Batho ba bangata ba boloka tlaleho ea nako. Re tsoha ka nako ho phetha meetlo ea rōna ea hoseng le ho ea mosebetsing, ho nka khefu ea lijo tsa motšehare, ho finyella linako tse behiloeng tsa morero, ho keteka matsatsi a tsoalo le matsatsi a phomolo, ho palama sefofane, joalo-joalo.
Ho feta moo: ba bang ba rona re amehile haholo ka nako. Oache ea ka e tsamaisoa ke matla a letsatsi 'me e fumana nako e nepahetseng ho tsoa Setsing sa Naha sa Maemo le Theknoloji () ho ea Fort Collins, Colorado ka seea-le-moea sa longwave . Lipontšo tsa nako li hokahanngoa le oache ea athomo, hape e fumanehang Fort Collins. Fitbit ea ka e hokahanya le fono ea ka e hokahanang le seva , eo qetellong e lumellanang le oache ea athomo.
Lisebelisoa le tsona li boloka nako
Ho na le mabaka a mangata a hore na ke hobane'ng ha lisebelisoa le lik'homphieutha tsa rona li hloka nako e nepahetseng. Mohlala, libankang, limmarakeng tsa setoko, le likhoebong tse ling tsa lichelete, litšebelisano li tlameha ho etsoa ka tatellano e nepahetseng, 'me tatellano e nepahetseng ea nako e bohlokoa ho sena.
Mehala ea rona, matlapa, likoloi, lits'ebetso tsa GPS le likhomphutha kaofela li hloka litlhophiso tse nepahetseng tsa nako le matsatsi. Ke batla hore oache e komporong ea ka ea khomphutha e bontše nako e nepahetseng. Ke batla hore likhopotso li hlahe almanakeng ea heso ka nako e nepahetseng. Nako e nepahetseng e boetse e netefatsa hore mesebetsi ea cron le systemd e sebetsa ka nako e nepahetseng.
Letsatsi le nako le tsona li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho rema lifate, kahoo ho bonolo ho fumana lintlha tse itseng tse thehiloeng ho letsatsi le nako. Ka mohlala, ke kile ka sebetsa DevOps (e ne e sa bitsoa joalo ka nako eo) mme ke ne ke theha tsamaiso ea imeile sebakeng sa North Carolina. Re ne re sebetsa li-imeile tse fetang limilione tse 20 ka letsatsi. Ho sala morao lengolo-tsoibila ka letoto la li-server, kapa ho tseba tatelano e nepahetseng ea liketsahalo ka ho sebelisa lifaele tsa log ho batho ba qhalakaneng sebakeng, ho ka ba bonolo haholo haeba likhomphutha tse amehang li hokahanngoa ka nako.
Nako e le 'ngoe - lihora tse ngata
Baamoheli ba Linux ba tlameha ho ela hloko hore ho na le nako ea sistimi le nako ea RTC. RTC (Real Time Clock) ke lebitso le sa tloaelehang le le sa nepahaleng bakeng sa oache ea hardware.
Oache ea hardware e lula e sa khaotse le ha komporo e tingoa, e sebelisa betri ho boardboard ea sistimi. Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa RTC ke ho boloka nako ha khokahanyo ho seva sa nako e sa fumanehe. Matsatsing ao ho neng ho sa khonehe ho hokahanya le seva sa nako ka Marang-rang, khomphuta e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ne e lokela ho ba le oache e nepahetseng ea ka hare. Sistimi ea ts'ebetso e ne e tlameha ho fihlella RTC ka nako ea ho qala mme mosebelisi o ne a tlameha ho iketsetsa nako ea sistimi a sebelisa sebopeho sa tlhophiso ea lisebelisoa tsa BIOS ho netefatsa hore e nepahetse.
