{"id":104923,"date":"2022-08-25T09:36:47","date_gmt":"2022-08-25T07:36:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god"},"modified":"2022-08-25T09:36:47","modified_gmt":"2022-08-25T07:36:47","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilsya-31-god","title":{"rendered":"Linux-k\u00e4rnan har fyllt 31 \u00e5r","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Den 25 augusti 1991, efter fem m\u00e5naders utveckling, tillk\u00e4nnagav 21-\u00e5rige studenten Linus Torvalds p\u00e5 konferensen comp.os.minix skapandet av en fungerande prototyp av det nya operativsystemet Linux, f\u00f6r vilket porteringen av bash 1.08 och gcc 1.40 markerades som slutf\u00f6rd. Den f\u00f6rsta offentliga versionen av Linux-k\u00e4rnan presenterades den 17 september. K\u00e4rna 0.0.1 hade en storlek p\u00e5 62 kB i komprimerat format och inneh\u00f6ll cirka 10 000 rader k\u00e4llkod. Den moderna Linux-k\u00e4rnan inneh\u00e5ller mer \u00e4n 30 miljoner rader kod. Enligt en studie utf\u00f6rd 2010 p\u00e5 uppdrag av Europeiska unionen skulle den approximativa kostnaden f\u00f6r att utveckla ett projekt fr\u00e5n grunden, liknande den moderna Linux-k\u00e4rnan, ha \u00f6verstigit en miljard USD (ber\u00e4kningen gjordes n\u00e4r k\u00e4rnan hade 13 miljoner rader kod), enligt andra uppskattningar skulle det vara mer \u00e4n 3 miljarder.    <\/p>\n<p>Linux-k\u00e4rnan skapades med inspiration fr\u00e5n operativsystemet MINIX, som Linus tyckte var otillfredsst\u00e4llande p\u00e5 grund av sin begr\u00e4nsade licens. Senare, n\u00e4r Linux blev ett v\u00e4lk\u00e4nt projekt, f\u00f6rs\u00f6kte motst\u00e5ndare anklaga Linus f\u00f6r direkt kopiering av kod fr\u00e5n vissa MINIX-subsystem. Andrew Tanenbaum, skaparen av MINIX, f\u00f6rsvarade Linus genom att be en av sina studenter att g\u00f6ra en detaljerad j\u00e4mf\u00f6relse mellan koden i MINIX och de f\u00f6rsta offentliga versionerna av Linux. Resultaten av studien visade endast fyra obetydliga \u00f6verensst\u00e4mmelser av kodblock, vilket berodde p\u00e5 krav fr\u00e5n POSIX och ANSI C.    <\/p>\n<p>Inledningsvis t\u00e4nkte Linus kalla k\u00e4rnan Freax, fr\u00e5n orden \"free\", \"freak\" och X (Unix). Men namnet \"Linux\" gavs till k\u00e4rnan av Ari Lemmke, som p\u00e5 Linus beg\u00e4ran laddade upp k\u00e4rnan p\u00e5 universitetets FTP-server, d\u00e4r han namngav mappen med arkivet som \"linux\", ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r \"freax\", vilket Torvalds \u00f6nskade. Det \u00e4r v\u00e4rt att notera att den f\u00f6retagsamma William Della Croce lyckades registrera varum\u00e4rket Linux och ville s\u00e5 sm\u00e5ningom samla in royalty, men han \u00e4ndrade sig senare och \u00f6verl\u00e4t alla r\u00e4ttigheter till varum\u00e4rket till Linus. Den officiella maskoten f\u00f6r Linux-k\u00e4rnan, pingvinen Tux, valdes genom en t\u00e4vling som h\u00f6lls 1996. Namnet Tux st\u00e5r f\u00f6r Torvalds UniX.    <\/p>\n<p>Dynamik i kodbasens tillv\u00e4xt (antal rader k\u00e4llkod) f\u00f6r k\u00e4rnan:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 \u2013 september 1991, 10 000 kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 \u2013 mars 1994, 176 000 kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 \u2013 mars 1995, 311 000 kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 \u2013 juni 1996, 778 000 kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 \u2013 januari 1999, 1,8 miljoner kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 \u2013 januari 2001, 3,4 miljoner kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 \u2013 december 2003, 5,9 miljoner kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 \u2013 december 2008, 10,2 miljoner kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 \u2013 augusti 2010, 13,4 miljoner kodrader;   <\/li>\n<li> 3.0 - augusti 2011, 14,6 miljoner rader kod.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.5 - juli 2012, 15,5 miljoner rader kod.   <\/li>\n<li> 3.10 \u2013 juli 2013, 15,8 miljoner kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 3.16 \u2013 augusti 2014, 17,5 miljoner kodrader;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.1 \u2013 juni 2015, 19,5 miljoner kodrader;  <\/li>\n<li> 4.7 \u2013 juli 2016, 21,7 miljoner kodrader;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.12 \u2013 juli 2017, 24,1 miljoner kodrader;   <\/li>\n<li> 4.18 - augusti 2018, 25,3 miljoner rader kod.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.2 - juli 2019, 26,55 miljoner rader kod.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.8 - augusti 2020, 28,4 miljoner rader kod.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.13 - juni 2021, 29,2 miljoner rader kod.   <\/li>\n<li> 5.19 \u2013 augusti 2022, 30,5 miljoner rader kod.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Utveckling av k\u00e4rnan:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 \u2013 september 1991, f\u00f6rsta offentliga versionen som st\u00f6djer endast CPU i386 och kan laddas fr\u00e5n diskett;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 \u2013 januari 1992, koden b\u00f6rjade distribueras under GPLv2-licensen;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 \u2013 mars 1992, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r att k\u00f6ra X Window System inf\u00f6rdes, vilket m\u00f6jliggjorde virtuellt minne och swap-partition.