E mong le e mong oa tseba hore li-byte tsena tse tšeletseng, tse atisang ho bontšoa ka mokhoa oa hexadecimal, li abeloa karete ea marang-rang fekthering, 'me li bonahala li sa tsitsa. Batho ba bang ba tseba hore li-byte tse tharo tsa pele tsa aterese ke ID ea moetsi, 'me li-byte tse tharo tse setseng li abeloa bona. E boetse e tsejoa hore u ka ipehela ka bohanyetsi aterese. Batho ba bangata ba utloile ka "liaterese tse sa reroang" ho Wi-Fi.
Ha re bone hore na ke eng.
Aterese ea MAC (aterese ea taolo ea phihlello ea mecha ea litaba) ke sekhetho se ikhethileng se abetsoeng adaptara ea marang-rang, e sebelisoang marang-rang a litekanyetso tsa IEEE 802, haholo-holo Ethernet, Wi-Fi le Bluetooth. Ka molao e bitsoa "EUI-48 type identifier". Ho tloha ka lebitso ho hlakile hore aterese e bolelele ba likotoana tse 48, i.e. 6 li-byte. Ha ho na maemo a amohelehang a ho ngola aterese (ho fapana le aterese ea IPv4, moo li-octet li lulang li aroloa ka matheba). 00, le hoja bahlahisi ba bang ba lisebelisoa ba khetha notation 11 -AB-CD-EF-22-00 esita le 11ab.cdef.22.
Ho tloha khale, liaterese li ne li khantšitsoe ho ROM ea chipset ea karete ea marang-rang ntle le bokhoni ba ho li fetola ntle le mochine oa flash, empa matsatsing ana aterese e ka fetoloa ka lenaneo ho tloha tsamaisong ea ts'ebetso. U ka iketsetsa aterese ea MAC ea karete ea marang-rang ho Linux le MacOS (kamehla), Windows (hoo e batlang e le kamehla, haeba mokhanni a lumella), Android (e metse ka metso feela); Ka iOS (ntle le motso) leqheka le joalo ha le khonehe.
Sebopeho sa liaterese
Aterese e na le karolo ea sesupo sa moetsi, OUI, le sekhetho se fanoeng ke moetsi. Li-Identifiers tsa Mosebetsi oa OUI (Organitionally Unique Identifier). Mokhatlo oa IEEE. Ha e le hantle, bolelele ba eona e ka ba li-byte tse 3 feela (24 bits), empa 28 kapa 36 bits, tseo ho tsona ho thibelang (MAC Address Block, MA) ea liaterese tsa mefuta e kholo (MA-L), Medium (MA-M) le Tse nyenyane li thehoa (MA-S) ka ho latellana. Boholo ba block e fanoeng, tabeng ena, e tla ba 24, 20, 12 bits kapa limilione tse 16, limilione tse 1, liaterese tse likete tse 4. Hajoale ho na le li-blocks tse ka bang likete tse 38 tse ajoang, li ka bonoa ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa inthanete, mohlala. kapa .
Liaterese ke tsa mang?
Ts'ebetso e bonolo ea tse fumanehang phatlalatsa IEEE e fana ka lintlha tse ngata haholo. Mohlala, mekhatlo e meng e inkele li-blocks tse ngata tsa OUI bakeng sa eona. Bahale ba rona ke bana:
Morekisi
Palo ea liboloko/lirekoto
Palo ea liaterese, limilione
Cisco Systems Inc
888
14208
Apple
772
12352
Samsung
636
10144
Huawei Technologies Co.Ltd
606
9696
Intel Corporation
375
5776
Sehlopha sa ARRIS Group Inc.
319
5104
Mokhatlo oa Nokia
241
3856
Private
232
2704
Texas Liletsa
212
3392
zte corporation
198
3168
Bolaoli ba Ngoliso ea IEEE
194
3072
Hewlett Packard
149
2384
Hon Hai Precision
136
2176
Tl-LINK
134
2144
Dell Inc.