Lioache tsa thepa ha li utloisise taba ea libaka tsa nako; RTC e boloka nako feela, eseng sebaka sa nako kapa ho fokotsa nako ho tsoa ho UTC (Coordinated Universal Time, e tsejoang hape e le GMT kapa Greenwich Mean Time). U ka kenya RTC u sebelisa sesebelisoa seo ke tla se bua hamorao sehloohong sena.
Nako ea sistimi ke nako eo OS e e bonts'ang ho oache ea GUI komporong ea hau, tlhahisong ea taelo ea letsatsi, litempeleng tsa linako tsa lits'oants'o. Sena se sebetsa le ha lifaele li etsoa, li fetoloa, 'me li buloa.
Leqepheng ho na le tlhaloso e feletseng ea RTC le oache ea tsamaiso.
Ho thoe'ng ka NTP?
Lik'homphieutha lefatšeng ka bophara li sebelisa NTP (Network Time Protocol) ho amahanya nako ea tsona le lioache tse tloaelehileng tsa litšupiso holim'a Marang-rang ka ho sebelisa sehlopha sa lihlopha tsa li-server tsa NTP. Li-server tsa nako e kholo li maemong a 1 'me li hokahane ka kotloloho le lits'ebeletso tse fapaneng tsa nako ea naha sebakeng sa 0 ka sathelaete, seea-le-moea kapa esita le modem ka mehala ea mohala. Litšebeletso tsa nako ea Layer 0 e ka ba oache ea athomo, seamoheli sa seea-le-moea se lokiselitsoeng mats'oao a fetisoang ke lioache tsa athomo, kapa seamoheli sa GPS se sebelisang mats'oao a oache a nepahetseng haholo a fetisoang ke lisathelaete tsa GPS.
Boholo ba li-server tsa litšupiso li na le li-server tse likete tse 'maloa tsa sechaba tsa NTP stratum 2 tse buletsoeng sechaba. Mekhatlo e mengata le basebelisi (ke kenyelelitsoe) ba nang le mabotho a mangata a hlokang seva sa NTP ba khetha ho iketsetsa li-server tsa bona tsa nako e le hore moeti a le mong feela oa sebakeng seo a fihlele stratum 2 kapa 3. Joale ba lokisa li-node tse setseng marang-rang ho sebelisa sebaka sa sebaka seo. seva sa nako. Tabeng ea netweke ea ka ea lapeng, ena ke seva sa layer 3.
Lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa NTP
Ts'ebetsong ea mantlha ea NTP ke ntpd. E ile ea kopanngoa ke tse peli tse ncha, chronyd le systemd-timesyncd. Ka boraro ba bona ba hokahanya nako ea moamoheli oa lehae le seva sa nako ea NTP. Ts'ebeletso ea systemd-timesyncd ha e tšepahale joalo ka chronyd, empa e lekana ka merero e mengata. Haeba RTC e sa lumellane, butle-butle e ka fetola nako ea tsamaiso hore e lumellane le seva sa NTP ha nako ea tsamaiso ea lehae e hoholeha hanyane. Ts'ebeletso ea systemd-timesync e ke ke ea sebelisoa joalo ka seva sa nako.
ke ts'ebetsong ea NTP e nang le mananeo a mabeli: chronyd daemon le khokahanyo ea line-taelo e bitsoang chronyc. Chrony e na le likarolo tse ling tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa maemong a mangata:
- Chrony e ka amahanya le seva sa nako ka potlako ho feta ts'ebeletso ea khale ea ntpd. Sena se molemo bakeng sa lilaptop kapa li-desktops tse sa sebetseng ka linako tsohle.
- E ka lefella ho feto-fetoha ha lioache, joalo ka ha moamoheli a robala kapa a kena mokhoeng oa ho robala, kapa ha oache e fetoha ka lebaka la ho tlola holimo, e leng ho fokotsang lebelo la lioache ha meroalo e tlaase.
- E rarolla mathata a nako a amanang le khokahano e sa tsitsang ea marang-rang kapa tšubuhlellano ea marang-rang.