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2013 1992-1993, arbetet med n\u00e4tverksstacken inleddes. Filssystemet Ext2 introducerades, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r ELF-filformat lades till, drivrutiner f\u00f6r ljudkort och SCSI-kontroller presenterades, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r att ladda k\u00e4rnmoduler och filsystemet \/proc inf\u00f6rdes.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c5r 1992 introducerades de f\u00f6rsta distributionerna SLS och Yggdrasil. Under sommaren 1993 grundades Slackware- och Debian-projekten.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 \u2013 mars 1994, den f\u00f6rsta officiellt stabila versionen;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 \u2014 mars 1995, betydande \u00f6kning av antalet drivrutiner, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r plattformar som Alpha, MIPS och SPARC, ut\u00f6kade n\u00e4tverksstackm\u00f6jligheter, inf\u00f6rande av paketfilter, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r NFS;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 \u2014 juni 1996, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r multiprocessorsystem;    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Mars 1997: LKML grundades, en mailinglista f\u00f6r Linux-k\u00e4rnutvecklare;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c5r 1998: den f\u00f6rsta Linux-baserade klustret som kom p\u00e5 Top500-listan startades, best\u00e5ende av 68 noder med CPU Alpha;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 \u2014 januari 1999, \u00f6kad effektivitet i minneshanteringssystemet, tillagd <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"st\u00f6d f\u00f6r IPv6\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"393\">st\u00f6d f\u00f6r IPv6<\/a>, en ny brandv\u00e4gg implementerades, och ett nytt ljudsystem introducerades;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 \u2014 februari 2001, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r 8-processorsystem och 64 GB RAM, filsystemet Ext3, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r USB, ACPI;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 \u2014 december 2003, st\u00f6d f\u00f6r SELinux, verktyg f\u00f6r automatisk tuning av k\u00e4rnparametrar, sysfs, omarbetat minneshanteringssystem;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c5r 2005 introducerades hypervisorn Xen, som inledde virtualiseringens era;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> I september 2008 offentliggjordes den f\u00f6rsta versionen av Android-plattformen, baserad p\u00e5 Linux-k\u00e4rnan;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> I juli 2011, efter 10 \u00e5rs utveckling av 2.6.x-grenen, \u00f6vergick man till nummereringen 3.x. Antalet objekt i Git-f\u00f6rr\u00e5det n\u00e5dde 2 miljoner;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c5r 2015 sl\u00e4pptes Linux-k\u00e4rnan 4.0. Antalet git-objekt i repositoryn n\u00e5dde 4 miljoner;  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> I april 2018 passerades gr\u00e4nsen p\u00e5 6 miljoner git-objekt i k\u00e4rnans repository.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> I januari 2019 skapades grenen f\u00f6r Linux-k\u00e4rnan 5.0. Repositoryn n\u00e5dde 6,5 miljoner git-objekt.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Den publicerade k\u00e4rnan 5.8 i augusti 2020 blev den st\u00f6rsta i antal f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar av alla k\u00e4rnor i projektets historia.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> I k\u00e4rnan 5.13 slogs rekordet f\u00f6r antalet utvecklare (2150) vars f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar ingick i k\u00e4rnan.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c5r 2021 lades kod f\u00f6r utveckling av drivrutiner p\u00e5 Rust-spr\u00e5ket till i Linux-next-k\u00e4rnan. Det p\u00e5g\u00e5r arbete f\u00f6r att inkludera komponenter f\u00f6r att st\u00f6dja Rust i k\u00e4rnans huvudsakliga kod.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> I augusti 2022 skapades grenen f\u00f6r Linux-k\u00e4rnan 6.0, d\u00e5 det i grenen 5.x samlades tillr\u00e4ckligt med versioner f\u00f6r att \u00e4ndra det f\u00f6rsta numret i versionsnumret.   <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>68% av alla \u00e4ndringar i k\u00e4rnan har gjorts av de 20 mest aktiva f\u00f6retagen. Till exempel, vid utvecklingen av k\u00e4rnan 5.19 f\u00f6rberedde Intel 10,9% av alla \u00e4ndringar, Linaro 5,7%, AMD 5,5%, Red Hat 5,2%, Google 4,1%, Meta 3,5%, SUSE 3,1%, Huawei 2,9%, NVIDIA 2,8% och Oracle 2,7%. 11,8% av \u00e4ndringarna har gjorts av oberoende deltagare eller utvecklare som tydligt inte har meddelat sitt arbete f\u00f6r specifika f\u00f6retag. N\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller antalet rader kod som lagts till k\u00e4rnan 5.19 \u00e4r AMD ledande, med en andel p\u00e5 37,9% (drivrutinen amdgpu har mer \u00e4n 4 miljoner rader kod, varav st\u00f6rsta delen \u00e4r automatiskt genererade header-filer med data f\u00f6r registren i GPU).  <\/p>\n<p>K\u00e4lla: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57675\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-104923","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 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