{"id":55027,"date":"2020-01-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-09T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:06","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:06","slug":"bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bd-messendzhera-ch-2-sektsioniruem-nazhivuyu","title":{"rendered":"DB f\u00f6r messenger (del 2): sektionera \"i realtid\"","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Vi har framg\u00e5ngsrikt designat strukturen f\u00f6r v\u00e5r PostgreSQL-databas f\u00f6r att lagra meddelanden, ett \u00e5r har g\u00e5tt och anv\u00e4ndarna fyller aktivt i den. H\u00e4r finns redan <b>miljontals poster<\/b>, och\u2026 n\u00e5got har b\u00f6rjat lagga.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483176\/\">Del 1: designa databasen<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Del 2: partitionera i realtid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB f\u00f6r messenger (del 2): sektionera &quot;i realtid&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/7830da046d9c472af15330e42cbb05e0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nDet handlar om att <b>med \u00f6kande volym av tabellen \u00f6kar \u00e4ven \"djupet\" p\u00e5 indexen<\/b> \u2014 \u00e4ven om det \u00e4r logarithmiskt. Men med tiden g\u00f6r detta att servern m\u00e5ste hantera betydligt fler databasidor <i>f\u00f6r att utf\u00f6ra samma l\u00e4s-\/skrivuppgifter<\/i>, \u00e4n i b\u00f6rjan.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e4r kommer <b>partitionering<\/b>.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nin i bilden. Jag vill p\u00e5peka att detta inte handlar om sharding, det vill s\u00e4ga f\u00f6rdelning av data mellan olika databaser eller servrar. F\u00f6r \u00e4ven om du delar upp data mellan <b>n\u00e5gra<\/b> servrar, kommer du inte att bli av med problemet med \"expansion\" av indexen \u00f6ver tid. Det st\u00e5r klart att om du har r\u00e5d att s\u00e4tta en ny server i drift varje dag, kommer dina problem att ligga p\u00e5 en helt annan niv\u00e5 \u00e4n specifikt f\u00f6r den aktuella databasen.<\/p>\n<p>Vi kommer att se p\u00e5 det generella tillv\u00e4gag\u00e5ngss\u00e4ttet f\u00f6r partitionering i \"h\u00e5rdvaran\", snarare \u00e4n specifika skript - vad och hur man ska \"sk\u00e4ra upp i bitar\", och vad detta \u00e5terspeglar.<\/p>\n<h2>Koncept<\/h2>\n<p>\nL\u00e5t oss definiera v\u00e5rt m\u00e5l igen: Vi vill se till att m\u00e4ngden l\u00e4sbar PostgreSQL-data f\u00f6r alla l\u00e4s-\/skrivoperationer \u00e4r ungef\u00e4r densamma idag, imorgon och om ett \u00e5r.<\/p>\n<p>F\u00f6r alla <b>tidsm\u00e4ssigt ackumulerade data<\/b> (meddelanden, dokument, loggar, arkiv, &#8230;) det naturliga valet som nyckel f\u00f6r sektionering \u00e4r <b>datum\/tid f\u00f6r h\u00e4ndelsen<\/b>. I v\u00e5rt fall \u00e4r en s\u00e5dan h\u00e4ndelse <u>\u00f6gonblicket n\u00e4r meddelandet skickas<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>Vi noterar att anv\u00e4ndare n\u00e4stan alltid <b>arbetar endast med de \"senaste\"<\/b> s\u00e5dana data - de l\u00e4ser de senaste meddelandena, analyserar de senaste loggarna,\u2026 Nej, de kan sj\u00e4lvklart bl\u00e4ddra l\u00e4ngre tillbaka i tiden, men de g\u00f6r det mycket s\u00e4llan.<\/p>\n<p>Utifr\u00e5n dessa begr\u00e4nsningar blir det uppenbart att den optimala l\u00f6sningen f\u00f6r meddelanden kommer att vara <b>\"dagliga\" sektioner<\/b> \u2014 eftersom n\u00e4stan alltid kommer v\u00e5r anv\u00e4ndare att l\u00e4sa det som kom \"idag\" eller \"ig\u00e5r\".<\/p>\n<p>Om vi under dagen skriver och l\u00e4ser praktiskt taget endast i en sektion, ger detta oss ocks\u00e5 <b>en mer effektiv anv\u00e4ndning av minne och disk<\/b> \u2014 eftersom alla index i sektionen enkelt f\u00e5r plats i RAM, till skillnad fr\u00e5n \"stora och tjocka\" i hela tabellen.