Kajeno re tla qala ho ithuta ka OSPF routing. Sehlooho sena, joalo ka protocol ea EIGRP, ke sehlooho sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa thutong eohle ea CCNA. Joalo ka ha u bona, Karolo ea 2.4 e na le sehlooho se reng "Ho Hlophisa, ho Lekola, le ho Rarolla Mathata OSPFv2 Single-Zone le Multi-Zone bakeng sa IPv4 (ntle le netefatso, ho sefa, Kakaretso ea Tsela, Kabo bocha, Sebaka sa Stub, VNet, le LSA).
Sehlooho sa OSPF se pharaletseng haholo, kahoo ho tla nka 2, mohlomong 3 lithuto tsa video. Thuto ea kajeno e tla nehelanoa ka lehlakoreng la theory ea taba; Ke tla u joetsa hore na protocol ena ke efe ka kakaretso le hore na e sebetsa joang. Ka video e latelang, re tla fetela ho OSPF phetolo mode sebelisa Packet Tracer.
Kahoo thutong ena re tla koahela lintho tse tharo: seo OSPF ke, kamoo e ea sebetsang ho, le seo OSPF libaka ba. Thutong e fetileng, re ile ra re OSPF ke Link State routing protocol e hlahlobang likhokahano tsa puisano pakeng tsa li-routers le ho etsa liqeto ho latela lebelo la lihokelo tseo. Mocha o molelele o nang le lebelo le holimo, ke hore, o nang le phallo e ngata, o tla etelletsoa pele ho feta mocha o mokhutšoane o nang le phallo e fokolang.
Protocol ea RIP, e leng protocol ea vector ea hole, e tla khetha tsela ea hop e le 'ngoe, leha sehokelo sena se na le lebelo le tlase, mme protocol ea OSPF e tla khetha tsela e telele ea hop tse' maloa haeba lebelo lohle tseleng ena le phahame ho feta lebelo la sephethephethe tseleng e kgutshoane.
Re tla sheba algorithm ea qeto hamorao, empa hajoale o lokela ho hopola hore OSPF ke Protocol State Link. Tekanyetso ena e bulehileng e entsoe ka 1988 e le hore moetsi e mong le e mong oa lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang le mofani ofe kapa ofe oa marang-rang a ka e sebelisa. Ka hona, OSPF e tumme haholo ho feta EIGRP.
OSPF version 2 e ne e tšehetsa IPv4 feela, 'me selemo hamorao, ka 1989, bahlahisi ba phatlalatsa mofuta oa 3, o tšehetsang IPv6. Leha ho le joalo, mofuta oa boraro o sebetsang ka botlalo oa OSPF bakeng sa IPv6 o hlahile feela ka 2008. Ke hobane'ng ha u khethile OSPF? Thutong ea ho qetela, re ithutile hore protocol ena ea ka hare ea heke e etsa hore ho be le convergence ea litsela ka potlako ho feta RIP. Ena ke protocol e se nang maemo.
Haeba u hopola, RIP ke protocol ea classful, ho bolelang hore ha e romele tlhahisoleseding ea subnet mask, 'me haeba e kopana le aterese ea IP ea sehlopha sa A/24, e ke ke ea e amohela. Ka mohlala, haeba u e hlahisa ka aterese ea IP e kang 10.1.1.0/24, e tla e nka e le marang-rang 10.0.0.0 hobane ha e utloisise ha marang-rang a kenngoa ka tlas'a marang-rang a sebelisa mask a fetang a le mong.
OSPF ke protocol e sireletsehileng. Ka mohlala, haeba routers tse peli ba fapanyetsana tlhahisoleseding OSPF, u ka configure netefatso e le hore u ka feela arolelana tlhahisoleseding le router boahelani ka mor'a ho kena phasewete. Joalokaha re se re boletse, ke maemo a bulehileng, kahoo OSPF e sebelisoa ke bahlahisi ba bangata ba thepa ea marang-rang.
Ka kutloisiso ea lefats'e, OSPF ke mokhoa oa ho fapanyetsana lipapatso tsa Link State Advertisements, kapa LSAs. Melaetsa ea LSA e hlahisoa ke router 'me e na le boitsebiso bo bongata: sekhetho se ikhethang sa router-id ea router, lintlha tse mabapi le marang-rang a tsejoang ke router, lintlha tse mabapi le litšenyehelo tsa tsona, joalo-joalo. Router e hloka tlhahisoleseling ena kaofela ho etsa liqeto tsa ho tsamaisa.
