{"id":36854,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","slug":"retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","title":{"rendered":"Retrospektiv: hur IPv4-adresserna tog slut","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Geoff Huston, chef forskare p\u00e5 internetregistret APNIC, f\u00f6rutsp\u00e5dde att IPv4-adresser skulle ta slut \u00e5r 2020. I ett nytt materialcykel kommer vi att fr\u00e4scha upp informationen om hur adresser har utt\u00f6mts, vem som fortfarande har dem och varf\u00f6r det har h\u00e4nt.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Retrospektiv: hur IPv4-adresserna tog slut\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/b1bf313f07dff7552813a1e71d4f8bfe.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/EKnd0HcEyCM\">Lo\u00efc Mermilliod<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Varf\u00f6r tar adresser slut<\/h2>\n<p>\nInnan vi g\u00e5r vidare till ber\u00e4ttelsen om hur IPv4-poolen \"torkade ut\", ska vi kort prata om orsakerna. \u00c5r 1983, n\u00e4r TCP\/IP inf\u00f6rdes, anv\u00e4ndes 32-bitars adressering. Vid den tiden <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.igalia.com\/dpino\/2017\/05\/25\/ipv4-exhaustion\/\">verkligen troddes<\/a><\/noindex>, att 4,3 miljarder adresser f\u00f6r 4,5 miljarder m\u00e4nniskor var mer \u00e4n tillr\u00e4ckligt. Men d\u00e5 tog utvecklarna inte h\u00e4nsyn till att v\u00e4rldens befolkning skulle v\u00e4xa n\u00e4stan dubbelt s\u00e5 mycket, och att internet skulle f\u00e5 en massspridning.<\/p>\n<p>Under 80-talet fick m\u00e5nga organisationer fler adresser \u00e4n de egentligen beh\u00f6vde. Vissa f\u00f6retag anv\u00e4nder fortfarande publika adresser f\u00f6r servrar som endast fungerar i lokala n\u00e4tverk. Spridningen av mobilteknologi, Internet of Things och virtualisering eldade p\u00e5. Felber\u00e4kningar n\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller antal v\u00e4rdar i det globala n\u00e4tet och ineffektiv adressf\u00f6rdelning ledde till brist p\u00e5 IPv4.<\/p>\n<h2>Hur adresser tog slut<\/h2>\n<p>\nI b\u00f6rjan av 2000-talet sade APNIC:s direkt\u00f6r Paul Wilson <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/exec-no-shortage-of-net-addresses\/\">uttalade<\/a><\/noindex>, att IPv4-adresser skulle ta slut inom de n\u00e4rmaste tio \u00e5ren. \u00d6verlag visade sig hans prognos vara ganska tr\u00e4ffande.<\/p>\n<p><b>2011:<\/b> Som Wilson f\u00f6rutsp\u00e5dde hade internetregistret APNIC (ansvarar f\u00f6r Asien och Stillahavsomr\u00e5det) kvar den sista <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0411\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f_\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\">blocket \/8.<\/a><\/noindex>Organisationen inf\u00f6rde en ny regel \u2014 ett block med 1024 adresser i \"ett par h\u00e4nder\". Analytiker s\u00e4ger att utan denna begr\u00e4nsning skulle blocket \/8 ha tagit slut p\u00e5 en m\u00e5nad. Nu har APNIC bara en liten m\u00e4ngd adresser kvar.<\/p>\n<p><b>2012:<\/b> Det europeiska internetregistret RIPE meddelade att poolen hade utt\u00f6mts. De b\u00f6rjade ocks\u00e5 f\u00f6rdela det sista blocket \/8. Organisationen f\u00f6ljde APNIC:s exempel och inf\u00f6rde strikta begr\u00e4nsningar f\u00f6r f\u00f6rdelning av IPv4. \u00c5r 2015 hade RIPE bara 16 miljoner lediga adresser kvar. Idag har detta antal minskat avsev\u00e4rt \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/publications\/ipv6-info-centre\/about-ipv6\/ipv4-exhaustion\/ipv4-available-pool\">till 3,5 miljoner.<\/a><\/noindex>Det \u00e4r v\u00e4rt att notera att den globala lanseringen av IPv6 \u00e4gde rum 2012. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldipv6launch.org\/\">V\u00e4rldens teleoperat\u00f6rer aktiverade den nya protokollen f\u00f6r en del av sina kunder. Bland de f\u00f6rsta var AT&amp;T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL och fler. Samtidigt aktiverade Cisco och D-Link IPv6 som standard i inst\u00e4llningarna f\u00f6r sina tillverkade routrar.