{"id":36984,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/koe-chto-ob-inode\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","slug":"koe-chto-ob-inode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/koe-chto-ob-inode","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e5got om inode","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Periodiskt, f\u00f6r att flytta till CRS, intervjuar jag i olika stora f\u00f6retag, fr\u00e4mst i St. Petersburg och Moskva f\u00f6r rollen som DevOps. Jag har lagt m\u00e4rke till att m\u00e5nga f\u00f6retag (m\u00e5nga bra f\u00f6retag, till exempel Yandex) st\u00e4ller tv\u00e5 liknande fr\u00e5gor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> vad \u00e4r en inode;<\/li>\n<li> av vilka sk\u00e4l kan man f\u00e5 ett skrivfel p\u00e5 disken (eller till exempel: varf\u00f6r kan det ta slut p\u00e5 utrymme p\u00e5 disken, essensen \u00e4r densamma).\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSom det ofta \u00e4r, var jag s\u00e4ker p\u00e5 att jag k\u00e4nde till detta \u00e4mne v\u00e4l, men s\u00e5 fort jag b\u00f6rjade f\u00f6rklara \u2014 b\u00f6rjade kunskapsluckor att visa sig. F\u00f6r att systematisera min kunskap, fylla i luckorna och inte sk\u00e4mma ut mig igen, skriver jag denna artikel, kanske n\u00e5gon annan har nytta av den.<\/p>\n<p>Jag b\u00f6rjar \"fr\u00e5n botten\", det vill s\u00e4ga med h\u00e5rddisken (usb-minnen, SSD och andra moderna enheter l\u00e4mnar vi bort, f\u00f6r exemplet tar vi vilken gammal disk som helst p\u00e5 20 eller 80 gigabyte, eftersom blockstorleken d\u00e4r \u00e4r 512 byte).<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e5rddisken kan inte adressera sitt utrymme byte f\u00f6r byte, det \u00e4r i grova drag uppdelat i block. Blocknumreringen b\u00f6rjar fr\u00e5n 0. (detta kallas LBA, detaljer h\u00e4r: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA\">ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"N\u00e5got om inode\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/47036dc7ec2ed8c868fa1bcf044ba9ea.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSom man kan se fr\u00e5n bilden, har jag markerat LBA-blocken som niv\u00e5n p\u00e5 HDD. F\u00f6r att ta reda p\u00e5 vilken blockstorlek din disk har kan man g\u00f6ra s\u00e5 h\u00e4r: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# blockdev --getpbsz \/dev\/sdb\n512<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nOvanf\u00f6r \u00e4r partitionen markerad, en f\u00f6r hela disken (\u00e5terigen f\u00f6r enkelhetens skull). Oftast anv\u00e4nds tv\u00e5 typer av partitionering: msdos och gpt. D\u00e4rmed \u00e4r msdos ett gammalt format som st\u00f6der diskar upp till 2TB, medan gpt \u00e4r ett nytt format som kan adressera upp till 1 zettabyte 512-byte block. I v\u00e5rt fall har vi en partition av typen msdos, som man kan se fr\u00e5n bilden, b\u00f6rjar partitionen fr\u00e5n block nr 1, medan den nollte anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r MBR.<\/p>\n<p>I den f\u00f6rsta partitionen skapade jag ett ext2 filsystem, med standard blockstorlek p\u00e5 4096 byte, vilket ocks\u00e5 \u00e5terspeglas p\u00e5 bilden. F\u00f6r att se blockstorleken p\u00e5 filsystemet kan man g\u00f6ra s\u00e5 h\u00e4r:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# tune2fs -l \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nFilsystemvolymnamn:   \nSenast monterad p\u00e5:          \nFilssystem UUID:          a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479\nFilssystem magisk nummer:  0xEF53\nFilssystem revision #:    1 (dynamisk)\nFilssystemfunktioner:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file\nFilssystemflaggor:         signed_directory_hash\nStandardmonteringsalternativ:    user_xattr acl\nFilssystemtillst\u00e5nd:         rent\nFelhantering:          Forts\u00e4tt\nFilssystemets operativsystemstyp:       Linux\nInodeantal:              