123
1968
Mefuta ea Juniper Networks
110
1760
Sagemcom Broadband SAS
97
1552
Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co. LTD
97
1552
Xiaomi Communications Co., Ltd
88
1408
Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp.Ltd
82
1312
Google e na le tse 40 feela tsa tsona, 'me sena ha se makatse: bona ka bobona ha ba hlahise lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa marang-rang.
Li-blocks tsa MA ha li fanoe mahala, li ka rekoa ka theko e lekaneng (ntle le tefiso ea ho ngolisa) bakeng sa $ 3000, $ 1800 kapa $ 755, ka ho latellana. Hoa thahasellisa hore bakeng sa chelete e eketsehileng (selemo) u ka reka "ho pata" tlhahisoleseding ea sechaba mabapi le thibela e fanoeng. Hona joale ho na le tse 232 tsa tsona, joalokaha ho ka bonoa ka holimo.
Re tla felloa ke liaterese tsa MAC neng?
Kaofela re khathetse ke lipale tse 'nileng tsa tsoela pele ka lilemo tse 10 tsa hore "IPv4 liaterese li haufi le ho fela." Ee, li-block tsa IPv4 tse ncha ha li sa fumaneha habonolo. Hoa tsebahala hore liaterese tsa IP ; Ho na le li-blocks tse kholo le tse sa sebelisoeng hantle tsa likhoebo tse kholo le mekhatlo ea mmuso ea US, leha ho le joalo, ka tšepo e fokolang ea ho li abela ba hlokang. Ho ata ha NAT, CG-NAT le IPv6 ho entse hore bothata ba khaello ea liaterese tsa sechaba bo fokotsehe haholo.
Aterese ea MAC e na le li-bits tse 48, tseo 46 ea tsona e ka nkoang e le "molemo" (hobaneng? bala ho ea pele), e fanang ka liaterese tse 246 kapa 1014, e leng makhetlo a 214 ho feta sebaka sa aterese ea IPv4.
Hajoale, liaterese tse ka bang halofo ea trilione li abuoe, kapa ke 0.73% feela ea kakaretso ea kakaretso. Re ntse re le hole haholo le ho felloa ke liaterese tsa MAC.
Randomness bits
Ho ka nkoa hore li-OUI li ajoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang, 'me morekisi o boetse o fana ka liaterese ho lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang ka bomong. Na ho joalo? Ha re shebeng kabo ea li-bits ho li-database tsa liaterese tsa MAC tsa lisebelisoa tsa 802.11 tseo ke nang le tsona, tse bokelletsoeng ke litsamaiso tsa tumello ea ho sebetsa marang-rang a se nang mohala. . Liaterese ke tsa lisebelisoa tsa 'nete tse hokahaneng le Wi-Fi ka lilemo tse' maloa linaheng tse tharo. Ho feta moo ho na le polokelongtshedimosetso e nyane ya disebediswa tse 802.3 tse nang le mehala tsa LAN.
Ha re arole aterese e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea MAC (li-byte tse tšeletseng) tsa lisampole ka 'ngoe hore e be likotoana, li-byte ka li-byte, 'me re shebe hore na "1" e hlaha hangata hakae sebakeng se seng le se seng sa 48. Haeba hanyane e behiloe ka mokhoa o sa lumellaneng, joale monyetla oa ho fumana "1" e lokela ho ba 50%.