<\/a><\/noindex>. \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 AT&#038;T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL \u0438 \u0434\u0440. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c Cisco \u0438 D-Link \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 IPv6 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>En uppdatering med f\u00e4rskt material fr\u00e5n v\u00e5r blogg p\u00e5 Habr:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461431\/\">\u00ab\u00c4lskar och hatar\u00bb: DNS \u00f6ver HTTPS<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">Postanalys: vad vet vi om den senaste attacken mot n\u00e4tverket av kryptonycklar SKS Keyserver<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/457106\/\">Kriget mot robo-samtal i USA \u2014 vem vinner och varf\u00f6r<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<b>\u00c5r 2013:<\/b> Jeff Haston fr\u00e5n APNIC i bloggen <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.circleid.com\/posts\/20130724_exactly_when_is_arin_going_to_run_out_of_ipv4_addresses\/\">ber\u00e4ttade<\/a><\/noindex>, att IPv4-adresserna hos den amerikanska registratorn ARIN skulle ta slut under andra halvan av 2014. Ungef\u00e4r samtidigt uppl\u00f6ste representanter fr\u00e5n ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arin.net\/vault\/announcements\/2013\/20130801.html\">400 f\u00f6retag. Bland dessa finns b\u00e5de sm\u00e5 startups och stora IT-f\u00f6retag.<\/a><\/noindex>, att de endast hade tv\u00e5 \/8-block kvar.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u00c5r 2015:<\/b> ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theregister.co.uk\/2015\/09\/24\/arin_ipv4_interview_ipv6\/\">blev<\/a><\/noindex> blev den f\u00f6rsta registratorn som helt hade utt\u00f6mt sin pool med fria IPv4-adresser. Alla f\u00f6retag i denna region hamnade i k\u00f6 och v\u00e4ntar p\u00e5 att n\u00e5gon ska frig\u00f6ra oanv\u00e4nda IP.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u00c5r 2017:<\/b> Om stoppet av adresstilldelning\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.potaroo.net\/ispcol\/2015-08\/last8.html\">att de skulle forts\u00e4tta st\u00f6dja Ubuntu.<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0hos registratorn LACNIC, som ansvarar f\u00f6r l\u00e4nderna i Latinamerika. Nu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacnic.net\/web\/lacnic\/agotamiento-ipv4\">kan k\u00f6pa<\/a><\/noindex> kan endast f\u00f6retag som aldrig tidigare f\u00e5tt adresser f\u00e5 tillg\u00e5ng till blocket. AFRINIC - som ansvarar f\u00f6r den afrikanska regionen - har ocks\u00e5 inf\u00f6rt begr\u00e4nsningar f\u00f6r adresstilldelning. Deras tilldelning utv\u00e4rderas strikt, och det maximala antalet tilldelningar till en och samma mottagare \u00e4r begr\u00e4nsat.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u00c5r 2019:<\/b> I dag har alla registratorer relativt f\u00e5 adresser kvar. Poolerna h\u00e5lls flytande genom att oanv\u00e4nda adresser periodvis \u00e5terl\u00e4mnas. Till exempel, MIT <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/69055-mit-unload-8-million-ipv4-addresses-fund-ipv6.html\">uppt\u00e4ckte<\/a><\/noindex> hade 14 miljoner IP-adresser. Mer \u00e4n h\u00e4lften av dem valde att s\u00e4lja vidare till beh\u00f6vande f\u00f6retag.