{"id":36971,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:01","slug":"kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/news\/kakoe-vliyanie-okazyvayut-otklyucheniya-interneta","title":{"rendered":"Vilken p\u00e5verkan har internetavbrott?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Vilken
\n
\nDen 3 augusti i Moskva, mellan 12:00 och 14:30, upplevde Rostelecoms n\u00e4t AS12389 en liten men m\u00e4rkbar nedg\u00e5ng. NetBlocks anser<\/a><\/noindex> det f\u00f6rsta i Moskvas historia \"statliga nedst\u00e4ngningen\". Denna term syftar p\u00e5 avst\u00e4ngning eller begr\u00e4nsningar av internet\u00e5tkomst av myndigheterna.<\/p>\n

Det som h\u00e4nde i Moskva f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen \u00e4r redan ett globalt trend under de senaste \u00e5ren. Under de senaste tre \u00e5ren har 377 avsiktliga avst\u00e4ngningar av internet av myndigheterna registrerats v\u00e4rlden \u00f6ver, enligt Access Now<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Stater anv\u00e4nder alltmer begr\u00e4nsningar av internet\u00e5tkomst b\u00e5de som ett verktyg f\u00f6r censur och som ett verktyg i kampen mot brottsliga aktiviteter.<\/p>\n

Men fr\u00e5gan \u00e4r, hur effektivt \u00e4r detta verktyg? Vilka resultat ger dess anv\u00e4ndning? Under den senaste tiden har flera studier offentliggjorts som belyser denna fr\u00e5ga.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Det finns tv\u00e5 grundl\u00e4ggande s\u00e4tt att st\u00e4nga av internet som oftast anv\u00e4nds:
\nDen f\u00f6rsta \u00e4r att st\u00f6ra hela n\u00e4tverkets funktion, som detta nyligen skedde i Mauretanien.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Den andra \u00e4r att blockera \u00e5tkomst till vissa webbplatser (till exempel sociala medier) eller meddelandetj\u00e4nster, som detta nyligen skedde i Liberia.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\"Vilken
\nDet f\u00f6rsta stora fallet av internetavst\u00e4ngning i v\u00e4rlden intr\u00e4ffade 2011, n\u00e4r den egyptiska regeringen st\u00e4ngde av internet och mobiln\u00e4t under fem dagar under \"den arabiska v\u00e5ren.<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Men f\u00f6rst 2016 b\u00f6rjade vissa afrikanska l\u00e4nder aktivt anv\u00e4nda regelbundna avst\u00e4ngningar. Den f\u00f6rsta f\u00f6rs\u00f6ks\u00e5tg\u00e4rden med avst\u00e4ngningar genomf\u00f6rdes av Kongo, som blockerade all telekommunikation i en vecka under presidentvalet.<\/p>\n

Det \u00e4r viktigt att f\u00f6rst\u00e5 att avst\u00e4ngningar inte alltid \u00e4r politisk censur. Algeriet, Irak och Uganda st\u00e4ngde tillf\u00e4lligt av internet<\/a><\/noindex> under provperioder i skolor f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rhindra l\u00e4ckage av provfr\u00e5gor. I Brasilien blockerade domstolen<\/a><\/noindex> WhatsApp 2015 och 2016 efter att Facebook Inc (som \u00e4ger WhatsApp) inte tillfredsst\u00e4llt domstolsbeg\u00e4ran om data i samband med en straffr\u00e4ttslig utredning.<\/p>\n

Dessutom \u00e4r det sant att hatretorik och falska nyheter kan spridas mycket snabbt p\u00e5 sociala medier och meddelandeappar. Ett s\u00e4tt som myndigheterna anv\u00e4nder f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rhindra spridningen av s\u00e5dan information \u00e4r att begr\u00e4nsa tillg\u00e5ngen till n\u00e4tet.
\nF\u00f6rra \u00e5ret, till exempel, fl\u00f6det av lynchningar i Indien<\/a><\/noindex> orsakades av rykten som spreds via WhatsApp, vilket ledde till chockerande 46 mord.<\/p>\n

Trots detta anser grupper som arbetar f\u00f6r digitala r\u00e4ttigheter Access Now<\/a><\/noindex> att spridningen av falsk information ofta bara fungerar som en skymf f\u00f6r tillf\u00e4lliga avst\u00e4ngningar. Till exempel, unders\u00f6kning<\/a><\/noindex> visade avst\u00e4ngningarna av internet i Syrien att de oftast sammanf\u00f6ll med betydligt h\u00f6gre niv\u00e5er av v\u00e5ld fr\u00e5n regeringsstyrkor.<\/p>\n