Khetho ea Wi-Fi No. 1 (RF)
Mohlala oa Wi-Fi No. 2 (Belarus)
Khetho ea Wi-Fi No. 3 (Uzbekistan)
Mohlala oa LAN (RF)
Palo ea lirekoto ho database
5929000
1274000
366000
1000
Nomoro e nyane:
% hanyane "1"
% hanyane "1"
% hanyane "1"
% hanyane "1"
1
48.6%
49.2%
50.7%
28.7%
2
44.8%
49.1%
47.7%
30.7%
3
46.7%
48.3%
46.8%
35.8%
4
48.0%
48.6%
49.8%
37.1%
5
45.7%
46.9%
47.0%
32.3%
6
46.6%
46.7%
47.8%
27.1%
7
0.3%
0.3%
0.2%
0.7%
8
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
9
48.1%
50.6%
49.4%
38.1%
10
49.1%
50.2%
47.4%
42.7%
11
50.8%
50.0%
50.6%
42.9%
12
49.0%
48.4%
48.2%
53.7%
13
47.6%
47.0%
46.3%
48.5%
14
47.5%
47.4%
51.7%
46.8%
15
48.3%
47.5%
48.7%
46.1%
16
50.6%
50.4%
51.2%
45.3%
17
49.4%
50.4%
54.3%
38.2%
18
49.8%
50.5%
51.5%
51.9%
19
51.6%
53.3%
53.9%
42.6%
20
46.6%
46.1%
45.5%
48.4%
21
51.7%
52.9%
47.7%
48.9%
22
49.2%
49.6%
41.6%
49.8%
23
51.2%
50.9%
47.0%
41.9%
24
49.5%
50.2%
50.1%
47.5%
25
47.1%
47.3%
47.7%
44.2%
26
48.6%
48.6%
49.2%
43.9%
27
49.8%
49.0%
49.7%
48.9%
28
49.3%
49.3%
49.7%
55.1%
29
49.5%
49.4%
49.8%
49.8%
30
49.8%
49.8%
49.7%
52.1%
31
49.5%
49.7%
49.6%
46.6%
32
49.4%
49.7%
49.5%
47.5%
33
49.4%
49.8%
49.7%
48.3%
34
49.7%
50.0%
49.6%
44.9%
35
49.9%
50.0%
50.0%
50.6%
36
49.9%
49.9%
49.8%
49.1%
37
49.8%
50.0%
49.9%
51.4%
38
50.0%
50.0%
49.8%
51.8%
39
49.9%
50.0%
49.9%
55.7%
40
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
49.5%
41
49.9%
50.0%
49.9%
52.2%
42
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
53.9%
43
50.1%
50.0%
50.3%
56.1%
44
50.1%
50.0%
50.1%
45.8%
45
50.0%
50.0%
50.1%
50.1%
46
50.0%
50.0%
50.1%
49.5%
47
49.2%
49.4%
49.7%
45.2%
48
49.9%
50.1%
50.7%
54.6%
Ke hobane'ng ha ho hloka toka ho joalo ka likotoana tse 7 le tse 8? Hoo e ka bang kamehla ho na le li-zero.
Ehlile, maemo a hlalosa likotoana tsena e le tse khethehileng ():
Karolo ea borobeli (ho tloha qalong) ea li-byte ea pele ea aterese ea MAC e bitsoa Unicast/Multicast bit mme e etsa qeto ea hore na ke mofuta ofe oa foreimi (frame) e fetisoang ka aterese ena, e tloaelehileng (0) kapa e hasoa (1) (multicast kapa kgaso). Bakeng sa puisano e tloaelehileng ea adaptara ea marang-rang e sa tšoaneng, karolo ena e behiloe ho "0" lipaketeng tsohle tse rometsoeng ho eona.
Biti ea bosupa (ho tloha qalong) ea baite ea pele ea aterese ea MAC e bitsoa biti ea U/L (Universal/Local) 'me e etsa qeto ea hore na aterese e ikhetha lefatšeng ka bophara (0), kapa e ikhetha sebakeng sa heno (1). Ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, liaterese tsohle tsa "moetsi-tse rokiloeng" li ikhethile lefatšeng ka bophara, kahoo boholo ba liaterese tse bokelletsoeng tsa MAC li na le karolo ea bosupa e behiloeng ho "0". Lethathamong la li-identifiers tsa OUI tse abetsoeng, ke likenyo tse ka bang 130 feela tse nang le "1" ea U/L, 'me ho hlakile hore tsena ke li-block tsa liaterese tsa MAC bakeng sa litlhoko tse ikhethang.