- E laola tieho ea marang-rang.
- Kamora ho hokahanya ha nako ea pele, Chrony ha e emise oache. Sena se fana ka linako tse tsitsitseng le tse tsitsitseng bakeng sa lits'ebeletso le lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa sistimi.
- Chrony e ka sebetsa le ntle le khokahano ea marang-rang. Tabeng ena, moamoheli oa lehae kapa seva e ka ntlafatsoa ka letsoho.
- Chrony e ka sebetsa joalo ka seva ea NTP.
Hape, NTP ke protocol e ka sebelisoang ho moamoheli oa Linux o sebelisa Chrony kapa systemd-timesyncd.
Li-RPM tsa NTP, Chrony, le systemd-timesyncd li fumaneha libakeng tsa polokelo tse tloaelehileng tsa Fedora. Systemd-udev RPM ke molaoli oa ketsahalo ea kernel e kentsoeng ka boiketsetso ho Fedora, empa ke boikhethelo.
U ka kenya tsena tse tharo 'me ua chencha pakeng tsa tsona, empa sena se tla baka hlooho e eketsehileng. Kahoo ho molemo ho se etse joalo. Litokollo tsa sejoale-joale tsa Fedora, CentOS, le RHEL li falletse Chrony joalo ka ts'ebetso ea kamehla, hape li na le systemd-timesyncd. Ke fumana Chrony e sebetsa hantle, e fana ka sebopeho se betere ho feta ts'ebeletso ea NTP, e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e ngata le taolo, eo ka sebele batsamaisi ba sistimi ba tla e thabela.
Ho thibela lits'ebeletso tsa NTP
E ka 'na eaba tšebeletso ea NTP e se e ntse e sebetsa ho moamoheli oa hau. Haeba ho joalo, u lokela ho e tima pele u fetohela ho ntho e 'ngoe. Ke ne ke e-na le chronyd e matha kahoo ke sebelisitse litaelo tse latelang ho e emisa le ho e thibela. Etsa litaelo tse nepahetseng bakeng sa daemon efe kapa efe ea NTP eo u e sebelisang ho moamoheli oa hau:
[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl disable chronyd ; systemctl stop chronyd
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/chronyd.service.
[root@testvm1 ~]#Sheba hore na tšebeletso e emisitsoe le hore e koetsoe:
[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl status chronyd
● chronyd.service - NTP client/server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:chronyd(8)
man:chrony.conf(5)
[root@testvm1 ~]#Hlahloba boemo pele o qala
Boemo ba kamahanyo ea oache ea sistimi bo u lumella ho tseba hore na ts'ebeletso ea NTP ea sebetsa. Kaha ha u so qale NTP, taelo ea boemo ba timesync e tla fana ka maikutlo a sena:
[root@testvm1 ~]# timedatectl timesync-status
Failed to query server: Could not activate remote peer.Kopo ea boemo bo tobileng e fana ka tlhahisoleseding ea bohlokoa. Mohlala, taelo ea timedatectl e se nang khang kapa likhetho e phethahatsa subcommand ea maemo ka boiketsetso:
[root@testvm1 ~]# timedatectl status
Local time: Fri 2020-05-15 08:43:10 EDT
Universal time: Fri 2020-05-15 12:43:10 UTC
RTC time: Fri 2020-05-15 08:43:08
Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: no
NTP service: inactive
RTC in local TZ: yes
Warning: The system is configured to read the RTC time in the local time zone.
This mode cannot be fully supported. It will create various problems
with time zone changes and daylight saving time adjustments. The RTC
time is never updated, it relies on external facilities to maintain it.
If at all possible, use RTC in UTC by calling
'timedatectl set-local-rtc 0'.