Router R3 e romela tlhahisoleseding ea eona ea LSA ho router R5, 'me router R5 e arolelana lintlha tsa eona tsa LSA le R3. Li-LSA tsena li emela sebopeho sa data se etsang Link State Data Base, kapa LSDB. Router e bokella LSA tsohle tse amoheloang ebe e li beha ho LSDB ea eona. Kamora hore li-routers ka bobeli li thehe li-database tsa tsona, li fapanyetsana melaetsa ea Hello, e sebeletsang ho sibolla baahisani, mme e qala mokhoa oa ho bapisa li-LSDB tsa bona.
Router R3 e romela router R5 a DBD, kapa molaetsa wa “database description”, mme R5 e romela DBD ya yona ho router R3. Melaetsa ena e na le li-index tsa LSA tse fumanehang polokelong ea marang-rang ea router ka 'ngoe. Kamora ho amohela DBD, R3 e romela kopo ya boemo ba netweke ya LSR ho R5 e reng “Ke se ke na le melaetsa 3,4 le 9, kahoo nthomelle 5 le 7 feela.”
R5 e etsa se tšoanang, e bolella router ea boraro: “Ke na le tlhahisoleseding 3,4 le 9, kahoo nthomelle 1 le 2.” Ha li se li fumane likopo tsa LSR, li-routers li khutlisetsa lipakete tsa ntlafatso ea boemo ba marang-rang ba LSU, ke hore, ho arabela LSR ea eona, router ea boraro e amohela LSU ho tsoa ho router R5. Kamora hore li-routers li ntlafatse li-database tsa tsona, kaofela ha tsona, leha u na le li-routers tse 100, li tla ba le li-LSDB tse tšoanang. Hang ha li-database tsa LSDB li bōptjoa ho li-routers, e mong le e mong oa bona o tla tseba ka marang-rang kaofela ka kakaretso. The OSPF protocol sebelisa Shortest Path First algorithm ho bopa tafole routing, kahoo boemo ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa tshebetso lona e nepahetseng ke hore LSDB ea disebediswa tsohle ka netweke e synchronized.
Setšoantšong se ka holimo, ho na le li-routers tse 9, tseo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fapanyetsanang LSR, LSU, joalo-joalo melaetsa le baahelani ba eona. Kaofela ha tsona li hokahane ka li-interface tsa p2p, kapa "point-to-point" tse tšehetsang ts'ebetso ka protocol ea OSPF, 'me li sebelisana le tse ling ho theha LSDB e tšoanang.
Hang ha metheo e hokahantsoe, router ka 'ngoe, e sebelisa algorithm e khuts'oane ka ho fetisisa, e iketsetsa tafole ea eona ea ho tsamaisa. Litafole tsena li tla fapana ho li-routers tse fapaneng. Ka mantsoe a mang, li-routers tsohle li sebelisa LSDB e tšoanang, empa li theha litafole tsa litsela ho latela maikutlo a bona mabapi le litsela tse khutšoane. Ho sebelisa algorithm ena, OSPF e hloka ho nchafatsa LSDB khafetsa.
Kahoo, hore OSPF e sebetse ka boeona, e tlameha ho fana ka maemo a 3 pele: fumana baahelani, ho theha le ho ntlafatsa LSDB, 'me u thehe tafole ea ho tsamaisa. Ho phethahatsa boemo ba pele, mookameli oa marang-rang a ka 'na a hloka ho iketsetsa router-id, timings, kapa wildcard mask. Ka video e latelang re tla sheba ho theha sesebelisoa ho sebetsa le OSPF, kaha joale o lokela ho tseba hore protocol ena e sebelisa mask a reverse, 'me haeba e sa lumellane, haeba li-subnets tsa hau li sa lumellane, kapa bopaki ha bo lumellane. , sebaka sa boahelani sa li-routers se ke ke sa khona ho theha. Ka hona, ha o rarolla mathata a OSPF, o tlameha ho fumana hore na ke hobane'ng ha sebaka sena sa boahelani se sa thehoa, ke hore, hlahloba hore na litekanyetso tse ka holimo li lumellana.