Ho tloha ho ea botšelela ho ea ho ea pele ea li-byte tsa pele, likaroloana tsa li-byte tsa bobeli le tsa boraro ho li-identifiers tsa OUI, 'me ho feta moo, li-bits tse ho 4-6 byte ea aterese e fanoeng ke moetsi li ajoa ka ho lekana kapa ka ho lekana. .
Ka hona, atereseng ea 'nete ea MAC ea adaptara ea marang-rang, li-bits li hlile li lekana ebile ha li na moelelo oa theknoloji, ntle le lits'ebeletso tse peli tsa li-byte tse phahameng.
Bokapele
Ua ipotsa hore na ke baetsi ba lisebelisoa life tse tsebahalang haholo? Ha re kopanye patlo polokelong ea OUI le lintlha tse tsoang ho sampole No. 1.
Morekisi
Karolelano ea lisebelisoa, %
Apple
26,09
Samsung
19,79
Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd
7,80
Xiaomi Communications Co., Ltd
6,83
Sony Mobile Communications Inc
3,29
LG Electronics (Mobile Communications)
2,76
Mokhatlo oa ASUSTek COMPUTER INC.
2,58
TCT Mobile Ltd
2,13
zte corporation
2,00
ha e fumanehe polokelong ea IEEE
1,92
Lenovo Mobile Communication Technology Ltd.
1,71
Mokhatlo oa HTC
1,68
Murata Manufacturing
1,31
InPro Comm
1,26
Microsoft Corporation
1,11
Shenzhen TINNO Mobile Technology Corp.
1,02
Motorola (Wuhan) Mobility Technologies Communication Co. Ltd.
0,93
Mokhatlo oa Nokia
0,88
Shanghai Wind Technologies Co. Ltd
0,74
Lenovo Mobile Communication (Wuhan) Company Limited
0,71
Boikoetliso bo bontša hore ha palo ea ba ngolisitseng marang-rang a se nang mohala e atleha haholoanyane sebakeng se itseng, karolo e kholo ea lisebelisoa tsa Apple.
E ikhethang
Na liaterese tsa MAC li ikhethile? Ka khopolo, e, kaha moetsi e mong le e mong oa lisebelisoa (MA thibela mong'a) o hlokeha ho fana ka aterese e ikhethang bakeng sa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea li-adapter tsa marang-rang tseo a li hlahisang. Leha ho le joalo, bahlahisi ba bang ba li-chip, e leng:
- 00:0A:F5 Airgo Networks, Inc. (hona joale ke Qualcomm)
- 00:08:22 InPro Comm (hona joale ke MediaTek)
beha li-byte tse tharo tsa ho qetela tsa aterese ea MAC ho nomoro e sa reroang, ho bonahala ka mor'a hore sesebelisoa se seng le se seng se qale hape. Ho ne ho e-na le liaterese tse joalo tse likete tse 1 mohlaleng oa ka oa No.
Ha e le hantle, u ka ipehela aterese e tsoang linaheng tse ling, e seng e ikhethang ka ho e beha ka boomo "joaloka ea moahelani oa hau", ho e tsebahatsa ka motho ea mo thuhang, kapa ho e khetha ka mokhoa o sa reroang. Hape hoa khoneha ho ipehela aterese eo e seng e ikhethang ka phoso, ka mohlala, ho tsosolosa tlhophiso ea "backup" ea router e kang Mikrotik kapa OpenWrt.
Ho tla etsahala'ng haeba ho na le lisebelisoa tse peli marang-rang tse nang le aterese e tšoanang ea MAC? Tsohle li ipapisitse le mohopolo oa lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang (router e nang le mohala, molaoli oa marang-rang a se nang mohala). Mohlomong, lisebelisoa ka bobeli li ke ke tsa sebetsa kapa li tla sebetsa ka linako tse ling. Ho ea ka pono ea litekanyetso tsa IEEE, tšireletso khahlanong le spoofing ea aterese ea MAC e reretsoe ho rarolloa ho sebelisoa, mohlala, MACsec kapa 802.1X.