\"Vilken
\nOfficiella vs verkliga orsaker till internetavst\u00e4ngningarna 2018 enligt Access Now<\/a><\/noindex><\/i>.<\/p>\n

Geografi av avst\u00e4ngningar<\/h2>\n

\n\u00c5r 2018 Access Now<\/a><\/noindex> registrerade 196 internetavst\u00e4ngningar \u00f6ver hela v\u00e4rlden. Precis som tidigare \u00e5r var de flesta avst\u00e4ngningarna i Indien, 67% av alla registrerade i v\u00e4rlden.<\/p>\n

De andra 33 % i olika l\u00e4nder: Algeriet, Bangladesh, Kamerun, Tchad, Elfenbenskusten, Demokratiska republiken Kongo, Etiopien, Indonesien, Irak, Kazakstan, Mali, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Filippinerna och Ryssland.<\/p>\n

\"Vilken
\n<\/p>\n

Effekten av avst\u00e4ngningar<\/h2>\n

\nEn intressant studie<\/a><\/noindex> publicerades i februari 2019, dess f\u00f6rfattare Jan Rydzak fr\u00e5n Stanford University har forskat kring internetavst\u00e4ngningar och deras effekter i cirka 5 \u00e5r.<\/p>\n

Jan Rydzak studerade Indien, d\u00e4r det fanns fler internetavst\u00e4ngningar \u00e4n n\u00e5gon annanstans i v\u00e4rlden. M\u00e5nga av orsakerna f\u00f6rblev oklara, men de som officiellt erk\u00e4ndes f\u00f6rklarades vanligtvis med behovet av att undertrycka olika v\u00e5ldsamma kollektiva handlingar.<\/p>\n

Totalt analyserade Rydzak 22 891 protestaktioner i Indien mellan 2016 och 2017. Hans forskning visar att varken begr\u00e4nsningar i tillg\u00e5ngen till internet eller sociala medier tycks leda till en minskning av eskalationsniv\u00e5n. <\/p>\n

I de fall d\u00e4r protesterna var kopplade till v\u00e5ld, fann han att internetavst\u00e4ngningar vanligtvis var kopplade till dess eskalering. Varje efterf\u00f6ljande dag efter en internetavst\u00e4ngning ledde till mer v\u00e5ld \u00e4n n\u00e4r aktionen h\u00f6lls med konstant tillg\u00e5ng till internet.<\/p>\n

Under the circumstances, during internet outages at peaceful rallies, which likely depend more on careful coordination through digital channels, no statistically significant impact of the outages was identified.<\/p>\n

Moreover, the data indicates that in some cases, network access outages led to a shift from nonviolent tactics to violent ones, which apparently depend less on effective communication and coordination.<\/p>\n

Cost of outages<\/h2>\n

\nDespite the fact that internet access shutdowns are becoming an increasingly popular measure for many governments, it should not be forgotten that this is not a cost-free endeavor.<\/p>\n

Exploring the impact of 81 short-term internet access restrictions<\/a><\/noindex> in 19 countries from July 2015 to June 2016, Darrell West from the Brookings Institution found that the overall GDP loss is estimated at $2.4 billion.<\/p>\n

\"Vilken
\nList of countries with the highest losses from internet outages.<\/i><\/p>\n

It is important to note that Darrell West considered only the economic impact of the outages on gross domestic product<\/a><\/noindex>. He did not assess losses due to missed tax revenues, the impact on labor productivity, or the loss of investor confidence as a result of the outages.
\nThus, the figure of $2.4 billion is a conservative estimate, which probably underrepresents the actual economic damage.<\/p>\n

Utdata<\/h2>\n

\nThis question undoubtedly requires further study. For example, the answer to how far the shutdown studies in India can be projected to other countries is at least not obvious.<\/p>\n

But at the same time, it seems that internet shutdowns are, at best, a poorly functioning tool with a high cost of use. Its use can lead to negative consequences.<\/p>\n

And possibly other risks, such as restrictions imposed by international organizations or courts, and a deterioration of the investment climate. The likelihood of these is still not studied.<\/p>\n

And if so, why?
\n
K\u00e4lla: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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