Matsatsi a 'maloa a fetileng, ke ile ka etsa qeto ea ho khutlisa firmware ea router ea ka ke sebelisa binwalk.
Ke ithekile . Ha se router e ntle ka ho fetisisa, empa e lekane litlhoko tsa ka.
Nako le nako ha ke reka router e ncha, kea e kenya . Molelmong oa eng? E le molao, bahlahisi ha ba tsotelle haholo ka ho tšehetsa li-routers tsa bona 'me ha nako e ntse e ea software e fetoha ea khale, bofokoli bo hlaha, joalo-joalo, ka kakaretso, u fumana maikutlo. Ka hona, ke khetha firmware ea OpenWRT, e tšehetsoeng hantle ke sechaba se bulehileng.
Ka mor'a ho khoasolla OpenWRT, le 'na tlasa Archer C7 ea ka e ncha ho tsoa webosaeteng ea semmuso mme ke nkile qeto ea ho e sekaseka. Feela bakeng sa monate le ho bua ka binwalk.
Binwalk ke eng?
ke sesebelisoa sa mohloli o bulehileng oa ho hlahloba, ho khutlisa boenjiniere le ho ntša setšoantšo sa firmware.
E thehiloe ka 2010 ke Craig Heffner, binwalk e khona ho hlahloba litšoantšo tsa firmware le ho fumana lifaele, ho khetholla le ho ntša litšoantšo tsa tsamaiso ea lifaele, khoutu e sebetsang, li-archive tse hatelitsoeng, li-bootloader le li-kernels, liforomo tsa lifaele tse kang JPEG le PDF, le tse ling tse ngata.
U ka sebelisa binwalk ho fetola moenjiniere oa firmware ho utloisisa hore na e sebetsa joang. Batla lifaele tsa binary bakeng sa bofokoli, ntša lifaele, 'me u batle litifikeiti tsa morao-rao kapa tsa dijithale. U ka boela ua fumana opcodes bakeng sa sehlopha sa li-CPU tse fapaneng.
U ka ntša litšoantšo tsa tsamaiso ea lifaele ho batla lifaele tse itseng tsa password (passwd, moriti, joalo-joalo) ebe u leka ho senya li-hashes tsa password. U ka etsa khetho ea binary lipakeng tsa lifaele tse peli kapa ho feta. U ka etsa tlhahlobo ea entropy ho data ho batla lintlha tse hatisitsoeng kapa linotlolo tsa encryption. Tsena tsohle ntle le tlhoko ea ho fihlella khoutu ea mohloli.
Ka kakaretso, tsohle tseo u li hlokang li teng :)
Binwalk e sebetsa joang?
Ntho e ka sehloohong ea binwalk ke ho tekena ha eona. Binwalk e ka hlahloba setšoantšo sa firmware ho batla mefuta e fapaneng ea lifaele tse hahelletsoeng kahare le litsamaiso tsa lifaele.
Na u tseba tšebeliso ea line line file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedsehlopha filee sheba hlooho ea faele mme e sheba tekeno (nomoro ea boselamose) ho fumana mofuta oa faele. Ka mohlala, haeba faele e qala ka tatellano ea li-byte 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, ea tseba hore ke faele ea PNG. E butsoe Ho na le lethathamo la li-signature tse tloaelehileng tsa lifaele.
Binwalk e sebetsa ka tsela e ts'oanang. Empa ho e-na le ho batla li-signature feela qalong ea faele, binwalk e tla hlahloba faele eohle. Ho feta moo, binwalk e ka ntša lifaele tse fumanehang setšoantšong.
Lisebelisoa file и binwalk sebelisa laebrari libmagic ho khetholla li-signature tsa lifaele. Empa binwalk e boetse e ts'ehetsa lethathamo la li-signature tsa boselamose ba tloaelo ho batla lifaele tse hatelitsoeng / tse ikopantseng, lihlooho tsa firmware, li-Linux kernels, bootloaders, li-filesystem joalo-joalo.
Ha re ithabiseng?
Ho kenya Binwalk
Binwalk e tšehetsoa ka li-platform tse ngata tse kenyeletsang Linux, OSX, FreeBSD le Windows.
Ho kenya phetolelo ea morao-rao ea binwalk u ka le ho latela kapa , e fumanehang webosaeteng ea morero.
Binwalk e na le liparamente tse ngata tse fapaneng:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portHo hlahloba litšoantšo
Ha re qale ka ho batla li-signature tsa faele ka har'a setšoantšo (setšoantšo se tsoang sebakeng sa marang-rang ).
Ho matha binwalk ka --signature parameter:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Hona joale re na le boitsebiso bo bongata ka setšoantšo sena.
Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo joalo ka bootloader (sehlooho sa setšoantšo ho 0x5AC0 le setšoantšo se hatelitsoeng sa bootloader ho 0x5B00). Ho ipapisitsoe le sehlooho sa uImage ho 0x13270, rea tseba hore meralo ea processor ke MIPS mme Linux kernel ke mofuta oa 3.3.8. 'Me ho latela setšoantšo se fumanoang atereseng 0x11CEA5, re ka bona seo rootfs ke sistimi ea faele squashfs.