Ho thoe'ng haeba u kenya MAC ka karolo ea bosupa kapa ea borobeli e behiloeng ho "1", i.e. aterese ea lehae kapa multicast? Mohlomong, marang-rang a hau a ke ke a ela hloko sena, empa ka molao aterese e joalo e ke ke ea lumellana le maemo, 'me ho molemo ho se etse joalo.
Kamoo randomization e sebetsang kateng
Rea tseba hore molemong oa ho thibela ho lateloa ha metsamao ea batho ka ho skena le ho bokella maqhubu a moea, litsamaiso tsa ts'ebetso tsa smartphone MAC esale li sebelisa theknoloji ea ho etsa lintho ka lilemo tse 'maloa. Ka mokhoa o hlakileng, ha o hlahloba maqhubu a moea ho batla marang-rang a tsebahalang, smartphone e romela pakete (sehlopha sa lipakete) ea mofuta oa kopo ea 802.11 e nang le aterese ea MAC e le mohloli:
Nondolization e nolofalitsoeng e u lumella hore u se ke ua bolela "e rokiloeng", empa aterese e 'ngoe ea mohloli oa liphutheloana, e fetohang ka potoloho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea skena, ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, kapa ka tsela e' ngoe. E ea sebetsa? Ha re shebeng lipalo-palo tsa liaterese tsa MAC tse bokelletsoeng moeeng ke se bitsoang "Wi-Fi Radar":
Mohlala oohle
Mohlala feela ka zero 7th bit
Palo ea lirekoto ho database
3920000
305000
Nomoro e nyane:
% hanyane "1"
% hanyane "1"
1
66.1%
43.3%
2
66.5%
43.4%
3
31.7%
43.8%
4
66.6%
46.4%
5
66.7%
45.7%
6
31.9%
46.4%
7
92.2%
0.0%
8
0.0%
0.0%
9
67.2%
47.5%
10
32.3%
45.6%
11
66.9%
45.3%
12
32.3%
46.8%
13
32.6%
50.1%
14
33.0%
56.1%
15
32.5%
45.0%
16
67.2%
48.3%
17
33.2%
56.9%
18
33.3%
56.8%
19
33.3%
56.3%
20
66.8%
43.2%
21
67.0%
46.4%
22
32.6%
50.1%
23
32.9%
51.2%
24
67.6%
52.2%
25
49.8%
47.8%
26
50.0%
50.0%
27
50.0%
50.2%
28
50.0%
49.8%
29
50.0%
49.4%
30
50.0%
50.0%
31
50.0%
49.7%
32
50.0%
49.9%
33
50.0%
49.7%
34
50.0%
49.6%
35
50.0%
50.1%
36
50.0%
49.5%
37
50.0%
49.9%
38
50.0%
49.8%
39
50.0%
49.9%
40
50.0%
50.1%
41
50.0%
50.2%
42
50.0%
50.2%
43
50.0%
50.1%
44
50.0%
50.1%
45
50.0%
50.0%
46
50.0%
49.8%
47
50.0%
49.8%
48
50.1%
50.9%
Setšoantšo se fapane ka ho feletseng.
Karolo ea 8 ea li-byte ea pele ea aterese ea MAC e ntse e lumellana le mofuta oa Unicast oa aterese ea SRC ka har'a pakete ea kopo ea probe.
Karolo ea 7 e behiloe ho Local ka 92.2% ea linyeoe, ke hore. Ka tekanyo e nepahetseng ea kholiseho, re ka nka hore liaterese tse ngata tse bokelletsoeng hantle feela li na le maemo, 'me ka tlase ho 8% ke tsa sebele. Tabeng ena, kabo ea li-bits ho OUI bakeng sa liaterese tse joalo tsa 'nete e batla e tsamaisana le data e tafoleng e fetileng.
Ke moetsi ofe, ho ea ka OUI, ea nang le liaterese tse sa fetoheng (ke hore, ea 7th ho "1")?