<\/p>\n<h2>Vad h\u00e4nder h\u00e4rn\u00e4st<\/h2>\n<p>\nDet finns en \u00e5sikt att IPv4-adresserna <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ipv4.potaroo.net\/\">kommer att ta slut<\/a><\/noindex> kommer att ta slut i februari 2020. Efter det kommer internetleverant\u00f6rer, tillverkare av n\u00e4tverksutrustning och andra f\u00f6retag <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2011\/04\/no-more-addresses-asia-pacific-region-ipv4-well-runs-dry\/\">att st\u00e4llas inf\u00f6r valet<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 att migrera till IPv6 eller att arbeta med <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.vasexperts.ru\/?p=120\">NAT-mekanismer<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>NAT (Network Address Translation) g\u00f6r att flera lokala adresser kan omvandlas till en extern. Det maximala antalet portar \u00e4r 65\u00a0000. Teoretiskt kan lika m\u00e5nga lokala adresser avbildas p\u00e5 en offentlig adress (om man bortser fr\u00e5n vissa begr\u00e4nsningar i specifika NAT-implementeringar).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Retrospektiv: hur IPv4-adresserna tog slut\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/18505c575eee7ff32fdfcaf989d710bd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/X5c3f2QZGXQ\">Jordan Whitt<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Internetleverant\u00f6rer kan v\u00e4nda sig till specialiserade l\u00f6sningar \u2014 Carrier Grade NAT. De m\u00f6jligg\u00f6r centraliserad hantering av abonnenters lokala och externa adresser och begr\u00e4nsar antalet TCP- och UDP-portar som \u00e4r tillg\u00e4ngliga f\u00f6r kunder. P\u00e5 s\u00e5 s\u00e4tt f\u00f6rdelas portarna mellan anv\u00e4ndarna mer effektivt, samtidigt som skydd mot DDoS-attacker inf\u00f6rs.<\/p>\n<p>Bland nackdelarna med NAT finns potentiella problem med brandv\u00e4ggar. Alla anv\u00e4ndarsessioner g\u00e5r ut p\u00e5 n\u00e4tet med en enda offentlig adress. Det inneb\u00e4r att endast en klient kan arbeta med webbplatser som ger \u00e5tkomst till tj\u00e4nster via IP samtidigt. Dessutom kan resurserna tro att de uts\u00e4tts f\u00f6r en DoS-attack och st\u00e4nga av tillg\u00e5ngen f\u00f6r alla kunder.<\/p>\n<p>Ett alternativ till NAT \u00e4r \u00f6verg\u00e5ngen till IPv6. Det finns tillr\u00e4ckligt med adresser f\u00f6r en l\u00e5ng tid fram\u00f6ver, plus att det har ett antal f\u00f6rdelar. Till exempel, den inbyggda komponenten IPSec, som krypterar enskilda datapaket.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c4n s\u00e5 l\u00e4nge IPv6\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-ipv6\/all\/all\">funktionen unix_crypt, som tar emot det l\u00f6senord som anv\u00e4ndaren anger utan att utf\u00f6ra escape av specialtecken. I git-repositoriet<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0bara 14,3% av webbplatserna globalt. Spridningen av protokollet hindras av flera faktorer relaterade till kostnaden f\u00f6r migrering, avsaknad av bak\u00e5tkompatibilitet och tekniska sv\u00e5righeter vid implementering.<\/p>\n<p>Detta kommer vi att ber\u00e4tta mer om n\u00e4sta g\u00e5ng.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Inf\u00f6randet av IPv6 \u2013 FAQ f\u00f6r internetleverant\u00f6rer<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/seti\/vnedrenie-ipv6-faq-dlya-internet-provajderov\/\">Implementering av IPv6 - FAQ f\u00f6r internetleverant\u00f6rer<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/protokol-ipv6-ot-teorii-k-praktike\/\">IPv6 \u2014 en teknik av nuet eller framtiden<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/ekonomiya-na-spichkax-i-neskolko-sposobov-vystrelit-sebe-v-nogu-kriticheskie-oshibki-v-stroitelstve-setej-operatorov-svyazi\/\">\u00bbSkott i foten\u00ab: kritiska fel vid bygget av telekommunikationsn\u00e4tverk<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>K\u00e4lla: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 APNIC, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 IPv4 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Lo\u00efc Mermilliod \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043b\u00bb \u043f\u0443\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27613,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 APNIC, 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