Joale a re ntšeng bootloader (U-Boot) re sebelisa taelo dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sKaha setšoantšo se hatelloa ho sebelisa LZMA, re hloka ho se fokotsa:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaJoale re na le setšoantšo sa U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binHo thoe'ng ka ho fumana boleng ba kamehla ba bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MU-Boot Tikoloho e Fetohang bootargs e neng e sebelisoa ho fetisetsa liparamente ho kernel ea Linux. 'Me ho tloha ka holimo, re na le kutloisiso e molemo ea mohopolo oa flash oa sesebelisoa.
Ho thoe'ng ka ho ntša setšoantšo sa Linux kernel?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sRe ka hlahloba hore na setšoantšo se ntšitsoe ka katleho ho sebelisa taelo file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Sebopeho sa faele sa uImage ha e le hantle ke setšoantšo sa Linux kernel se nang le hlooho e eketsehileng. Ha re tloseng sehlooho sena ho fumana setšoantšo sa ho qetela sa Linux kernel:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sSetšoantšo se petelitsoe, kahoo ha re se phutholle:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaHona joale re na le setšoantšo sa kernel ea Linux:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageRe ka etsa'ng ka setšoantšo sa kernel? Ka mohlala, re ka etsa lipatlisiso tsa likhoele setšoantšong 'me ra fumana mofuta oa Linux kernel' me ra ithuta ka tikoloho e sebelisoang ho aha kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Leha firmware e ile ea lokolloa selemong se fetileng (2019), ha ke ngola sengoloa sena e sebelisa mofuta oa khale oa Linux kernel (3.3.8) e lokollotsoeng ka 2012, e hlophisitsoeng ka mofuta oa khale haholo oa GCC (4.6) hape ho tloha 2012. !
(approx. transl. na u ntse u tšepa li-routers tsa hau ofising le lapeng?)
Ka khetho --opcodes re ka boela ra sebelisa binwalk ho sheba litaelo tsa mochini le ho tseba sebopeho sa processor ea setšoantšo:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueHo thoe'ng ka tsamaiso ea metso ea lifaele? Sebakeng sa ho ntša setšoantšo ka letsoho, ha re sebeliseng khetho binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binSistimi e felletseng ea metso e tla ntšoa ho subdirectory:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Hona joale re ka etsa lintho tse ngata tse fapaneng.
Re ka batla lifaele tsa tlhophiso, li-hashes tsa password, linotlolo tsa cryptographic le litifikeiti tsa dijithale. Re ka sekaseka lifaele tsa binary bakeng sa le bofokoli.
Ka thuso ea и re ka ba ra matha (emulate) e ka phethisoang ho tsoa setšoantšong:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatE kholo! Empa ka kopo hlokomela hore mofuta oa BusyBox ke 1.19.4. Ena ke mofuta oa khale haholo oa BusyBox, e lokollotsoeng ka April 2012.
Kahoo TP-Link e lokolla setšoantšo sa firmware ka 2019 e sebelisa software (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, joalo-joalo) ho tloha 2012!
Joale na ua utloisisa hore na hobaneng ke lula ke kenya OpenWRT ho li-routers tsa ka?
Ha se phetho
Binwalk e ka boela ea etsa tlhahlobo ea entropy, ea hatisa data e tala ea entropy, le ho hlahisa li-graph tsa entropy. Ka tloaelo, entropy e kholo e bonoa ha li-byte tse setšoantšong li sa fetohe. Sena se ka bolela hore setšoantšo se na le faele e patiloeng, e hatelitsoeng, kapa e hlakileng. Senotlolo sa encryption se thata? Hobaneng ho se joalo.
Hape re ka sebelisa parameter --raw ho fumana tatelano e tloahelehileng ea li-byte setšoantšong kapa paramethareng --hexdump ho etsa hex dump ho bapisa lifaele tse peli kapa ho feta tsa ho kenya.
e ka eketsoa ho binwalk kapa ka faele e saenneng ea tloaelo e boletsoeng molaong oa taelo ho sebelisa parameter --magic, kapa ka ho li kenya bukeng $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
U ka fumana boitsebiso bo eketsehileng mabapi le binwalk ho .
binwalk extension
Ho na le binwalk, e kentsoeng e le mojule oa Python o ka sebelisoang ke mongolo ofe kapa ofe oa Python ho etsa tlhahlobo ea binwalk scan, mme ts'ebeliso ea mohala oa taelo ea binwalk e ka kopitsoa ka ho felletseng ka mela e 'meli feela ea khoutu ea Python!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()U sebelisa Python API u ka boela ua theha ho lokisa le ho holisa binwalk.
Hape e teng le mofuta oa leru .
Joale ke hobane'ng ha u sa khoasolle setšoantšo sa firmware ho Internet ebe u leka binwalk? Ke ts'episa hore u tla ba le thabo e ngata :)
Source: www.habr.com