{"id":76903,"date":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix"},"modified":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","slug":"samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","title":{"rendered":"De mest fantastiska Unix-programmen","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Artikelf\u00f6rfattaren Douglas McIlroy \u00e4r en amerikansk matematiker, ingenj\u00f6r och programmerare. Han \u00e4r mest k\u00e4nd f\u00f6r utvecklingen av r\u00f6rledningen i operativsystemet Unix, principerna f\u00f6r komponentorienterad programmering samt flera originella verktyg: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Ibland st\u00f6ter man p\u00e5 verkligt fantastiska program. Efter att ha gr\u00e4vt i minnet har jag samlat en lista \u00f6ver verkliga juveler i Unix genom \u00e5ren. F\u00f6r det mesta \u00e4r det ganska s\u00e4llsynta och inte n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndiga program. Men vad som utm\u00e4rker dem \u00e4r deras originalitet. Jag kan knappt f\u00f6rest\u00e4lla mig att jag skulle ha kommit p\u00e5 n\u00e5gon av dem sj\u00e4lv.<\/p>\n

Dela g\u00e4rna med dig av vilka program som ocks\u00e5 har imponerat p\u00e5 dig s\u00e5 mycket.<\/p>\n

PDP-7 Unix<\/h1>\n

\nF\u00f6r att b\u00f6rja med, sj\u00e4lva systemet PDP-7 Unix. Dess enkelhet och kraft fick mig att \u00f6verge en kraftfull mainframe f\u00f6r en liten maskin. H\u00e4r finns essensen av det hierarkiska filsystemet, en separat skal och processhantering p\u00e5 anv\u00e4ndarniv\u00e5, n\u00e5got som Multics p\u00e5 mainframes inte lyckades realisera efter hundratals m\u00e4nskliga \u00e5r av utveckling. Nackdelarna med Unix (som till exempel registreringsstrukturen i filsystemet) var lika l\u00e4rorika och befriande som dess nyheter (som till exempel omdirigering av in- och utdata i skalet).
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

dc<\/h1>\n

\nMatematikbiblioteket f\u00f6r skrivbordskalkylatorn med variabel precision av Robert Morris anv\u00e4nde backanalys av fel f\u00f6r att best\u00e4mma den precision som kr\u00e4vdes vid varje steg f\u00f6r att n\u00e5 den precision som anv\u00e4ndaren angivit. P\u00e5 NATO:s konferens om mjukvaruteknik 1968 f\u00f6reslog jag referensprocedurer som kan ge resultat av vilken \u00f6nskad precision som helst, men jag visste inte hur man skulle implementera dem i praktiken. dc \u00e4r fortfarande det enda programmet jag k\u00e4nner till som kan g\u00f6ra s\u00e5dant.<\/p>\n

typo<\/h1>\n

\nTypo \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u041e\u0447\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 ‘hte’ \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041c\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f typo \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044b \u0434\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044e.<\/p>\n

Typo \u00e4r lika ov\u00e4ntat utformat inuti som det \u00e4r utanp\u00e5. Likhetsm\u00e4tningens algoritm baseras p\u00e5 frekvensen av trigram som r\u00e4knas i en matris 26\u00d726\u00d726. I ett litet minne fanns knappt plats f\u00f6r enbytesr\u00e4knare, s\u00e5 en komprimeringsschema f\u00f6r stora siffror till sm\u00e5 r\u00e4knare implementerades. F\u00f6r att undvika \u00f6verfl\u00f6dighet uppdaterades r\u00e4knarna p\u00e5 probabilistisk grund, vilket uppr\u00e4tth\u00f6ll en uppskattning av r\u00e4knarens logaritmv\u00e4rde.<\/p>\n

eqn<\/h1>\n

\nMed introduktionen av fotonoteringar blev det m\u00f6jligt, men fruktansv\u00e4rt tr\u00e5kigt att \u00e5terge klassisk matematisk notation. Lorinda Cherry beslutade sig f\u00f6r att utveckla ett h\u00f6gre beskrivande spr\u00e5k, och snart ansl\u00f6t sig Brian Kernighan till henne. Deras geniala drag var att uttrycka den muntliga traditionen i skriftlig form, vilket gjorde eqn oerh\u00f6rt enkelt att l\u00e4ra sig. Den f\u00f6rsta preprocessorn f\u00f6r spr\u00e5ket f\u00f6r matematiska uttryck, eqn har sedan dess n\u00e4stan inte f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttrats.<\/p>\n

