{"id":39116,"date":"2019-10-31T22:27:55","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ispolzovanie-nvme-ssd-kak-sistemnogo-nakopitelya-na-kompyuterah-so-starym-bios-i-os-linux\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:27:55","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:27:55","slug":"ispolzovanie-nvme-ssd-kak-sistemnogo-nakopitelya-na-kompyuterah-so-starym-bios-i-os-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ispolzovanie-nvme-ssd-kak-sistemnogo-nakopitelya-na-kompyuterah-so-starym-bios-i-os-linux","title":{"rendered":"Anv\u00e4ndning av NVME SSD som systemdisk p\u00e5 datorer med gammal BIOS och Linux OS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Anv\u00e4ndning
\n
\nMed r\u00e4tt inst\u00e4llningar kan man starta fr\u00e5n en NVME SSD \u00e4ven p\u00e5 gamla system. Det f\u00f6ruts\u00e4tts att operativsystemet (OS) kan arbeta med NVME SSD. Jag avser just start av OS, eftersom NVME SSD syns i OS efter uppstart om drivrutinerna finns. Ingen ytterligare programvara (mjukvara) kr\u00e4vs f\u00f6r Linux. F\u00f6r BSD- och andra unixbaserade system kan metoden troligen ocks\u00e5 fungera.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nF\u00f6r att starta fr\u00e5n en lagringsenhet m\u00e5ste drivrutiner f\u00f6r enheten finnas i programmet f\u00f6r f\u00f6rsta uppstarten (POST), i BIOS eller EFI (UEFI). NVME SSD-enheter \u00e4r relativt nya j\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med BIOS, och det finns inga s\u00e5dana drivrutiner i BIOS-versioner f\u00f6r gamla moderkort. I EFI utan st\u00f6d f\u00f6r NVME SSD kan motsvarande kod l\u00e4ggas till, vilket g\u00f6r det m\u00f6jligt att arbeta fullt ut med enheten \u2014 man kan installera ett operativsystem och starta det. F\u00f6r gamla system med s\u00e5 kallad \"legacy BIOS\" \u00e4r det osannolikt att detta kan g\u00f6ras. Men det finns s\u00e4tt att kringg\u00e5 detta.<\/p>\n

Hur man g\u00f6r<\/h4>\n

\nJag anv\u00e4nde openSUSE Leap 15.1. F\u00f6r andra Linux-distributioner kommer stegen att vara ungef\u00e4r desamma. <\/p>\n

1. F\u00f6rbered datorn f\u00f6r installation av operativsystemet.
\nDu beh\u00f6ver en PC eller server med en ledig PCI-E 4x- eller l\u00e4ngre slot, oavsett vilken version, PCI-E 1.0 duger. Sj\u00e4lvklart, ju nyare version av PCI-E, desto h\u00f6gre hastighet. Och s\u00e5klart en NVME SSD med en M.2 till PCI-E 4x-adapter.
\nDessutom beh\u00f6vs en lagringsenhet med en kapacitet p\u00e5 300 MB eller mer, som syns i BIOS och fr\u00e5n vilken OS kan startas. Detta kan vara en h\u00e5rddisk ansluten via IDE, SATA, SCSI eller SAS. Eller en USB-flash-enhet, eller ett minneskort. En diskett passar inte. CD-ROM kommer inte att fungera, det kr\u00e4vs omskrivning. DVD-RAM \u2014 ingen aning. L\u00e5t oss kallad denna enhet \"legacy BIOS-lagringsenhet\".<\/p>\n

