{"id":33870,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:08","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:08","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:08","slug":"corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/corda-open-source-blokchejn-dlya-biznesa","title":{"rendered":"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/corda\/corda\">Corda<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e4r en distribuerad Ledger f\u00f6r lagring, hantering och synkronisering av finansiella f\u00f6rpliktelser mellan olika finansiella organisationer.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/4dd7c4b5e177c7fdc59eef739a052bb3.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex>Corda har tillr\u00e4ckligt bra dokumentation med video-f\u00f6rel\u00e4sningar som g\u00e5r att hitta <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.corda.net\/index.html\">h\u00e4r<\/a><\/noindex>. Jag ska f\u00f6rs\u00f6ka kort beskriva hur Corda fungerar internt.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e5t oss titta p\u00e5 de huvudsakliga egenskaperna hos Corda och dess unikhet bland andra blockkedjor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corda har ingen egen kryptovaluta. <\/li>\n<li>Corda anv\u00e4nder inte konceptet med mining och Proof-of-Work-system.<\/li>\n<li>Data\u00f6verf\u00f6ring sker endast mellan deltagarna i transaktionen\/kontraktet. Det finns ingen global broadcasting till alla noder i n\u00e4tverket. <\/li>\n<li>Det finns ingen central controller som styr alla transaktioner.<\/li>\n<li>Corda st\u00f6djer olika konsensusmekanismer.<\/li>\n<li>Konsensus n\u00e5s mellan deltagarna p\u00e5 niv\u00e5n av enskild \u00f6verenskommelse\/kontrakt, snarare \u00e4n p\u00e5 systemets niv\u00e5.<\/li>\n<li>Transaktionen bekr\u00e4ftas endast av de deltagare som ber\u00f6rs av den.<\/li>\n<li>Corda erbjuder en direkt koppling mellan formellt m\u00e4nskligt juridiskt spr\u00e5k och kod av smarta kontrakt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Ledger<\/h3>\n<p>\nBegreppet ledger i Corda \u00e4r subjektivt. Det finns inget enhetligt centralt datalager. Ist\u00e4llet st\u00f6djer varje nod en separat databas av k\u00e4nda fakta.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e4nk dig till exempel ett n\u00e4tverk med 5 noder, d\u00e4r cirkeln \u00e4r ett faktum som \u00e4r k\u00e4nt f\u00f6r noden.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/538ca02bcd0488dbcf626d4e9bc704f2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSom vi ser vet Ed, Carl och Demi om faktum 3, medan Alice och Bob inte ens misst\u00e4nker det. Corda garanterar att gemensamma fakta bevaras i varje nods databas, och att data \u00e4r identiska. <\/p>\n<h3>Tillst\u00e5nd<\/h3>\n<p>\nEtt tillst\u00e5nd \u00e4r en <i>of\u00f6r\u00e4nderlig<\/i> objekt som representerar ett faktum som \u00e4r k\u00e4nt f\u00f6r en eller flera noder i n\u00e4tverket vid en viss tidpunkt.<\/p>\n<p>Tillst\u00e5nd kan lagra godtycklig information, som aktier, obligationer, l\u00e5n och identifikationsinformation.<\/p>\n<p>Till exempel representerar f\u00f6ljande tillst\u00e5nd ett IOU \u2013 en \u00f6verenskommelse om att Alice \u00e4r skyldig Bob beloppet X:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/19375664e05d42eb646dfbcab2c0638a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nLivscykeln f\u00f6r ett faktum \u00f6ver tid representeras av en sekvens av tillst\u00e5nd. N\u00e4r det \u00e4r n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigt att uppdatera det aktuella tillst\u00e5ndet, skapar vi ett nytt, och det aktuella m\u00e4rks som historiskt.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f3ab2bd8a7c4cb6df40f003aa88cc0fd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Transaktioner<\/h3>\n<p>\nTransaktioner \u00e4r f\u00f6rslag f\u00f6r att uppdatera ledgern. De s\u00e4nds inte till alla deltagare i ledgern och \u00e4r tillg\u00e4ngliga endast f\u00f6r de n\u00e4tverksdeltagare som har laglig r\u00e4tt att se och hantera dem.<\/p>\n<p>En transaktion kommer att l\u00e4ggas till i ledgern om den \u00e4r:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>kontraktsm\u00e4ssigt giltig<\/li>\n<li>undertecknad av alla n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndiga deltagare<\/li>\n<li>inneh\u00e5ller inga dubbla spenderingar (double-spends)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCorda anv\u00e4nder UTXO-modellen (unspent transaction output), d\u00e4r varje tillst\u00e5nd av ledger \u00e4r of\u00f6r\u00e4nderligt. <\/p>\n<p>Vid skapande \u00f6verf\u00f6rs previous transactions output state (genom hash och index) som input till transaktionen.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f26706fc6ae514926ab7cc3d1e18aef7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nLivscykeln f\u00f6r en transaktion:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Skapande (just nu \u00e4r transaktionen bara ett f\u00f6rslag till en uppdatering av ledger) <\/li>\n<li>Samla in underskrifter (de n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndiga deltagarna godk\u00e4nner f\u00f6rslaget till uppdatering genom att l\u00e4gga till sin underskrift p\u00e5 transaktionen)<\/li>\n<li>Commit av transaktionen till ledger<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nEfter att transaktionen har lagts till i ledger, markeras ing\u00e5ende tillst\u00e5nd som historiska och kan inte anv\u00e4ndas i framtida transaktioner.