{"id":34006,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","slug":"printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","title":{"rendered":"Hur VRRP-protokollet fungerar","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol)<\/b> \u2014 en familj av protokoll som \u00e4r avsedda att skapa redundans f\u00f6r standardgatewayen. Den gemensamma id\u00e9n f\u00f6r dessa protokoll \u00e4r att kombinera flera routrar till en virtuell router med en gemensam IP-adress. Denna IP-adress kommer att tilldelas v\u00e4rden som standardgatewayadress. En fri implementation av denna id\u00e9 \u00e4r protokollet VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). I denna artikel ska vi g\u00e5 igenom grunderna f\u00f6r VRRP-protokollet.<\/p>\n

\"Hur<\/a><\/noindex>
\nVRRP-routrar f\u00f6renas i en virtuell router. Alla routrar i gruppen har en gemensam virtuell IP (VIP) adress och ett gemensamt gruppnummer eller VRID (Virtual Router Identifier). En router kan tillh\u00f6ra flera grupper, var och en med en unik VIP\/VRID-pair.<\/p>\n

N\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller Cisco st\u00e4lls den virtuella routern in p\u00e5 den aktuella gr\u00e4nssnittet med kommandot:<\/p>\n

R1(config-if)# vrrp  ip<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nAlla routrar delas in i tv\u00e5 typer: VRRP Master och VRRP Backup. <\/p>\n
VRRP Master<\/b> \u2014 det \u00e4r routern som ansvarar f\u00f6r att vidarebefordra paket f\u00f6r den virtuella gruppen. <\/p>\n
VRRP Backup<\/b> \u2014 det \u00e4r routern som v\u00e4ntar p\u00e5 paket fr\u00e5n Master. Om paket fr\u00e5n Master slutar komma, f\u00f6rs\u00f6ker Backup att \u00f6verg\u00e5 till Master-l\u00e4get. <\/p>\n
Routern blir Master om den har h\u00f6gst prioritet. Master s\u00e4nder kontinuerligt meddelanden till den breda adressen 224.0.0.18 f\u00f6r att informera Backup-routrarna om att den \u00e4r aktiv. Master skickar meddelanden enligt Adver Timer, som som standard \u00e4r 1 sekund. <\/p>\n
\"Hur
\nVid detta tillf\u00e4lle anv\u00e4nds gruppens MAC-adress 00:00:5E:00:01:xx som avs\u00e4ndaradress, d\u00e4r xx \u00e4r VRID i hexadecimalt format. I detta exempel anv\u00e4nds den f\u00f6rsta gruppen. <\/p>\n
\"Hur
\nOm Backup-routrarna inte mottar meddelanden under tre Adver Timer (Master Down Timer), blir routern med h\u00f6gst prioritet ny Master, alternativt routern med h\u00f6gst IP. Backup-routern med h\u00f6gre prioritet kommer att ta \u00f6ver rollen fr\u00e5n Master med l\u00e4gre prioritet. Men n\u00e4r Backup har preempt-l\u00e4get avst\u00e4ngt, kommer Backup inte att ta \u00f6ver rollen fr\u00e5n Master. <\/p>\n
R1(config-if)# no vrrp  preempt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nOm VRRP-routern \u00e4ger VIP-adressen, kommer den alltid att ta \u00f6ver rollen som Master. <\/p>\n
VRRP-prioritet st\u00e4lls in p\u00e5 v\u00e4rden fr\u00e5n 1 till 254. V\u00e4rdet 0 \u00e4r reserverat f\u00f6r fall d\u00e4r Master m\u00e5ste tas bort.<\/i> tar ansvar f\u00f6r routningen. V\u00e4rdet 255 s\u00e4tts f\u00f6r router\u00e4garen av VIP. Standardprioritet \u00e4r 100, men det kan anges administrativt:<\/p>\n
R1(config-if)#vrrp  prioritet<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nH\u00e4r kan vi se routerprioritet n\u00e4r den anges administrativt:<\/p>\n
\"Hur