2. Ladda ner Linux f\u00f6r installation (fr\u00e5n en optisk disk eller en bootbar flash-enhet eller liknande).<\/p>\n

3. Vid partitionering av disken f\u00f6rdelar vi OS p\u00e5 de tillg\u00e4ngliga lagringsenheterna:
\n3.1. Vi skapar en partition f\u00f6r GRUB-laddaren i b\u00f6rjan av \u00ablegacy BIOS-enheten\u00bb med en storlek p\u00e5 8 MB. Jag vill p\u00e5peka att en specifik funktion av openSUSE anv\u00e4nds h\u00e4r \u2014 GRUB p\u00e5 en separat partition. Som standard anv\u00e4nds filsystemet (FS) BTRFS f\u00f6r openSUSE. Om GRUB placeras p\u00e5 en partition med FS BTRFS, kommer systemet inte att starta. D\u00e4rf\u00f6r anv\u00e4nds en separat partition. Du kan placera GRUB n\u00e5gon annanstans, s\u00e5 l\u00e4nge den startar.
\n3.2. Efter partitionen med GRUB skapar vi en partition f\u00f6r en del av systemmappen (\u00abrot\u00bb), n\u00e4mligen f\u00f6r \u00ab\/boot\/\u00bb, med en storlek p\u00e5 300 MB.
\n3.3. Det som \u00e5terst\u00e5r \u2014 resterande systemmapp, partitionen f\u00f6r swap, anv\u00e4ndarpartitionen \u00ab\/home\/\u00bb (om du har beslutat att skapa en s\u00e5dan) kan placeras p\u00e5 NVME SSD.<\/p>\n

Efter installationen laddar systemet GRUB, som laddar filer fr\u00e5n \/boot\/, varefter NVME SSD blir tillg\u00e4nglig, och sedan f\u00f6ljer systemstart fr\u00e5n NVME SSD.
\nI praktiken har jag f\u00e5tt en betydande hastighets\u00f6kning.<\/p>\n

Krav p\u00e5 kapacitet f\u00f6r \u00ablegacy BIOS-enheten\u00bb: 8 MB f\u00f6r GRUB-partitionen \u2014 det \u00e4r standard, och n\u00e5gonstans fr\u00e5n 200 MB f\u00f6r \/boot\/. 300 MB har jag valt med lite marginal. Vid uppdatering av k\u00e4rnan (och vid installation av nya) kommer Linux att fylla \/boot\/-partitionen med nya filer.<\/p>\n

Hastighets- och kostnadsbed\u00f6mning<\/h4>\n

\nKostnaden f\u00f6r NVME SSD 128 GB \u2014 ungef\u00e4r fr\u00e5n 2000 kr.
\nKostnaden f\u00f6r M.2-adaptern \u2014 PCI-E 4x \u2014 ungef\u00e4r fr\u00e5n 500 kr.
\nDet finns ocks\u00e5 M.2-adaptrar \u2014 PCI-E 16x f\u00f6r fyra NVME SSD-enheter till f\u00f6rs\u00e4ljning, till priser fr\u00e5n cirka 3000 kr \u2014 ifall n\u00e5gon beh\u00f6ver det. <\/p>\n

Maximala hastigheter:
\nPCI-E 3.0 4x cirka 3900 MB\/s
\nPCI-E 2.0 4x 2000 MB\/s
\nPCI-E 1.0 4x 1000 MB\/s
\nEnheter med PCI-E 3.0 4x n\u00e5r i praktiken hastigheter p\u00e5 runt 3500 MB\/s.
\nMan kan anta att den uppn\u00e5eliga hastigheten kommer att vara:
\nPCI-E 3.0 4x omkring 3500 MB\/s
\nPCI-E 2.0 4x omkring 1800 MB\/s
\nPCI-E 1.0 4x omkring 900 MB\/s<\/p>\n

Vilket \u00e4r snabbare \u00e4n SATA 600 MB\/s. Den uppn\u00e5eliga hastigheten f\u00f6r SATA 600 MB\/s \u00e4r omkring 550 MB\/s.
\nSamtidigt kan hastigheten f\u00f6r SATA p\u00e5 gamla moderkort vara 300 MB\/s eller 150 MB\/s ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r 600 MB\/s. H\u00e4r avser den inbyggda kontroller = SATA-kontroller, inbyggd i chipsetets s\u00f6dra bro.<\/p>\n

Jag n\u00e4mner att NCQ kommer att fungera f\u00f6r NVME SSD, medan gamla inbyggda kontroller inte n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigtvis har detta.<\/p>\n