[root@testvm1 ~]#Sena se tla u fa nako ea lehae bakeng sa moamoheli oa hau, nako ea UTC, le nako ea RTC. Tabeng ena, nako ea tsamaiso e behiloe sebakeng sa nako sa Amerika / New_York (TZ), RTC e behiloe ho nako sebakeng sa nako ea sebaka seo, 'me tšebeletso ea NTP ha e sebetse. Nako ea RTC e se e qalile ho kheloha hanyane ho tloha nakong ea sistimi. Sena se tloaelehile bakeng sa litsamaiso tseo lioache tsa tsona li so kang tsa amahanngoa. Palo ea offset ho moamoheli e ipapisitse le nako e fetileng ho tloha ha sistimi e ne e hokahanngoa la ho qetela.
Hape re fumane temoso mabapi le ho sebelisa nako ea lehae bakeng sa RTC - sena se sebetsa ho liphetoho tsa libaka le litlhophiso tsa DST. Haeba k'homphieutha e tingoa ha ho hlokahala hore ho etsoe liphetoho, RTC e ke ke ea fetoha. Empa bakeng sa li-server kapa mabotho a mang a tsamaeang bosiu le motšehare, sena ha se bothata ho hang. Ntle le moo, ts'ebeletso efe kapa efe e fanang ka khokahano ea nako ea NTP e tla fetola nako ea moamoheli nakong ea mokhahlelo oa pele oa ho qala, kahoo nako e tla be e nepahetse hape kamora hore ho qala ho phetheloe.
Ho beha sebaka sa nako
Hangata, o bolela sebaka sa nako nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho kenya 'me ha u na mosebetsi oa ho e fetola hamorao. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le linako tseo ka tsona u hlokang ho fetola sebaka sa nako. Ho na le lisebelisoa tse 'maloa tse ka thusang. Linux e sebelisa lifaele tsa sebaka sa nako ho fumana sebaka sa sebaka sa moamoheli. Lifaele tsena li teng bukeng /usr/share/zoneinfo. Ka ho sa feleng, bakeng sa sebaka sa ka sa nako, sisteme e fana ka sena: /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York. Empa ha ho hlokahale hore u tsebe lintho tse poteletseng joalo ho fetola sebaka sa nako.
Ntho e ka sehloohong ke ho tseba lebitso la sebaka sa nako sa molao bakeng sa sebaka sa hau le taelo e lumellanang. Ha re re u batla ho fetola sebaka sa nako ho Los Angeles:
[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl list-timezones | column
<SNIP>
America/La_Paz Europe/Budapest
America/Lima Europe/Chisinau
America/Los_Angeles Europe/Copenhagen
America/Maceio Europe/Dublin
America/Managua Europe/Gibraltar
America/Manaus Europe/Helsinki
<SNIP>Joale o ka seta sebaka sa nako. Ke sebelisitse taelo ea letsatsi ho sheba liphetoho, empa u ka sebelisa timedatectl:
[root@testvm2 ~]# date
Tue 19 May 2020 04:47:49 PM EDT
[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone America/Los_Angeles
[root@testvm2 ~]# date
Tue 19 May 2020 01:48:23 PM PDT
[root@testvm2 ~]#Joale o ka fetola sebaka sa nako sa moamoheli ho khutlela ho nako ea lehae.
systemd-timesyncd
The systemd timesync daemon e fana ka ts'ebetsong ea NTP eo ho leng bonolo ho e laola maemong a systemd. E kentsoe ka ho sa feleng ho Fedora le Ubuntu. Leha ho le joalo, e qala feela ka ho sa feleng ho Ubuntu. Ha ke na bonnete ka liphaello tse ling. U ka itlhahloba:
[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl status systemd-timesyncdE lokisa systemd-timesyncd
Faele ea tlhophiso bakeng sa systemd-timesyncd ke /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf. Ena ke faele e bonolo e nang le likhetho tse fokolang ho feta NTP ea khale le lits'ebeletso tsa chronyd. Mona ke litaba tsa faele ena (ntle le liphetoho tse ling) ho Fedora VM ea ka:
# This file is part of systemd.
#
# systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# Entries in this file show the compile time defaults.
# You can change settings by editing this file.
# Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file.