<\/p>\n<h2>steg-f\u00f6r-steg<\/h2>\n<p>\nGenerellt sett l\u00e5ter allt ovan som en enda stor vinst. Och den \u00e4r m\u00f6jligt, men f\u00f6r detta m\u00e5ste vi anstr\u00e4nga oss ordentligt \u2014 eftersom <u>att dela upp en av entiteterna inneb\u00e4r att man m\u00e5ste \"sk\u00e4ra\" \u00e4ven relaterade<\/u>.<\/p>\n<h4>Meddelandet, dess egenskaper och projektioner<\/h4>\n<p>\nEftersom vi har beslutat att dela upp meddelanden efter datum, \u00e4r det rimligt att ocks\u00e5 dela upp de beroende entiteterna-egenskaperna (bilagor, lista med mottagare), <b>\u00e4ven utifr\u00e5n meddelandets datum<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p>Eftersom en av v\u00e5ra typiska uppgifter handlar om att granska meddelanderegister (ol\u00e4sta, inkommande, alla), \u00e4r det ocks\u00e5 logiskt att \"dras in\" i uppdelningen efter meddelandets datum.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB f\u00f6r messenger (del 2): sektionera &quot;i realtid&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/5ea615ca97a2b865de537777c401038c.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Vi l\u00e4gger till partitioneringsnyckeln (datum f\u00f6r meddelandet) i alla tabeller: mottagare, fil, register. I sj\u00e4lva meddelandet beh\u00f6ver vi inte l\u00e4gga till det, utan anv\u00e4nda det existerande DatumTid.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>\u00c4mnen<\/h4>\n<p>\nEftersom \u00e4mnet \u00e4r detsamma f\u00f6r flera meddelanden, g\u00e5r det inte att \"sk\u00e4ra\" det p\u00e5 samma modell, vi m\u00e5ste luta oss mot n\u00e5got annat. I v\u00e5rt fall passar <b>datumet f\u00f6r det f\u00f6rsta meddelandet i konversationen<\/b> \u2014 det vill s\u00e4ga \u00f6gonblicket f\u00f6r skapandet av sj\u00e4lva \u00e4mnet.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB f\u00f6r messenger (del 2): sektionera &quot;i realtid&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/4f1336a9e229221f1e25ee8d3c08fb5e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Vi l\u00e4gger till partitioneringsnyckeln (datum f\u00f6r \u00e4mnet) i alla tabeller: \u00e4mne, deltagare.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nMen nu st\u00e5r vi inf\u00f6r tv\u00e5 problem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>i vilken sektion ska vi leta efter meddelanden om \u00e4mnet?<\/li>\n<li>i vilken sektion ska vi leta efter \u00e4mnet fr\u00e5n meddelandet?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nVi kan naturligtvis forts\u00e4tta leta i alla sektioner, men det skulle vara mycket tr\u00e5kigt och g\u00f6ra alla v\u00e5ra vinster meningsl\u00f6sa. D\u00e4rf\u00f6r, f\u00f6r att veta var vi exakt ska leta, ska vi skapa logiska l\u00e4nkar\/pekare till sektionerna:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>i meddelandet l\u00e4gger vi till <b>f\u00e4ltet med \u00e4mnesdatum<\/b><\/li>\n<li>till \u00e4mnet l\u00e4gger vi till <b>ett set av meddelandedatum<\/b> f\u00f6r denna konversation (det kan vara en separat tabell, eller en array av datum)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"DB f\u00f6r messenger (del 2): sektionera &quot;i realtid&quot;\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/f7bfdc96c396ca37f46d876f185bf98e.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nEftersom modifieringar av meddelandedatumen f\u00f6r varje enskild konversation kommer att vara f\u00e5 (de flesta meddelanden hamnar under 1-2 intilliggande dagar), kommer jag att stanna p\u00e5 just denna variant.