{"id":53040,"date":"2019-11-22T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-21T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/yazykovye-sloi"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:54","slug":"yazykovye-sloi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi","title":{"rendered":"Spr\u00e5kliga lager","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hej, Habr!<\/p>\n<p>Jag presenterar f\u00f6r er \u00f6vers\u00e4ttningen av artikeln \u00ab<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwFe2\">Language Layers<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb av Robert C. Martin (Onkel Bob).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Spr\u00e5kliga lager\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/7443f8be2481982b85afe6f8368a9e81.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nJag tillbringar tid med att spela det gamla spelet \u00abLunar Lander\u00bb fr\u00e5n 1969. Det skrevs av Jim Storer, en gymnasieelev. Han skrev det p\u00e5 PDP-8 med spr\u00e5ket FOCAL. S\u00e5 h\u00e4r ser programmet ut: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Spr\u00e5kliga lager\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/44821c373bf1285cf7085306e194cc14.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOch h\u00e4r \u00e4r k\u00e4llkoden p\u00e5 FOCAL:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Spr\u00e5kliga lager\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/bcde722861952deb2e7e8e3f7064c992.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJim Storer var en r\u00e4tt beg\u00e5vad gymnasieelev. Ta en titt p\u00e5 den h\u00e4r koden. Den inneh\u00e5ller n\u00e5gra ganska intressanta Tayloruttryck. <\/p>\n<p>Generellt k\u00f6r jag en bin\u00e4r s\u00f6kning f\u00f6r att best\u00e4mma v\u00e4rdet av K som perfektt skulle landa rymdskeppet. S\u00e5 jag har \u00e4ndrat programmet s\u00e5 att det bara tar ett v\u00e4rde och sedan till\u00e4mpar det flera g\u00e5nger tills skeppet landar eller kraschar. Just nu n\u00e4r jag skriver detta vet jag att svaret ligger mellan 76.40625 och 76.4453125, s\u00e5 jag kommer att prova 76.4257813. Jag b\u00f6rjar t\u00e4nka att jag kommer att f\u00e5 ont om tid innan jag hittar svaret. <\/p>\n<p>Under tiden fick jag en tanke att jag k\u00f6rde det h\u00e4r programmet p\u00e5 en emulator, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGvr\">PDP-8<\/a><\/noindex>som jag skrev i Lua f\u00f6r iPad.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e5, okej, l\u00e5t oss t\u00e4nka p\u00e5 detta.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>iPad har en chip <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGxH\">A8X<\/a><\/noindex>, med tre k\u00e4rnor som arbetar p\u00e5 en gigahertzfrekvens eller d\u00e4r omkring.<\/li>\n<li>Lua \u00e4r skrivet i C och kompileras till A8X.<\/li>\n<li>Min PDP8-emulator \u00e4r skriven i Lua, med hj\u00e4lp av paketet <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/clck.ru\/JwGy4\">CODEA<\/a><\/noindex> fr\u00e5n Two Lives Left.<\/li>\n<li>FOCAL skrevs i slutet av 1960-talet p\u00e5 PDP8.<\/li>\n<li>Lunar Lander skrevs i FOCAL.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDet betyder att vi har A8X, C, Lua, PDP8 och FOCAL. Fem olika spr\u00e5k. Fem olika mekanismer som talar om f\u00f6r maskinen vad den ska g\u00f6ra; alla staplade p\u00e5 varandra! <\/p>\n<p>Vad handlar detta om? Varf\u00f6r s\u00e5 m\u00e5nga spr\u00e5k? Faktiskt, gl\u00f6m bort iPad, PDP-8, C, Lua och allt annat. Varf\u00f6r s\u00e5 m\u00e5nga spr\u00e5k? <\/p>\n<p>##\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432? <\/p>\n<p>T\u00e4nk p\u00e5 det! Hur m\u00e5nga programmeringsspr\u00e5k kan du n\u00e4mna? H\u00e4r, l\u00e5t mig ge dig en liten lista:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> FORTRAN<\/li>\n<li> ALGOL<\/li>\n<li> COBOL<\/li>\n<li> SNOBOL<\/li>\n<li> LISP<\/li>\n<li> BCPL<\/li>\n<li> B<\/li>\n<li> C<\/li>\n<li> SIMULA<\/li>\n<li> SMALLTALK<\/li>\n<li> EIFFEL<\/li>\n<li> C++<\/li>\n<li> JAVA<\/li>\n<li> C#<\/li>\n<li> PYTHON<\/li>\n<li> RUBY<\/li>\n<li> LOGO<\/li>\n<li> LUA<\/li>\n<li> BASIC<\/li>\n<li> PL\/1<\/li>\n<li> JAVASCRIPT<\/li>\n<li> GO<\/li>\n<li> DART<\/li>\n<li> PROLOG<\/li>\n<li> FORTH<\/li>\n<li> SWIFT<\/li>\n<li> ML<\/li>\n<li> OCCAM<\/li>\n<li> OCAML<\/li>\n<li> ADA<\/li>\n<li> ERLANG<\/li>\n<li> ELIXIR<\/li>\n<li> FOCAL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nDu kan s\u00e4kert t\u00e4nka p\u00e5 andra som jag inte n\u00e4mnde. Fr\u00e5gan \u00e4r, varf\u00f6r finns det s\u00e5 m\u00e5nga? Det finns faktiskt bara ett riktigt svar p\u00e5 den fr\u00e5gan. Anledningen till att s\u00e5 m\u00e5nga datorspr\u00e5k finns: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Vi gillar dem inte.