#
# See timesyncd.conf(5) for details.
[Time]
#NTP=
#FallbackNTP=0.fedora.pool.ntp.org 1.fedora.pool.ntp.org 2.fedora.pool.ntp.org 3.fedora.pool.ntp.org
#RootDistanceMaxSec=5
#PollIntervalMinSec=32
#PollIntervalMaxSec=2048Karolo feela eo e nang le eona, ntle le litlhaloso, ke [Nako]. Mela e meng kaofela e hlalositsoe. Tsena ke litekanyetso tsa kamehla 'me ha lia lokela ho fetoloa (ntle le haeba u na le lebaka la ho). Haeba ha u na seva sa nako ea NTP e hlalositsoeng moleng oa NTP=, Fedora e fetohela ho seva sa nako ea Fedora e khutlelang morao. Hangata ke eketsa seva sa ka sa nako:
NTP=myntpserverE sebetsa ka nako ea ho lumellana
U ka qala le ho etsa hore systemd-timesyncd e sebetse tjena:
[root@testvm2 ~]# systemctl enable systemd-timesyncd.service
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.freedesktop.timesync1.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sysinit.target.wants/systemd-timesyncd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.
[root@testvm2 ~]# systemctl start systemd-timesyncd.service
[root@testvm2 ~]#Ho beha oache ea hardware
Mona ke hore na boemo bo shebahala joang kamora ho sebelisa timesyncd:
[root@testvm2 systemd]# timedatectl
Local time: Sat 2020-05-16 14:34:54 EDT
Universal time: Sat 2020-05-16 18:34:54 UTC
RTC time: Sat 2020-05-16 14:34:53
Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: yes
NTP service: active
RTC in local TZ: no Qalong, phapang pakeng tsa RTC le nako ea lehae (EDT) e ka tlase ho motsotsoana, 'me phapang e eketseha ka metsotsoana e meng e mengata matsatsing a seng makae a latelang. Kaha ha ho na mohopolo oa libaka tsa nako ho RTC, taelo ea timedatectl e tlameha ho etsa papiso ho fumana sebaka se nepahetseng sa nako. Haeba nako ea RTC e sa tsamaisane hantle le nako ea lehae, le eona ha e tsamaellane le sebaka sa sebaka sa lehae.
Ha ke batla lintlha tse ling, ke ile ka sheba boemo ba systemd-timesync mme ka fumana sena:
[root@testvm2 systemd]# systemctl status systemd-timesyncd.service
● systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Sat 2020-05-16 13:56:53 EDT; 18h ago
Docs: man:systemd-timesyncd.service(8)
Main PID: 822 (systemd-timesyn)
Status: "Initial synchronization to time server 163.237.218.19:123 (2.fedora.pool.ntp.org)."
Tasks: 2 (limit: 10365)
Memory: 2.8M
CPU: 476ms
CGroup: /system.slice/systemd-timesyncd.service
└─822 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd
May 16 09:57:24 testvm2.both.org systemd[1]: Starting Network Time Synchronization...
May 16 09:57:24 testvm2.both.org systemd-timesyncd[822]: System clock time unset or jumped backwards, restoring from recorded timestamp: Sat 2020-05-16 13:56:53 EDT
May 16 13:56:53 testvm2.both.org systemd[1]: Started Network Time Synchronization.
May 16 13:57:56 testvm2.both.org systemd-timesyncd[822]: Initial synchronization to time server 163.237.218.19:123 (2.fedora.pool.ntp.org).
[root@testvm2 systemd]#Hlokomela molaetsa oa log o reng nako ea sistimi ha e so beoe kapa e setiloe bocha. Tšebeletso ea Timesync e beha nako ea sistimi ho latela setempe sa nako. Litempe tsa linako li bolokiloe ke daemon ea timesync 'me li etsoa ho khokahanyo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e atlehileng.