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00e5ledes har strukturen i v\u00e5r databas tagit f\u00f6ljande form med h\u00e4nsyn till partitioneringen:<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Tabeller: RU, n\u00e4r det g\u00e4ller avsky f\u00f6r kyrilliska i tabellnamn\/f\u00e4lt, b\u00f6r man avst\u00e5 fr\u00e5n att titta<\/b><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"sql\">-- sektioner efter meddelandedatum\nCREATE TABLE \"Meddelande_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"Meddelande\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"\u00c4mne\"\n    uuid\n, \"\u00c4mnesdatum\"\n    date\n, \"F\u00f6rfattare\"\n    uuid\n, \"DatumTid\" -- anv\u00e4nds som datum\n    timestamp\n, \"Text\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Adressat_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"Meddelandedatum\"\n    date\n, \"Meddelande\"\n    uuid\n, \"Person\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"Meddelande\", \"Person\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"Fil_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"Meddelandedatum\"\n    date\n, \"Fil\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Meddelande\"\n    uuid\n, \"BLOB\"\n    uuid\n, \"Namn\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"RegistreringAvMeddelanden_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"Meddelandedatum\"\n    date\n, \"\u00c4gare\"\n    uuid\n, \"TypAvRegister\"\n    smallint\n, \"DatumTid\"\n    timestamp\n, \"Meddelande\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"\u00c4gare\", \"TypAvRegister\", \"Meddelande\")\n);\nCREATE INDEX ON \"RegistreringAvMeddelanden_YYYYMMDD\"(\"\u00c4gare\", \"TypAvRegister\", \"DatumTid\" DESC);\n\n-- sektioner efter \u00e4mnesdatum\nCREATE TABLE \"\u00c4mne_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"\u00c4mnesdatum\"\n    date\n, \"\u00c4mne\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Dokument\"\n    uuid\n, \"Titel\"\n    text\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"DeltagareI\u00c4mnet_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"\u00c4mnesdatum\"\n    date\n, \"\u00c4mne\"\n    uuid\n, \"Person\"\n    uuid\n, PRIMARY KEY(\"\u00c4mne\", \"Person\")\n);\n\nCREATE TABLE \"DatumF\u00f6rMeddelanden\u00c4mnet_YYYYMMDD\"(\n  \"\u00c4mnesdatum\"\n    date\n, \"\u00c4mne\"\n    uuid\n      PRIMARY KEY\n, \"Datum\"\n    date\n);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h2>Sparar en slant<\/h2>\n<p>\nMen om vi inte anv\u00e4nder <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postgrespro.ru\/docs\/postgresql\/10\/ddl-partitioning\">den klassiska varianten av partitionering<\/a><\/noindex> baserat p\u00e5 v\u00e4rdefordelningen av f\u00e4ltet (genom triggers och arv eller PARTITION BY), utan g\u00f6r det \"manuellt\" p\u00e5 applikationsniv\u00e5, s\u00e5 kan man m\u00e4rka att v\u00e4rdet f\u00f6r partitioneringsnyckeln redan lagras i sj\u00e4lva tabellnamnet.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e4rf\u00f6r, om du \u00e4r s\u00e5 <b>orolig f\u00f6r m\u00e4ngden lagrade data<\/b>, s\u00e5 kan de \"\u00f6verfl\u00f6diga\" f\u00e4lten tas bort och adresseras direkt till specifika tabeller. Men alla urval mellan flera sektioner m\u00e5ste i s\u00e5 fall flyttas till applikationssidan.<br \/>\n<br \/>K\u00e4lla: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483170\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041c\u044b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 PostgreSQL-\u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0433\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442, \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u2026 \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e\u00bb \u0414\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u00ab\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041c\u044b \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 PostgreSQL-\u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b 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