\nH\u00e4r presenteras ett fall d\u00e4r routern \u00e4r \u00e4gare av VIP:<\/p>\n
\"Hur
\nEn VRRP-router kan ha tre tillst\u00e5nd: Initialize, Backup, Master. Dessa tillst\u00e5nd v\u00e4xlar routern successivt mellan. <\/p>\n
I tillst\u00e5ndet Initialize v\u00e4ntar routern p\u00e5 att starta. Om denna router \u00e4r \u00e4gare av VIP-adressen (prioritet 255), skickar routern meddelanden om att den blir Master. Den skickar ocks\u00e5 gratuitous ARP-f\u00f6rfr\u00e5gan<\/a><\/noindex>, d\u00e4r MAC-adressen f\u00f6r k\u00e4llan \u00e4r lika med adressen f\u00f6r den virtuella routern. D\u00e4refter g\u00e5r den \u00f6ver till tillst\u00e5ndet Master. Om routern inte \u00e4r \u00e4gare av VIP, g\u00e5r den till tillst\u00e5ndet Backup. <\/p>\n
\"Hur
\nI tillst\u00e5ndet Backup v\u00e4ntar routern p\u00e5 paket fr\u00e5n Master. Routern i detta tillst\u00e5nd svarar inte p\u00e5 ARP-f\u00f6rfr\u00e5gningar fr\u00e5n VIP-adressen. Den accepterar heller inte paket med det virtuella router-MAC-adressen som destinationsadress. <\/p>\n
Om Backup inte f\u00e5r meddelanden fr\u00e5n Master under Master Down Timer, skickar den ett VRRP-meddelande om att den t\u00e4nker bli Master. Den skickar sedan ett broadcast VRRP-meddelande, d\u00e4r k\u00e4lladressen \u00e4r adressen f\u00f6r denna virtuella router. I detta meddelande anger routern sin prioritet.<\/p>\n
I tillst\u00e5ndet Master hanterar routern paket som \u00e4r adresserade till den virtuella routern. Den svarar ocks\u00e5 p\u00e5 ARP-f\u00f6rfr\u00e5gningar till VIP. Master s\u00e4nder VRRP-meddelanden var Adver Timer f\u00f6r att bekr\u00e4fta att den fungerar. <\/p>\n
*13 maj 19:52:18.531: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 tillst\u00e5nd Init -> Backup\n*13 maj 19:52:21.751: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 tillst\u00e5nd Backup -> Master<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVRRP m\u00f6jligg\u00f6r ocks\u00e5 lastbalansering mellan flera routrar. F\u00f6r detta skapas tv\u00e5 VRRP-grupper p\u00e5 en enda gr\u00e4nssnitt. En grupp tilldelas en h\u00f6gre prioritet \u00e4n den andra. Vidare s\u00e4tts prioriteten f\u00f6r den andra routern den motsatta v\u00e4gen. Dvs. om prioriteten f\u00f6r den f\u00f6rsta gruppen p\u00e5 en router \u00e4r 100, och den andra gruppen 200, s\u00e5 kommer prioriteten f\u00f6r den f\u00f6rsta gruppen p\u00e5 den andra routern att vara 200 och den andra 100. <\/p>\n
Som n\u00e4mnt tidigare m\u00e5ste varje grupp ha sin unika VIP. I slut\u00e4ndan f\u00e5r vi tv\u00e5 IP-adresser som betj\u00e4nas av tv\u00e5 routrar, d\u00e4r var och en kan fungera som standardgateway. <\/p>\n
\"Hur
\nHalva datorerna tilldelas en standardgateway-adress, den andra halvan en annan. S\u00e5ledes kommer h\u00e4lften av trafiken att g\u00e5 genom en router och h\u00e4lften genom den andra. Vid ett fel p\u00e5 en av routrarna, tar den andra \u00f6ver arbetet f\u00f6r b\u00e5da VIP:arna.<\/p>\n
\"Hur
\nS\u00e5ledes m\u00f6jligg\u00f6r VRRP att organisera redundans f\u00f6r standardgateway, vilket \u00f6kar n\u00e4tverks\u00e4kerheten. Vid anv\u00e4ndning av flera virtuella routrar kan man ocks\u00e5 balansera lasten mellan de verkliga routrarna. Reaktionstiden vid ett fel kan f\u00f6rkortas genom att minska tidtagarna.
\n
K\u00e4lla: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). 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