Jag har gjort ber\u00e4kningar f\u00f6r PCI-E 4x, men vissa enheter har PCI-E 2x-buss. Det r\u00e4cker f\u00f6r PCI-E 3.0, men f\u00f6r \u00e4ldre standarder som PCI-E \u2014 2.0 och 1.0 \u2014 \u00e4r s\u00e5dana NVME SSD b\u00e4ttre att undvika. Dessutom kommer en enhet med en minneschip-buffer att vara snabbare \u00e4n utan.<\/p>\n

F\u00f6r dem som vill helt avst\u00e5 fr\u00e5n den inbyggda SATA-kontrollern rekommenderar jag att anv\u00e4nda Asmedia ASM 106x-kontrollern (1061 m.fl.), som erbjuder tv\u00e5 SATA 600-portar (interna eller externa). Den fungerar ganska bra (efter firmwareuppdatering), och i AHCI-l\u00e4ge st\u00f6der den NCQ. Ansluts via PCI-E 2.0 1x.<\/p>\n

Dess maxhastighet:
\nPCI-E 2.0 1x 500 MB\/s
\nPCI-E 1.0 1x 250 MB\/s
\nDen uppn\u00e5bara hastigheten blir:
\nPCI-E 2.0 1x 460 MB\/s
\nPCI-E 1.0 1x 280 MB\/s<\/p>\n

Detta r\u00e4cker f\u00f6r en SATA SSD eller tv\u00e5 HDD.<\/p>\n

Observerade nackdelar<\/h4>\n

\n1. SMART-parametrar l\u00e4ses inte av f\u00f6r NVME SSD, endast allm\u00e4n information om tillverkare, serienummer osv. Detta kan bero p\u00e5 ett alltf\u00f6r gammalt moderkort (mk). F\u00f6r mina brutala tester anv\u00e4nde jag det \u00e4ldsta moderkortet jag kunde hitta, med nForce4-chipset.<\/a><\/noindex> 2. TRIM b\u00f6r fungera, men det m\u00e5ste kontrolleras. <\/p>\n

Det finns ocks\u00e5 andra m\u00f6jligheter: att k\u00f6pa en SAS-kontroller med PCI-E 4x eller 8x-kontakt (finns det 16x eller 32x?). Men om de \u00e4r billiga st\u00f6der de SAS 600, men SATA 300, medan dyrare varianter kostar mer och \u00e4r l\u00e5ngsammare \u00e4n det f\u00f6reslagna alternativet ovan.<\/p>\n

Slutsats<\/h4>\n

\nF\u00f6r anv\u00e4ndning med M$ Windows kan extra programvara installeras \u2014 en bootloader med inbyggda drivrutiner f\u00f6r NVME SSD.<\/p>\n

Se h\u00e4r: <\/p>\n

www.win-raid.com\/t871f50-Guide-How-to-get-full-NVMe-support-for-all-Systems-with-an-AMI-UEFI-BIOS.html
\nwww.win-raid.com\/t3286f50-Guide-NVMe-boot-for-systems-with-legacy-BIOS-and-older-UEFI-DUET-REFIND.html<\/a><\/noindex>
\nforum.overclockers.ua\/viewtopic.php?t=185732<\/a><\/noindex>
\npcportal.org\/forum\/51-9843-1<\/a><\/noindex>
\nmrlithium.blogspot.com\/2015\/12\/how-to-boot-nvme-ssd-from-legacy-bios.html<\/a><\/noindex>
\nJag f\u00f6resl\u00e5r att l\u00e4saren sj\u00e4lv bed\u00f6mer om de beh\u00f6ver en s\u00e5dan anv\u00e4ndning av NVME SSD, eller om det \u00e4r b\u00e4ttre att k\u00f6pa ett nytt moderkort (+ processor + minne) med en befintlig M.2 PCI-E-kontakt och st\u00f6d f\u00f6r boot fr\u00e5n NVME SSD i EFI.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Ansible + auto git pull i en kluster av virtuella maskiner i molnet
\n
K\u00e4lla: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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