Ka Phato 25, 1991, kamora likhoeli tse hlano tsa nts'etsopele, moithuti ea lilemo li 21 Linus Torvalds o phatlalalitse ho comp.os.minix teleconference hore mofuta o sebetsang oa sistimi e ncha ea ts'ebetso ea Linux o se o phethiloe, porting bash 1.08 le gcc 1.40 e phethiloe. Phatlalatso ea pele ea sechaba ea Linux kernel e ile ea hlahisoa ka September 17th. 0.0.1 kernel e ne e hatelitsoe ka 62 KB mme e na le mela e ka bang 10 ea khoutu ea mohloli. Linux kernel ea sejoale-joale e na le mela e fetang limilione tse 28 ea khoutu. Ho latela phuputso e entsoeng ke European Union ka 2010, litšenyehelo tse hakanyetsoang tsa ho nts'etsapele projeke e ts'oanang le Linux kernel ea sejoale-joale e ka ba lidolara tse fetang bilione tsa US (palo e entsoe ha kernel e na le mela ea khoutu ea limilione tse 13) , ho ea ka likhakanyo tse ling - ho feta 3 limilione tse likete.
Linux kernel e ile ea bululeloa ke tsamaiso ea MINIX, e neng e sa lumellane le Linus ka laesense ea eona e fokolang. Kamora moo, ha Linux e fetoha projeke e tsebahalang, bahanyetsi ba ile ba leka ho qosa Linus ka ho kopitsa khoutu ea li-subsystem tse ling tsa MINIX ka kotloloho. Tlhaselo eo e ile ea hlakoloa ke Andrew Tanenbaum, mongoli oa MINIX, ea ileng a laela seithuti ho etsa papiso e qaqileng ea khoutu ea Minix le liphatlalatso tsa pele tsa sechaba tsa Linux. Liphetho tsa thuto li bonts'itse ho ba teng ha lipapali tse 'ne feela tse nyane tsa li-code blocks, ka lebaka la litlhoko tsa POSIX le ANSI C.
Qalong Linus o ne a nahana ho reha kernel Freax, ho tsoa ho mantsoe "mahala", "freak" le X (Unix). Empa lebitso "Linux" le fuoe kernel ke Ari Lemmke, eo, ka kopo ea Linus, a ileng a beha kernel ho seva sa FTP sa univesithi, a reha bukana e nang le "archive" eseng "freax", joalo ka ha Torvalds a botsa, empa "linux". ”. Hoa hlokomeleha hore mohoebi ea kenang khoebong William Della Croce (William Della Croce) o ile a khona ho ngolisa letšoao la khoebo la Linux 'me a batla ho bokella meputso ha nako e ntse e ea, empa hamorao a fetola maikutlo a hae mme a fetisetsa litokelo tsohle ho letšoao la khoebo ho Linus. Mascot ea semmuso ea Linux kernel, Tux penguin, e khethiloe ka lebaka la tlholisano e ileng ea tšoaroa ka 1996. Lebitso Tux le emetse Torvalds UniX.
Matla a kholo ea codebase (palo ea mela ea khoutu ea mohloli) ea kernel:
- 0.0.1 - September 1991, mela e likete tse 10 tsa khoutu;
- 1.0.0 - March 1994, 176 likete mela ea khoutu;
- 1.2.0 - March 1995, 311 likete mela ea khoutu;
- 2.0.0 - June 1996, 778 likete mela ea khoutu;
- 2.2.0 - January 1999, mela e limilione tse 1.8 ea khoutu;
- 2.4.0 - January 2001, mela e limilione tse 3.4 ea khoutu;
- 2.6.0 - December 2003, mela ea khoutu e limilione tse 5.9;
- 2.6.28 - December 2008, mela ea khoutu e limilione tse 10.2;
- 2.6.35 - Phato 2010, mela e limilione tse 13.4 ea khoutu;
- 3.0 - Phato 2011, mela e limilione tse 14.6 ea khoutu.
- 3.5 - July 2012, limilione tse 15.5 mela ea khoutu.
- 3.10 - Phupu 2013, mela ea khoutu e limilione tse 15.8;
- 3.16 - Phato 2014, mela e limilione tse 17.5 ea khoutu;
- 4.1 - Phuptjane 2015, mela ea khoutu e limilione tse 19.5;
- 4.7 - Phupu 2016, mela ea khoutu e limilione tse 21.7;
- 4.12 - Phupu 2017, mela ea khoutu e limilione tse 24.1;
- 4.18 - Phato 2018, mela e limilione tse 25.3 ea khoutu.
- 5.2 - July 2019, limilione tse 26.55 mela ea khoutu.
- 5.8 - Phato 2020, mela e limilione tse 28.4 ea khoutu.
- 5.13 - Phuptjane 2021, mela e limilione tse 29.2 ea khoutu.
Tsoelo-pele ea Ntšetso-pele:
- Linux 0.0.1 - Loetse 1991, tokollo ea pele ea sechaba e tšehetsang i386 CPU feela le ho qala ka floppy;
- Linux 0.12 - Pherekhong 1992, khoutu e ile ea qala ho ajoa tlasa laesense ea GPLv2;
- Linux 0.95 - Hlakubele 1992, e ekelitse bokhoni ba ho tsamaisa X Window System, e kentse ts'ehetso bakeng sa mohopolo o hlakileng le karohano ea swap.