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nN\u00e5v\u00e4l, kanske \u00e4r det ett f\u00f6r starkt uttalande. Kanske borde jag s\u00e4ga: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Vi var i Hollywood.<br \/>\n Vi var i Redwood.<br \/>\n Vi korsade oceanen f\u00f6r att hitta den gyllene koden.<br \/>\n Vi var vid v\u00e5rt sinnestillst\u00e5nd,<br \/>\n Det \u00e4r en s\u00e5 tunn gr\u00e4ns.<br \/>\n Det f\u00e5r oss att s\u00f6ka den gyllene koden.<\/p>\n<p> Och vi blir gamla.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Okej, kanske jag borde tala f\u00f6r mig sj\u00e4lv... Ville du inte bara skrika p\u00e5 Neil Young att han skulle sluta klaga, hitta en s\u00f6t flicka och leva med henne? Ville ni inte s\u00e4ga till honom att jakten p\u00e5 det gyllene hj\u00e4rtat var meningsl\u00f6s? S\u00e4g mig, vad skulle han g\u00f6ra med det om han hittade det? <\/p>\n<p>Och vad skulle vi g\u00f6ra med det perfekta spr\u00e5ket om vi hittade det?<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Vi skapade emulatorer f\u00f6r PDP-8 och FOCAL f\u00f6r att spela \u00bb Lunar Lander\u00ab, skriven av en gymnasieelev 1969!<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> <b>H\u00e4r \u00e4r vad jag t\u00e4nker.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Acceptera det. Sluta leta. Det finns inget perfekt spr\u00e5k. Vi har letat \u00f6verallt. Vi har tittat uppifr\u00e5n och ner. Vi har tittat in\u00e5t och ut\u00e5t.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Vi har tittat p\u00e5 spr\u00e5k fr\u00e5n b\u00e5da sidor.<br \/>\n Inifr\u00e5n och ut<br \/>\n och fortfarande p\u00e5 ett eller annat s\u00e4tt.<br \/>\n Vi p\u00e5minner oss sj\u00e4lva att detta \u00e4r spr\u00e5kliga illusioner.<\/p>\n<p>Vi f\u00f6rst\u00e5r faktiskt ingenting om spr\u00e5k\u2026<br \/>\n\u2026 alls.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Ja, idag \u00e4r en ovanlig dag.<\/p>\n<p>Men, trots det, po\u00e4ngen \u00e4r:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> <em>Vi beh\u00f6ver inget annat spr\u00e5k.<br \/>\n Vi beh\u00f6ver inte veta v\u00e4gen hem.<br \/>\n Allt vi vill \u00e4r att g\u00e5 bortom livet.<br \/>\n S.Q.L.<\/em>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Ja, en konstig dag.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e5, det finns en tanke. Kanske vi ska sluta skapa nya spr\u00e5k och bara lugna ner oss och v\u00e4lja ett eller tv\u00e5 som verkligen \u00e4r bra. Det skulle g\u00f6ra livet mycket enklare, eller hur?<\/p>\n<p>Och om du \u00e4r intresserad, 76.43844461 ger dig en ganska bra landning p\u00e5 2.23 MPH.<br \/>\n<br \/>K\u00e4lla: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/476644\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C. Martin (Uncle Bob). \u042f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0443 \u00abLunar Lander\u00bb 1969 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b. \u041e\u043d \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430 PDP-8 \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 FOCAL. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430: \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 FOCAL: \u0414\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u044b\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sv_SE\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0438 | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440! \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u00abLanguage Layers\u00bb \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 Robert C.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/news\/yazykovye-sloi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-11-21T21:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-02-18T11:00:54+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Spr\u00e5klager | ProHoster","description":"Hej, Habr! 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