Joaloka molaoli oa marang-rang, ha u amehe tšebetsong ea ho theha LSDB. Li-database li nchafatsoa ka botsona kamora ho theha sebaka sa boahelani sa li-routers, joalo ka kaho ea litafole tsa routing. Sena sohle se etsoa ke sesebelisoa ka boeona, se lokiselitsoeng ho sebetsa le protocol ea OSPF.
A re hlahlobeng mohlala. Re na le li-routers tse 2, tseo ke li abetseng RIDs 1.1.1.1 le 2.2.2.2 bakeng sa bonolo. Hang ha re li hokahanya, mocha oa khokahanyo o tla ea hang-hang ho ea holimo, hobane ke ile ka qala ho lokisa li-routers tsena ho sebetsa le OSPF. Hang ha mocha oa puisano o thehoa, router A e tla romela hang-hang pakete ea Hello ho router A. Pakete ena e tla ba le tlhahisoleseding ea hore router ena ha e e-s'o "bone" mang kapa mang mocha ona, hobane e romella Hello ka lekhetlo la pele, hammoho le boitsebiso ba eona, lintlha tse mabapi le marang-rang a amanang le eona, le boitsebiso bo bong boo e ka bo khonang. arolelana le moahisane.
Ha u se u fumane pakete ena, router B e tla re: "Kea bona hore ho na le motho ea ka khonang ho moahelani oa OSPF mocha ona oa puisano" 'me o tla kena sebakeng sa Init. Pakete ea Hello ha se molaetsa o le mong kapa o phatlalatsoang, ke pakete e mengata e rometsoeng ho aterese ea IP ea OSPF e mengata 224.0.0.5. Batho ba bang ba botsa hore na subnet mask bakeng sa multicast ke eng. Taba ke hore multicast ha e na mask a subnet; e hasana joalo ka lets'oao la seea-le-moea, le utluoang ke lisebelisoa tsohle tse ipapisitseng le maqhubu a lona. Mohlala, haeba u batla ho utloa khaso ea seea-le-moea sa FM ka maqhubu a 91,0, u lekanya seea-le-moea sa hau hore se lumellane le seo.
Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, router B e lokiselitsoe ho amohela melaetsa bakeng sa aterese ea multicast 224.0.0.5. Ha e ntse e mametse mocha ona, e fumana pakete ea Hello e rometsoeng ke Router A 'me e arabela ka molaetsa oa eona.
Tabeng ena, sebaka sa boahelani se ka thehoa feela haeba karabo ea B e khotsofatsa sete ea litekanyetso. Ntlha ea pele ke hore makhetlo a ho romela melaetsa ea Hello le nako ea ho emela karabo ea molaetsa ona Dead Interval e tlameha ho tšoana ho li-routers ka bobeli. Ka tloaelo Nako ea Bafu e lekana le litekanyetso tse 'maloa tsa Hello timer. Ka hona, haeba Hello Timer ea router A ke 10 s, 'me router B e romella molaetsa ka mor'a 30 s, ha Nako e Shoeleng e le 20 s, sebaka se haufi se ke ke sa etsahala.
Ntlha ea bobeli ke hore li-routers ka bobeli li tlameha ho sebelisa mofuta o tšoanang oa netefatso. Ka hona, li-password tsa netefatso le tsona li tlameha ho lumellana.
Ntlha ea boraro ke papali ea li-identifiers tsa libaka tsa Arial ID, ea bone ke papali ea bolelele ba sehlomathiso sa marang-rang. Haeba Router A e tlaleha sehlongwapele sa /24, Router B e tlameha ho ba le sehlongwapele sa netweke /24. Videong e latelang re tla sheba sena ka botlalo, hajoale ke tla hlokomela hore sena ha se maske a subnet, mona li-routers li sebelisa mask a khelohileng a Wildcard. Ehlile, lifolakha tsa sebaka sa Stub le tsona li tlameha ho ts'oana haeba li-routers li sebakeng sena.
Kamora ho hlahloba lintlha tsena, haeba li lumellana, router B e romella pakete ea eona ea Hello ho router A. Ho fapana le molaetsa oa A, Router B e tlaleha hore e bone Router A mme ea itsebisa eona.