- Linux 0.96-0.99 - 1992-1993, mosebetsi o qalile ho stack ea marang-rang. Tsamaiso ea faele ea Ext2 e ile ea hlahisoa, tšehetso ea sebopeho sa faele ea ELF e ile ea eketsoa, bakhanni ba likarete tsa molumo le balaoli ba SCSI ba ile ba hlahisoa, ho kenngoa ha li-module tsa kernel le tsamaiso ea faele ea / proc e ile ea kenngoa ts'ebetsong.
- Ka 1992, ho ile ha hlaha kabo ea pele ea SLS le Yggdrasil. Lehlabuleng la 1993, ho ile ha thehoa merero ea Slackware le Debian.
- Linux 1.0 - Hlakubele 1994, tokollo ea pele e tsitsitseng ka molao;
- Linux 1.2 - Hlakubele 1995, keketseho e kholo ea palo ea bakhanni, tšehetso bakeng sa sethala sa Alpha, MIPS le SPARC, bokhoni bo atolositsoeng ba marang-rang, ponahalo ea sefahla sa pakete, tšehetso ea NFS;
- Linux 2.0 - Phuptjane 1996, tšehetso ea litsamaiso tse ngata tsa processor;
- March 1997: LKML, Linux kernel lenane la mangolo le thehiloe;
- 1998: E ile ea tsebisa sehlopha sa pele sa Top500 Linux-based, se nang le li-node tse 68 tse nang le Alpha CPUs;
- Linux 2.2 - Pherekhong 1999, ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea sistimi ea taolo ea memori, tšehetso e ekelitsoeng bakeng sa IPv6, e kentse ts'ebetso ea firewall e ncha, e hlahisitse sistimi e ncha ea molumo;
- Linux 2.4 - February 2001, tšehetso bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa 8-processor le 64 GB ea RAM, tsamaiso ea faele ea Ext3, tšehetso ea USB, ACPI;
- Linux 2.6 - Tšitoe 2003, tšehetso ea SELinux, lisebelisoa tsa tokiso ea kernel ea othomathike, li-sysfs, sistimi e hlophisitsoeng bocha ea taolo ea memori;
- Ka 2005, Xen hypervisor e ile ea hlahisoa, e ileng ea kenya nako ea ho bona hantle;
- Ka September 2008, ho ile ha thehoa tokollo ea pele ea sethala sa Android se thehiloeng ho Linux kernel;
- Ka Phupu 2011, kamora lilemo tse 10 tsa nts'etsopele ea lekala la 2.6.x, ho ile ha etsoa phetoho ho 3.x numbering. Palo ea lintho tse polokelong ea Git e fihlile ho limilione tse 2;
- Ka 2015, ho ile ha lokolloa Linux 4.0 kernel. Palo ea lintho tsa git sebakeng sa polokelo e fihlile ho limilione tse 4;
- Ka Mmesa 2018, ketsahalo ea bohlokoahali ea lintho tsa git tse limilione tse 6 sebakeng sa polokelo ea mantlha e ile ea hloloa.
- Ka Pherekhong 2019, ho ile ha thehoa lekala la Linux 5.0 kernel. Sebaka sa polokelo se fihlile boemong ba lintho tsa git tse limilione tse 6.5.
- E hatisitsoe ka Phato 2020, 5.8 kernel e ne e le kholo ka ho fetisisa ho latela palo ea liphetoho tsa lithollo bophelong bohle ba morero.
- Ho 5.13 kernel, rekoto e ne e behiloe bakeng sa palo ea batho ba ntlafatsang (2150), bao liphetoho tsa bona li neng li kenyelelitsoe kernel.
- Ka 2021, khoutu ea ho nts'etsapele bakhanni ba Rust e ile ea eketsoa lekaleng la kernel le latelang la Linux. Mosebetsi o ntse o tsoela pele ho kenyelletsa likarolo tse tšehetsang Rust karolong e kholo ea mantlha.
68% ea liphetoho tsohle tsa mantlha li entsoe ke lik'hamphani tse 20 tse sebetsang ka ho fetisisa. Ka mohlala, ha ho etsoa kernel 5.13, 10% ea liphetoho tsohle li lokiselitsoe ke Intel, 6.5% ke Huawei, 5.9% ke Red Hat, 5.7% Linaro, 4.9% ke Google, 4.8% ke AMD, 3.1% ke NVIDIA, 2.8 % ka Facebook, 2.3% - SUSE, 2.1% - IBM, 1.9% - Oracle, 1.5% - ARM, 1.4% - Canonical. 13.2% ea liphetoho li entsoe ke bafani ba ikemetseng kapa bahlahisi ba sa kang ba bolela ka ho hlaka hore ba sebeletsa lik'hamphani tse itseng. 1.3% ea liphetoho li lokiselitsoe ke liithuti, liithuti tse fumaneng mangolo le baemeli ba mekhatlo ea thuto. Mabapi le palo ea mela e 5.13 ea khoutu e kenyellelitsoeng kernel, AMD ke moetapele, eo kabelo ea hae e neng e le 20.2% (mokhanni oa amdgpu o na le mela e ka bang limilione tse 3 tsa khoutu, e ka bang 10% ea boholo ba kernel - limilione tse 2.4. mela e baloa ke lifaele tsa hlooho tse iketselitsoeng tse nang le data bakeng sa lirejistara tsa GPU ).
Source: opennet.ru