Moetsi oa OUI
Arolelana har'a liaterese tsohle
ha e fumanehe polokelong ea IEEE
62.45%
Google Inc.
37.54%
phomolo
0.01%
Ho feta moo, liaterese tsohle tse sa fetoheng tse abetsoeng Google ke tsa OUI e tšoanang le sehlongwapele DA:A1:19. Sehlongwapele see ke sefe? Ha re shebeng ka hare .
private static final MacAddress BASE_GOOGLE_MAC = MacAddress.fromString("da:a1:19:0:0:0");Stock Android e sebelisa OUI e khethehileng, e ngolisitsoeng ha e batla marang-rang a se nang mohala, e 'ngoe ea tse seng kae tse nang le sete ea bosupa.
Bala MAC ea 'nete ho tsoa ho e 'ngoe e sa reroang
Ha re boneng moo:
private static final long VALID_LONG_MASK = (1L << 48) - 1;
private static final long LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_MASK = MacAddress.fromString("2:0:0:0:0:0").mAddr;
private static final long MULTICAST_MASK = MacAddress.fromString("1:0:0:0:0:0").mAddr;
public static @NonNull MacAddress createRandomUnicastAddress(MacAddress base, Random r) {
long addr;
if (base == null) {
addr = r.nextLong() & VALID_LONG_MASK;
} else {
addr = (base.mAddr & OUI_MASK) | (NIC_MASK & r.nextLong());
}
addr |= LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_MASK;
addr &= ~MULTICAST_MASK;
MacAddress mac = new MacAddress(addr);
if (mac.equals(DEFAULT_MAC_ADDRESS)) {
return createRandomUnicastAddress(base, r);
}
return mac;
}
Aterese kaofela, kapa li-byte tse tharo tse tlase, li hloekile Random.nextLong(). "Ho hlaphoheloa ha thepa ea MAC ea 'nete" ke scam. Ka boitšepo bo phahameng, re ka lebella hore baetsi ba lifono tsa Android ba sebelise li-OUI tse ling tse sa ngolisoang. Ha re na khoutu ea mohloli oa iOS, empa ho ka etsahala hore ebe ho sebelisoa algorithm e tšoanang moo.
Lintlha tse ka holimo ha li hlakole mosebetsi oa mekhoa e meng ea ho hlakisa ba ngolisitseng Wi-Fi, ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse ling tsa foreimi ea kopo ea probe, kapa khokahano ea makhetlo a mangata a likopo tse rometsoeng ke sesebelisoa. Leha ho le joalo, ho batla motho ea ngolisitseng ka mokhoa o ts'epahalang ka mekhoa ea kantle ho bothata haholo. Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng li tla ba tse loketseng haholoanyane bakeng sa ho hlahloba karolelano / tlhōrō ea mojaro ka sebaka le nako, ho itšetlehile ka palo e kholo, ntle le ho bua ka lisebelisoa tse itseng le batho. Ke "ka hare" feela, baetsi ba mobile OS ka bobona, le lits'ebetso tse kentsoeng ba nang le data e nepahetseng.
Ke eng e ka bang kotsi ha motho e mong a tseba aterese ea MAC ea sesebelisoa sa hau? Ho hana litlhaselo tsa litšebeletso ho ka qalisoa bakeng sa marang-rang a marang-rang le a se nang mohala. Bakeng sa sesebelisoa se se nang mohala, ho feta moo, ka monyetla o itseng hoa khoneha ho tlaleha nako ea ponahalo ea eona sebakeng seo sensor e kentsoeng ho sona. Ka ho senya aterese, o ka leka ho "iketsetsa" e le sesebelisoa sa hau, se ka sebetsang feela haeba ho se na mehato e meng ea tšireletso e sebelisoang (tumello le / kapa encryption). 99.9% ea batho ba mona ha ba na letho leo ba ka tšoenyehang ka lona.
Aterese ea MAC e rarahane ho feta kamoo e shebahalang kateng, empa e bonolo ho feta kamoo e ka bang kateng.
Source: www.habr.com