E le ho arabela molaetsa ona, router A e boetse e romela Hello ho router B, eo ho eona e tiisang hore e boetse e bone router B, mocha oa puisano pakeng tsa bona o na le lisebelisoa tsa 1.1.1.1 le 2.2.2.2, 'me ka boeona ke sesebelisoa 1.1.1.1 . Ena ke mohato oa bohlokoa haholo oa ho theha tikoloho. Tabeng ena, ho sebelisoa mekhoa e 'meli ea 2-WAY, empa ho etsahala'ng haeba re e-na le sesebelisoa se nang le marang-rang a ajoang a li-routers tse 4? Sebakeng se joalo "se arolelanoeng", e 'ngoe ea li-routers e lokela ho bapala karolo ea router e khethiloeng DR,' me ea bobeli e lokela ho bapala karolo ea Backup e khethiloeng router, BDR.
E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsena e tla theha khokahanyo e feletseng, kapa boemo ba contiguity e feletseng, hamorao re tla sheba hore na sena ke eng, leha ho le joalo, khokahano ea mofuta ona e tla thehoa feela ka DR le BDR; li-routers tse peli tse tlase D le B li tla ba ntse ba buisana ba sebelisa mokhoa oa ho hokahanya oa litsela tse peli "point-to-point".
Ke hore, ka DR le BDR, li-routers tsohle li theha kamano e feletseng ea boahelani, 'me e mong le e mong - khokahanyo ea ntlha-to-point. Sena se bohlokoa haholo hobane nakong ea khokahano ea litsela tse peli lipakeng tsa lisebelisoa tse haufi, liparamente tsohle tsa pakete ea Hello li tlameha ho ts'oana. Tabeng ea rona, ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e lumellana, kahoo lisebelisoa li theha tikoloho ntle le mathata.
Hang ha puisano ea litsela tse peli e thehoa, router A e romela router B pakete ea Tlhaloso ea Database, kapa "tlhaloso ea database", 'me e kena sebakeng sa ExStart - qalo ea phapanyetsano, kapa e emetse ho kenya. Database Descriptor ke tlhahisoleseling e ts'oanang le lethathamo la litaba tsa buka - ke lethathamo la tsohle tse polokelong ea lintlha. Ho arabela, Router B e romela tlhaloso ea eona ea polokelo ea boitsebiso ho Router A mme e kena boemong ba puisano ea mocha oa Exchange. Haeba boemong ba Exchange router e lemoha hore boitsebiso bo bong bo haella polokelong ea eona, e tla kena sebakeng sa LOADING sa ho kenya 'me e qale ho fapanyetsana melaetsa ea LSR, LSU le LSA le moahelani oa eona.
Kahoo, router A e tla romela LSR ho moahelani oa eona, ea tla arabela ka pakete ea LSU, eo router A e tla arabela ho router B ka molaetsa oa LSA. Phapanyetsano ena e tla etsahala hangata ha lisebelisoa li batla ho fapanyetsana melaetsa ea LSA. Boemo ba LOADING bo bolela hore ntlafatso e felletseng ea database ea LSA ha e so etsahale. Hang ha data eohle e se e jarollotsoe, lisebelisoa ka bobeli li tla kena boemong bo FELELE bo haufi.
Hlokomela hore ka khokahanyo ea litsela tse peli, lisebelisoa li mpa li le sebakeng se haufi, 'me boemo bo haufi-ufi bo ka khoneha feela pakeng tsa li-routers, DR le BDR. Sena se bolela hore router ka 'ngoe e tsebisa DR ka liphetoho tsa marang-rang, le li-routers tsohle. ithute ka liphetoho tsena ho DR
Khetho ea DR le BDR ke taba ea bohlokoa. Ha re shebeng hore na DR e khethoa joang tikolohong e akaretsang. Ha re nke hore morero oa rona o na le li-routers tse tharo le switch. Lisebelisoa tsa OSPF pele li bapisa tse tlang pele ho melaetsa ea Hello, ebe u bapisa ID ea Router.
Sesebelisoa se nang le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa se fetoha DR
Sesebelisoa se nang le boemo ba bobeli bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa kapa ID ea bobeli e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea Router e fetoha router e inehetseng ea BDR. Haeba DR e hlōleha, hang-hang e tla nkeloa sebaka ke BDR. E tla qala ho bapala karolo ea DR, 'me tsamaiso e tla khetha e' ngoe. BDR
Ke tšepa hore u fumane khetho ea DR le BDR, haeba ho se joalo, ke tla khutlela tabeng ena ho e 'ngoe ea livideo tse latelang ebe ke hlalosa ts'ebetso ena.