65536\nBlockantal:              261888\nReserverat blockantal:     13094\nFria block:              257445\nFria inoder:              65525\nF\u00f6rsta block:              0\nBlockstorlek:               4096\nFragmentstorlek:            4096\nReserverade GDT-block:      63\nBlock per grupp:         32768\nFragment per grupp:      32768\nInoder per grupp:         8192\nInode-block per grupp:   512\nFilssystem skapat:       fre 2 aug 15:02:13 2019\nSenaste monterad tid:          n\/a\nSenaste skrivtid:          fre 2 aug 15:02:14 2019\nMonteringsantal:              0\nMax monteringsantal:      -1\nSenast kontrollerad:             fre 2 aug 15:02:13 2019\nKontrollintervall:           0 ()\nReserverade block uid:      0 (anv\u00e4ndare root)\nReserverade block gid:      0 (grupp root)\nF\u00f6rsta inode:              11\nInode-storlek:               256\nKr\u00e4vd extra isize:     28\n\u00d6nskad extra isize:      28\nStandardkataloghash:   half_md4\nKatalog Hash Seed:      c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDen parameter vi beh\u00f6ver \u00e4r \"Blockstorlek\".<\/p>\n<p>Nu blir det intressant, hur l\u00e4ser man filen \/home\/serp\/testfile? Filen best\u00e5r av en eller flera block i filsystemet d\u00e4r dess data lagras. Med filnamnet, hur hittar man den? Vilka block ska l\u00e4sas?<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e4r kommer inoder v\u00e4l till pass. I filsystemet ext2fs finns en \"tabell\" som inneh\u00e5ller information om alla inoder. Antalet inoder i fallet med ext2fs fastst\u00e4lls vid skapandet av filsystemet. De siffror vi beh\u00f6ver ser vi i parametern \"Inodeantal\" i utskriften av tune2fs, vi har 65536 stycken. I inoden finns den information vi beh\u00f6ver: listan \u00f6ver filsystemblock f\u00f6r den fil som s\u00f6ks. Hur hittar man inode-nummer f\u00f6r den angivna filen?<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6verensst\u00e4mmelsen mellan namn och inode-nummer finns i katalogen, och en katalog i ext2fs \u00e4r en speciell typ av fil, dvs den har ocks\u00e5 sitt eget inode-nummer. F\u00f6r att bryta denna onda cirkel har den rotkatalogen tilldelats ett \"fast\" inode-nummer, n\u00e4mligen \"2\". L\u00e5t oss se inneh\u00e5llet i inode nummer 2:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/# debugfs \/dev\/sdb1\ndebugfs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\ndebugfs:  stat \n\nInode: 2   Typ: katalog    L\u00e4ge:  0755   Flaggor: 0x0\nGeneration: 0    Version: 0x00000000:00000002\nAnv\u00e4ndare:     0   Grupp:     0   Storlek: 4096\nFil ACL: 0    Katalog ACL: 0\nL\u00e4nkar: 3   Blockantal: 8\nFragment:  Adress: 0    Nummer: 0    Storlek: 0\n ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- fre 2 aug 16:34:09 2019\n atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- fre 2 aug 15:55:35 2019\n mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- fre 2 aug 16:34:09 2019\ncrtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- fre 2 aug 15:02:14 2019\nStorlek p\u00e5 extra inode-f\u00e4lt: 28\nBLOCKS:\n(0):579\nTOTAL: 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSom man kan se, finns den n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndiga katalogen i blocket med numret 579. D\u00e4r hittar vi nodnumret f\u00f6r mappen home, och s\u00e5 vidare i kedjan, tills vi i katalogen serp ser nodnumret f\u00f6r den beg\u00e4rda filen. Om n\u00e5gon vill kontrollera om numret \u00e4r korrekt och om det finns n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig information d\u00e4r, \u00e4r det inte sv\u00e5rt. G\u00f6r s\u00e5 h\u00e4r:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:~# dd if=\/dev\/sdb1 of=\/home\/serp\/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579\n1+0 records in\n1+0 records out\n4096 bytes (4,1 kB) copied, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB\/s\nroot@ubuntu:~# hexdump -c \/home\/serp\/dd_image<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nI utskriften kan man l\u00e4sa filnamn i katalogen.