Taelo ea timedatectl ha e na mokhoa oa ho nka boleng ba oache ea Hardware ho tloha oacheng ea sistimi. E ka beha feela nako le letsatsi ho tsoa ho boleng bo kentsoeng molaong oa taelo. U ka beha RTC ho boleng bo lekanang le nako ea sistimi u sebelisa taelo ea hwclock:
[root@testvm2 ~]# /sbin/hwclock --systohc --localtime
[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Mon 2020-05-18 13:56:46 EDT
Universal time: Mon 2020-05-18 17:56:46 UTC
RTC time: Mon 2020-05-18 13:56:46
Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: yes
NTP service: active
RTC in local TZ: yesKhetho ea --localtime e bolella oache ea hardware ho bontša nako ea lehae, eseng UTC.
Hobaneng o hloka RTC ho hang?
Ts'ebetsong efe kapa efe ea NTP e tla beha oache ea sistimi ka nako ea ho qala. Joale ke hobane'ng ha RTC? Sena ha se 'nete ka ho feletseng: sena se tla etsahala feela haeba u na le khokahanyo ea marang-rang ho seva sa nako. Leha ho le joalo, litsamaiso tse ngata ha se kamehla li nang le phihlello ea khokahano ea marang-rang, kahoo oache ea Hardware e thusa Linux ho e sebelisa ho beha nako ea sistimi. Sena se molemo ho feta ho beha nako ka letsoho, leha e ka kheloha nako ea nnete.
fihlela qeto e
Sengoliloeng sena se hlahlobile lisebelisoa tse ling tsa ho laola matsatsi, nako le libaka. Sesebelisoa sa systemd-timesyncd se fana ka moreki oa NTP ea ka hokahanyang nako ho moamoheli oa lehae le seva sa NTP. Leha ho le joalo, systemd-timesyncd ha e fane ka tšebeletso ea seva, kahoo haeba u hloka seva sa NTP marang-rang a hau, u tlameha ho sebelisa ntho e 'ngoe, joalo ka Chrony, ho sebetsa joaloka seva.
Ke khetha ho ba le ts'ebetsong e le 'ngoe bakeng sa ts'ebeletso leha e le efe marang-rang a ka, kahoo ke sebelisa Chrony. Haeba u sa hloke seva ea NTP ea lehae, kapa u sa tsotelle ho sebelisa Chrony joalo ka seva le systemd-timesyncd joalo ka moreki oa SNTP. Ntle le moo, ha ho na tlhoko ea ho sebelisa likarolo tse ling tsa Chrony joalo ka moreki haeba u khotsofetse ke ts'ebetso ea systemd-timesyncd.
Tsebiso e 'ngoe: ha ho hlokahale hore u sebelise lisebelisoa tsa systemd ho kenya ts'ebetsong NTP. U ka sebelisa mofuta oa khale oa ntpd, Chrony, kapa ts'ebetso e 'ngoe ea NTP. Ntle le moo, systemd e na le palo e kholo ea lits'ebeletso; tse ngata tsa tsona ke tsa boikhethelo, kahoo u ka li tima 'me u sebelise ntho e' ngoe ho e-na le hoo. Sena ha se phoofolo ea tonanahali ea monolithic. U kanna oa se rate systemd kapa likarolo tsa eona, empa u lokela ho etsa qeto e nang le tsebo.
Ke rata ts'ebetsong ea systemd ea NTP, empa ke khetha Chrony hobane e lumellana le litlhoko tsa ka betere. Ke Linux, ngoana -)
E le papatso
VDSina e fana ka , khetho e kholo ea litsamaiso tsa ts'ebetso bakeng sa ho kenya othomathike, hoa khoneha ho kenya OS efe kapa efe ho tsoa ho hau , boiketlo ntshetsopele ya hae le tefo ya letsatsi le letsatsi. Hopola hore re na le li-server tsa ka ho sa feleng tse sa feleng 😉
Source: www.habr.com