Ho fihlela hajoale re shebile hore na Hello ke eng, Database Descriptor, le LSR, LSU, le LSA melaetsa. Pele re fetela sehloohong se latelang, a re ke re bue hanyenyane ka litšenyehelo tsa OSPF.
Ho Cisco, litšenyehelo tsa tsela li baloa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa karo-karolelano ea Reference bandwidth, e behiloeng ho 100 Mbit / s ka ho feletseng, ho theko ea mocha. Ka mohlala, ha u kopanya lisebelisoa ka sekepe sa serial, lebelo ke 1.544 Mbps, 'me theko e tla ba 64. Ha u sebelisa khokahano ea Ethernet ka lebelo la 10 Mbps, theko e tla ba 10, le litšenyehelo tsa ho hokahanya ha FastEthernet le lebelo la 100 Mbps e tla ba 1.
Ha re sebelisa Gigabit Ethernet re na le lebelo la 1000 Mbps, empa tabeng ena lebelo le lula le nkoa e le 1. Kahoo, haeba u na le Gigabit Ethernet marang-rang a hau, u tlameha ho fetola boleng ba kamehla ba Ref. BW ka 1000. Tabeng ena, litšenyehelo e tla ba 1, 'me tafole eohle e tla baloa hape ka litekanyetso tsa theko e ntseng e eketseha ka makhetlo a 10. Ha re se re thehile sebaka se haufi le ho aha LSDB, re tsoela pele ho haha tafole ea litsela.
Ka mor'a ho fumana LSDB, router e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ikemela e qala ho hlahisa lethathamo la litsela tse sebelisang algorithm ea SPF. Lenaneong la rona, router A e tla iketsetsa tafole e joalo. Ka mohlala, e lekanya litšenyehelo tsa tsela ea A-R1 'me e etsa qeto ea hore ke 10. Ho etsa hore setšoantšo se utloisisehe habonolo, nka hore router A e etsa qeto ea tsela e nepahetseng ea ho ea router B. Theko ea khokahanyo A-R1 ke 10. , sehokelo sa A-R2 ke 100, ’me litšenyehelo tsa tsela A-R3 li lekana le 11, ke hore, kakaretso ea tsela A-R1(10) le R1-R3(1).
Haeba router A e batla ho fihla ho router R4, e ka etsa sena ka tsela A-R1-R4 kapa tseleng A-R2-R4, 'me maemong ana ka bobeli litšenyehelo tsa litsela li tla tšoana: 10+100. =100+10=110. Tsela ea A-R6 e tla bitsa 100+1= 101, e seng e le betere. Ka mor'a moo, re nahana ka tsela ea router R5 hammoho le tsela A-R1-R3-R5, theko ea eona e tla ba 10+1+100 = 111.
Tsela ea ho router R7 e ka behoa ka litsela tse peli: A-R1-R4-R7 kapa A-R2-R6-R7. Theko ea pele e tla ba 210, ea bobeli - 201, e bolelang hore u lokela ho khetha 201. Kahoo, ho fihla router B, router A e ka sebelisa litsela tse 4.
Litšenyehelo tsa tsela A-R1-R3-R5-B e tla ba 121. Tsela A-R1-R4-R7-B e tla bitsa 220. Tsela A-R2-R4-R7-B e tla bitsa 210, le A-R2- R6-R7- B e na le litšenyehelo tsa 211. Ho itšetlehile ka sena, router A e tla khetha tsela e nang le theko e tlaase, e lekanang le 121, ebe e e beha tafoleng ea ho tsamaisa. Ona ke setšoantšo se nolofalitsoeng haholo sa hore na algorithm ea SPF e sebetsa joang. Ha e le hantle, tafole ha e na feela litlhaloso tsa li-routers tseo tsela e nepahetseng e tsamaeang ka eona, empa hape le mabitso a likou tse li hokahanyang le lintlha tse ling tsohle tse hlokahalang.
Ha re shebeng sehlooho se seng se amanang le libaka tsa ho tsamaisa litsela. Ka tloaelo, ha ho theha lisebelisoa tsa OSPF tsa k'hamphani, kaofela li sebakeng se le seng se tloaelehileng.
Ho etsahala'ng haeba sesebelisoa se amanang le router ea R3 se hlōleha ka tšohanyetso? Router R3 hang-hang e tla qala ho romela molaetsa ho li-routers R5 le R1 hore mocha o nang le sesebelisoa sena ha o sa sebetsa, 'me li-routers tsohle li tla qala ho fapanyetsana lintlafatso mabapi le ketsahalo ena.