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/b2525d6861369163bedddcc4662d2f5b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nUt\u00f6ver ing\u00e5ende och utg\u00e5ende tillst\u00e5nd kan transaktionen inneh\u00e5lla:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kommandon (transaktionsparameter som anger m\u00e5let f\u00f6r transaktionen) <\/li>\n<li>Bifogningar (kalender f\u00f6r helgdagar, valutasystem) <\/li>\n<li>Tidsf\u00f6nster (aktualitetsperiod)<\/li>\n<li>Notarius (Notary, s\u00e4rskilda deltagare i n\u00e4tverket som validerar transaktioner) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/776d3d738f344acc65182e5dc67d9673.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Kontrakt<\/h3>\n<p>\nN\u00e4r vi talar om transaktionens giltighet, avser vi inte bara att n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndiga underskrifter finns, utan ocks\u00e5 giltighet enligt kontrakt. Varje transaktion \u00e4r kopplad till ett kontrakt som accepterar och validerar ing\u00e5ende och utg\u00e5ende tillst\u00e5nd. Transaktionen anses vara giltig endast om alla dess tillst\u00e5nd \u00e4r giltiga.<\/p>\n<p>Kontrakt i Corda kan skrivas p\u00e5 valfritt JVM-spr\u00e5k (t.ex. Java, Kotlin).<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"kotlin\">class CommercialPaper : Contract {\n    override fun verify(tx: LedgerTransaction) {\n        TODO()\n    }\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nM\u00e5ste \u00e4rva fr\u00e5n klassen <i>Contract<\/i> och skriva \u00f6ver metoden <i>\u2014 k\u00f6rning av tester av den resulterande konfigurationen med hj\u00e4lp av<\/i>. Vid ogiltighet av transaktionen ska ett undantag kastas.<\/p>\n<p>Valideringen av transaktioner m\u00e5ste vara deterministisk, dvs. kontraktet ska alltid antingen acceptera eller avvisa transaktionen. D\u00e4rf\u00f6r kan transaktionens giltighet inte bero p\u00e5 tid, slumpm\u00e4ssiga tal, nodens filer i n\u00e4tverket, osv.<\/p>\n<p>I Corda k\u00f6rs kontrakt i en s\u00e5 kallad sandl\u00e5da - en n\u00e5got modifierad JVM som garanterar deterministisk k\u00f6rning av kontrakt. <\/p>\n<h3>Tr\u00e5dar<\/h3>\n<p>\nF\u00f6r att automatisera kommunikationen mellan n\u00e4tverksnoder har fl\u00f6den lagts till.<\/p>\n<p>Ett fl\u00f6de \u00e4r en sekvens av steg som instruerar en nod hur man utf\u00f6r en specifik uppdatering av ledger, n\u00e4r det \u00e4r dags att skriva under och validera transaktionen.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f23038fa73013d5cb2b3b980cd43a326.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nIbland tar det timmar eller dagar f\u00f6r en transaktion att signeras av alla parter och hamna i ledger. Vad h\u00e4nder om noden som deltar i transaktionen st\u00e4ngs av? Str\u00f6mmar har kontrollpunkter d\u00e4r str\u00f6mmens tillst\u00e5nd sparas i nodens databas. Vid \u00e5terst\u00e4llning av noden i n\u00e4tverket forts\u00e4tter den fr\u00e5n d\u00e4r den slutade.<\/p>\n<h3>Konsensus<\/h3>\n<p>\nF\u00f6r att hamna i ledger m\u00e5ste transaktionen uppn\u00e5 2 konsensus: f\u00f6r giltighet och f\u00f6r unikt.<\/p>\n<p>Beslutet om huruvida en transaktion \u00e4r giltig fattas endast av de parter som \u00e4r direkt involverade i den.<\/p>\n<p>Notarie-noder kontrollerar transaktionen f\u00f6r unikhet och f\u00f6rhindrar dubbelutgifter.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e5t oss s\u00e4ga att Bob har 100$ och han vill \u00f6verf\u00f6ra 80$ till Charlie och 70$ till Dan, med hj\u00e4lp av samma ing\u00e5ngstillst\u00e5nd. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Corda \u2013 open source-blockkedja f\u00f6r f\u00f6retag\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/159a5b0f2a5c1e38f52d7739707efa8a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nEn s\u00e5dan trick \u00e4r Corda inte kapabel till. \u00c4ven om transaktionen klarar giltighetskontrollen, kommer unikhetskontrollen att misslyckas. <\/p>\n<h3>Slutsats<\/h3>\n<p>\nCorda-plattformen, utvecklad av blockchain-konsortiet R3, \u00e4r inte ett rent exempel p\u00e5 anv\u00e4ndning av blockchain-teknologi. Corda \u00e4r ett tillr\u00e4ckligt specialiserat verktyg f\u00f6r finansorganisationer.<br \/>\n<br \/>K\u00e4lla: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452258\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Corda \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 Ledger \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0423 Corda \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e-\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c. \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d Corda \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Corda \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0447\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432: \u0423 Corda \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0442\u044b. Corda \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25536,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Corda \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 Ledger \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 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