struct<\/h1>\n

\nBrenda Baker inledde utvecklingen av sin konverterare Fortan-till-Ratfor trots r\u00e5det fr\u00e5n sin chef \u2013 mig. Jag trodde att detta kunde leda till en speciell omordning av k\u00e4lltexten. Den skulle vara fri fr\u00e5n operatornummer, men i \u00f6vrigt inte mer l\u00e4sbar \u00e4n v\u00e4lstrukturerad Fortran-kod. Brenda bevisade att jag hade fel. Hon uppt\u00e4ckte att varje Fortran-program har en kanonisk strukturerad form. Programmerare f\u00f6redrog den kanoniska formen framf\u00f6r det de ursprungligen hade skrivit.<\/p>\n

pascal<\/h1>\n

\nSyntaxdiagnostik i kompilatorn, skapad av Sue Grahams grupp i Berkeley, var den mest hj\u00e4lpsamma av alla jag n\u00e5gonsin har sett \u2013 och den utf\u00f6rdes automatiskt. Vid en syntaktisk felaktighet f\u00f6resl\u00e5r kompilatorn att infoga en lexem f\u00f6r att forts\u00e4tta den syntaktiska analysen. Inga f\u00f6rs\u00f6k att f\u00f6rklara vad som var fel. Med denna kompilator l\u00e4rde jag mig Pascal p\u00e5 en kv\u00e4ll, utan att ha n\u00e5gon handbok tillg\u00e4nglig.<\/p>\n

parts<\/h1>\n

\n\u0421\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430 WWB (Writer’s Workbench) \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c parts<\/code> Lorinda Cherry definierar ordklasser f\u00f6r ord i engelska texter baserat p\u00e5 endast en liten ordbok, stavnings- och grammatikregler. Utifr\u00e5n denna annotation presenterar programmet WWB stilometriska m\u00e5tt f\u00f6r texten, som \u00f6vervikten av adjektiv, bisatser och komplexa satser. N\u00e4r Lorinda gav en intervju i TV-programmet Today p\u00e5 NBC och talade om den innovativa grammatikkontrollen i WWB-texter, var det f\u00f6rsta g\u00e5ngen Unix n\u00e4mndes i TV.<\/p>\n

egrep<\/h1>\n

\nAlfred Aho r\u00e4knade med att hans deterministiska regex-analysator skulle \u00f6vertr\u00e4ffa Kents klassiska icke-deterministiska analysator. Tyv\u00e4rr hade den senare redan slutf\u00f6rt sin genomg\u00e5ng av komplexa regulj\u00e4ra uttryck, medan egrep<\/code> han byggde sin deterministiska automat. F\u00f6r att verkligen vinna det loppet undvek Alfred Aho f\u00f6rbannelsen av exponentiell tillv\u00e4xt i automattillst\u00e5ndstabeller genom att hitta ett s\u00e4tt att skapa endast de tabellposterna som faktiskt bes\u00f6ks under igenk\u00e4nning.<\/p>\n

krabbor<\/h1>\n

\nLuca Cardellis charmiga metaprogram f\u00f6r Blit-f\u00f6nstersystemet producerade virtuella krabbor som vandrade \u00f6ver det tomma sk\u00e4rmutrymmet, och alltmer bet av kanterna p\u00e5 aktiva f\u00f6nster.<\/p>\n

N\u00e5gra allm\u00e4nna tankar<\/h1>\n

\n\u00c4ven om det inte \u00e4r synligt ut\u00e5t har teori och algoritmer spelat en avg\u00f6rande roll i skapandet av de flesta av dessa program: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. Det mest f\u00f6rv\u00e5nande \u00e4r faktiskt det ovanliga anv\u00e4ndandet av teori.<\/p>\n

De ursprungliga f\u00f6rfattarna till n\u00e4stan h\u00e4lften av listan \u2014 pascal, struct, parts, eqn \u2014 var kvinnor, vilket l\u00e5ngt \u00f6verstiger den demografiska andelen kvinnor inom datavetenskap.<\/p>\n

Douglas McIlroy
\nMars, 2020<\/i>
\n
K\u00e4lla: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00a0\u2014 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 Unix, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d Unix \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 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