Haeba u na le li-routers tse 100, kaofela li tla ntlafatsa tlhahisoleseling ea boemo ba khokahano hobane li sebakeng se le seng se tloaelehileng. Ho tla etsahala ntho e tšoanang haeba e 'ngoe ea li-routers tsa boahelani e hlōleha - lisebelisoa tsohle tse sebakeng sena li tla fapanyetsana lintlafatso tsa LSA. Ka mor'a phapanyetsano ea melaetsa e joalo, topology ea marang-rang ka boeona e tla fetoha. Hang ha sena se etsahala, SPF e tla bala hape litafole tsa routing ho latela maemo a fetohileng. Ena ke ts'ebetso e kholo haholo, 'me haeba u na le lisebelisoa tse sekete sebakeng se le seng, u lokela ho laola boholo ba memori ea li-routers e le hore ho lekane ho boloka LSAs tsohle le database e kholo ea LSDB ea naha. Hang ha liphetoho li etsahala karolong e 'ngoe ea libaka, algorithm ea SPF hang-hang e bala litsela. Ka linako tsohle, LSA e ntlafatsoa metsotso e meng le e meng e 30. Ts'ebetso ena ha e etsahale ho lisebelisoa tsohle ka nako e le ngoe, empa leha ho le joalo, lintlafatso li etsoa ke router ka 'ngoe metsotso e meng le e meng e 30. Lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse ngata. Ha ho hlokahala memori le nako ho ntlafatsa LSDB.
Bothata bona bo ka rarolloa ka ho arola sebaka se le seng se tloaelehileng libakeng tse 'maloa tse arohaneng, ke hore, ho sebelisa multizoning. Ho etsa sena, o tlameha ho ba le moralo kapa setšoantšo sa marang-rang kaofela ao u a laolang. AREA 0 ke sebaka sa hau sa mantlha. Mona ke sebaka seo ho sona ho etsoang khokahanyo ho marang-rang a kantle, mohlala, ho fihlella Marang-rang. Ha u theha libaka tse ncha, u tlameha ho latela molao: sebaka ka seng se tlameha ho ba le ABR e le 'ngoe, Area Border Router. Routa e bohale e na le sebopeho se le seng sebakeng se le seng le sebopeho sa bobeli sebakeng se seng. Ka mohlala, router ea R5 e na le li-interfaces sebakeng sa 1 le sebakeng sa 0. Joalokaha ke boletse, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea libaka e tlameha ho hokahanngoa le zero, ke hore, ho ba le router e bohale, e 'ngoe ea li-interfaces tsa eona e amanang le AREA 0.
Ha re nke hore khokahano ea R6-R7 e hlolehile. Tabeng ena, ntlafatso ea LSA e tla hasana feela ka AREA 1 mme e tla ama sebaka sena feela. Lisebelisoa tse sebakeng sa 2 le zone 0 li ke ke tsa tseba ka eona. Edge router R5 e akaretsa tlhahisoleseling mabapi le se etsahalang sebakeng sa eona mme e romella tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le boemo ba marang-rang sebakeng se seholo sa AREA 0. Lisebelisoa tse sebakeng se le seng ha li hloke ho hlokomela liphetoho tsohle tsa LSA ka har'a libaka tse ling hobane router ea ABR e tla fetisa lintlha tsa kakaretso tsa litsela ho tloha sebakeng se seng ho ea ho se seng.
Haeba u sa hlaka ka ho feletseng ka khopolo ea libaka, u ka ithuta ho eketsehileng ka lithuto tse latelang ha re kena configuring OSPF routing le sheba mehlala e meng.
Kea leboha ka ho lula le rona. Na u rata lingoliloeng tsa rona? U batla ho bona litaba tse ling tse khahlisang? Re tšehetse ka ho etsa odara kapa ho khothaletsa metsoalle, Theolelo ea 30% bakeng sa basebelisi ba Habr ho analog e ikhethang ea li-server tsa boemo ba ho kena, e iqapetsoeng ke rona bakeng sa hau: (e fumaneha ka RAID1 le RAID10, ho fihla ho li-cores tse 24 le ho fihla ho 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd makhetlo a 2 ka theko e tlase? Ke mona feela naheng ea Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - ho tloha $99! Bala ka
Source: www.habr.com