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e4r kommer jag till huvudfr\u00e5gan: \"av vilka sk\u00e4l kan det uppst\u00e5 ett skrivfel\"?<\/p>\n<p>Det \u00e4r uppenbart att detta kan h\u00e4nda om det inte finns n\u00e5gra lediga block i filsystemet. Vad kan man g\u00f6ra i detta fall? F\u00f6rutom det uppenbara \"ta bort n\u00e5got on\u00f6digt\" b\u00f6r man minnas att i ext2, 3 och 4 filsystem finns n\u00e5got som kallas \"Reserved block count\". Om vi tittar p\u00e5 utskriften ovan har vi s\u00e5dana block \"13094\". Dessa block \u00e4r endast tillg\u00e4ngliga f\u00f6r skrivande av anv\u00e4ndaren root. Men om man snabbt vill l\u00f6sa problemet kan man g\u00f6ra dem tillg\u00e4ngliga f\u00f6r alla, vilket resulterar i lite ledigt utrymme:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nS\u00e4tter reservblockens procentandel till 0% (0 block)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDet vill s\u00e4ga, som standard \u00e4r 5% av diskrymden inte tillg\u00e4nglig f\u00f6r skrivning, och med tanke p\u00e5 storleken p\u00e5 moderna diskar kan detta handla om hundratals gigabyte.<\/p>\n<p>Vad mer kan det vara? En annan m\u00f6jlig situation \u00e4r att det finns lediga block, men nodernas utrymme \u00e4r slut. Detta h\u00e4nder vanligtvis om du har ett stort antal filer i filsystemet vars storlek \u00e4r mindre \u00e4n blockstorleken f\u00f6r filsystemet. Med tanke p\u00e5 att 1 inode anv\u00e4nds per fil eller katalog och vi totalt har (f\u00f6r detta filsystem) 65536 \u2014 en s\u00e5dan situation \u00e4r mer \u00e4n verklig. Detta kan tydligt ses fr\u00e5n utskriften av kommandot df:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi\nFilesystem     Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on\nudev             493K   480  492K    1% \/dev\ntmpfs            493K   425  493K    1% \/run\n\/dev\/xvda1       512K  240K  273K   47% \/\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/run\/lock\nnone             493K     1  493K    1% \/run\/shm\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/run\/user\n\/dev\/xvdc1       320K  4,1K  316K    2% \/var\n\/dev\/xvdb1        64K   195   64K    1% \/home\n\/dev\/xvdh1       4,0M  3,1M  940K   78% \/var\/www\nserp@ubuntu:~$ df -h\nFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on\nudev            2,0G  4,0K  2,0G   1% \/dev\ntmpfs           395M  620K  394M   1% \/run\n\/dev\/xvda1      7,8G  2,9G  4,6G  39% \/\nnone            4,0K     0  4,0K   0% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\nnone            5,0M     0  5,0M   0% \/run\/lock\nnone            2,0G     0  2,0G   0% \/run\/shm\nnone            100M     0  100M   0% \/run\/user\n\/dev\/xvdc1      4,8G  2,6G  2,0G  57% \/var\n\/dev\/xvdb1      990M  4,0M  919M   1% \/home\n\/dev\/xvdh1       63G   35G   25G  59% \/var\/www<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSom bra syns i partitionen \/var\/www, varierar antalet lediga block i filsystemet och antalet lediga inoder kraftigt.<\/p>\n<p>Om inoderna tar slut, kan jag tyv\u00e4rr inte ge n\u00e5gra tips, eftersom det inte finns n\u00e5gra (h\u00f6r av dig om jag har fel). S\u00e5 n\u00e4r det kommer till partitioner d\u00e4r sm\u00e5 filer produceras m\u00e5ste filsystemet v\u00e4ljas noggrant. Till exempel kan inoder i btrfs inte ta slut, eftersom nya skapas dynamiskt vid behov.<br \/>\n<br \/>K\u00e4lla: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/462849\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c DevOps. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 (\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435) \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 inode; \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27717,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 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