse e se "monopropellant"). Moemeli ea matla oa ho fokotsa - (eo pele e neng e sebelisoa e le moqapi oa ho nka lifoto). 'Me ntho e matla ea oxidizing ke hydrogen peroxide. Ha khukhwane ena e sokeloa, e honyela mesifa e sutumetsang metsoako e ’meli ka har’a li-valve phaposing e tsoakang e nang le metsi le motsoako oa li- enzyme (peroxidase) tse bolisang peroxide. Ha li kopantsoe, li-reagents li hlahisa karabelo e matla ea exothermic, mokelikeli o bela ebe o fetoha khase (= "timetso"). Ka kakaretso, kokoanyana e chesa sera se ka 'nang sa e-ba teng ka metsi a belang (empa ho hlakile hore ha ea lekana bakeng sa ho phunyeletsa sebaka sa pele). Empa ... Bonyane maleshoane a ka nkoa e le papiso ea karolo Mehato ea tšireletso ha u sebetsa le hydrogen peroxide. Moralo ke ena:
%USERNAME%, u se ke oa tšoana le kokoanyana ea bombardier, u se ke ua kopanya peroxide le ntho e fokotsang ho se utloisise! 🙂
Tlatsetso mabapi leт : “Ho bonahala eka kokoanyana ea Earth bombardier e bululetsoe ke plasma beetle e tsoang ho Starship Troopers.” E na le matla a lekaneng (eseng ho sututsa!) ho nts'etsapele lebelo la pele la ho phonyoha; mochini o entsoe nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho 'me o ile oa sebelisoa ho lahlela li-spores ka har'a orbit molemong oa ho holisa sebaka sa ona, hape e ne e le sebetsa e le sebetsa khahlanong le basesisi ba lireng ba bohlasoa. ”
Hantle, ke ile ka mo bolella ka maleshoane 'me ka hlophisa peroxide. Ha re emeng moo hajoale.
Bohlokoa! Ntho e ngoe le e ngoe (ho kenyeletsoa le puisano ea lintlha, lingoloa tse mahareng le lingoliloeng tsohle tsa ka) li ka fumaneha mocha oa thelekramo. . Ngolisa 'me u latele liphatlalatso.
E latelang moleng oa ho hlahlojoa ke sodium dichloroisocyanrate le "matlapa a chlorine."
Liteboho: Mongoli o fana ka teboho e tebileng ho barupeluoa bohle ba mafolofolo sechaba LAB-66 - batho ba tšehetsang ka lichelete "sekhutlo sa rona sa saense le theknoloji" (= mocha oa thelekramo), puisano ea rona (le litsebi tse ho eona tse fanang ka tšehetso ea tekheniki nako le nako (!!!) le mongoli oa ho qetela ka boeena. Ke leboha sena sohle, mathaka, ho tloha !
"osmium catalyst" bakeng sa kholo le nts'etsopele ea sechaba se boletsoeng ka holimo: ===>
1. karete e kholo 5536 0800 1174 5555
2. Chelete ea Yandex
3. chelete ea marang-rang 650377296748
4. crypt BTCTlhaloso: 3QRyF2UwcKECVtk1Ep8scndmCBoRATvZkx, ETH: 0x3Aa313FA17444db70536A0ec5493F3aaA49C9CBf
5. E-ba
Mehloli e sebelisitsoeng
Shandala M.G. Litaba tsa morao-rao ka kakaretso tsa disinfection. Lipuo tse khethiloeng. - M.: Meriana, 2009. 112 leq.
Lewis, R. J. Sr. Thepa e Kotsi ea Sax ea Lisebelisoa tsa Indasteri. Khatiso ea 12. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012., leq. V4: 2434
Haynes, W. M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Khatiso ea 95th. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, leq. 4-67
WT Hess "Hydrogen Peroxide". Buka ea Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia ea Chemical Technology. 13 (4th ed.). New York: Wiley. (1995). maq. 961–995.
C. W. Jones, J. H. Clark. Lisebelisoa tsa Hydrogen Peroxide le Derivatives. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999.
Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke; Lienke Lits'ebetso tsa Transition-Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood-Pulp Bleaching. Khatiso ea Machaba ea Angewandte Chemie. 45(2):206–222. (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. Kokoane ea bombardier le ho phatloha ha eona ka lik'hemik'hale. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1–7 . (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Lisebelisoa tsa hydrogen peroxide le lihlahisoa tsa eona. Royal Society of Chemistry (1999)
Goor, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. Hydrogen Peroxide. Encyclopedia ea Ullmann ea Industrial Chemistry. Encyclopedia ea Ullmann ea Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. Bukana ea li-disinfectants le li-antiseptics. New York: M. Dekker. leq. 161. (1996).
Rutala, WA; Weber, DJ Disinfection le Sterilization Litsing tsa Tlhokomelo ea Bophelo: Seo Likliniki li Lokelang ho se Tseba. Mafu a Tšoaetso a Tleliniki. 39(5):702–709. (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Khaolo ea 9: Metsoako ea peroxygen. Ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, ho thibela likokoana-hloko, le ho boloka (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. maq. 185–204. (2000).
O'Neil, M. J. The Merck Index—An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013, leq. 889
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary Khatiso ea bo16. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, leq. 735
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985, leq. 510
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary Khatiso ea bo16. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, leq. 735
Pokello ea thepa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea molao litabeng tsa ho thibela likokoana-hloko, sterilization, disinfestation, deratization: Ka li-volumes tse 5 / Inform.-ed. setsi sa Komiti ea Naha ea Tlhokomelo ea Bohloeki le Epidemiological ea Russia. Federation, Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Thibelo. toxicology le disinfection; Tlas'a kakaretso ed. M. G. Shandaly. - M.: Rarog LLP, 1994
'Me ke batlile ke lebala, temoso ho metsoalle e sa tsotelleng :)
ikgololo: Lintlha tsohle tse hlahisitsoeng sehloohong sena li fanoe feela bakeng sa merero ea tlhahisoleseding mme ha se pitso e tobileng ea ho nka khato. U etsa maqheka ohle ka li-reagents tsa lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa ka kotsi le kotsi ea hau. Mongoli ha a na boikarabelo leha e le bofe ba ho sebetsana ka mokhoa o sa tsotelleng oa litharollo tse mabifi, ho se tsebe ho bala le ho ngola, ho hloka tsebo ea motheo ea sekolo, joalo-joalo. Haeba u ikutloa u sa itšepe ho utloisisa se ngotsoeng, kopa mong ka uena / motsoalle / motho eo u mo tloaetseng ea nang le thuto e khethehileng ho beha leihlo liketso tsa hau. 'Me u be le bonnete ba hore u sebelisa PPE ka mehato e phahameng ka ho fetesisa ea ts'ireletso.
Source: www.habr.com