Siku chache zilizopita, niliamua kubadilisha mhandisi firmware ya kipanga njia changu kwa kutumia binwalk.
Nilinunua mwenyewe . Sio kipanga njia bora, lakini cha kutosha kwa mahitaji yangu.
Kila wakati ninaponunua kipanga njia kipya, ninasakinisha . Kwa ajili ya nini? Kama sheria, wazalishaji hawajali sana juu ya kuunga mkono ruta zao na baada ya muda programu inakuwa ya zamani, udhaifu huonekana, na kadhalika, kwa ujumla, unapata wazo. Kwa hivyo, napendelea firmware ya OpenWRT, ambayo inaungwa mkono vyema na jamii ya chanzo-wazi.
Baada ya kupakua OpenWRT, mimi pia chini ya Archer C7 yangu mpya kutoka kwa tovuti rasmi na kuamua kuichambua. Kwa ajili ya kujifurahisha na kuzungumza juu ya binwalk.
Binwalk ni nini?
ni zana huria ya uchanganuzi, uhandisi wa kubadilisha nyuma na uchimbaji wa picha ya programu dhibiti.
Iliyoundwa mwaka wa 2010 na Craig Heffner, binwalk inaweza kuchanganua picha za programu dhibiti na kupata faili, kutambua na kutoa picha za mfumo wa faili, msimbo unaoweza kutekelezeka, kumbukumbu zilizobanwa, vipakiaji na kokwa, fomati za faili kama vile JPEG na PDF, na mengi zaidi.
Unaweza kutumia binwalk kubadili uhandisi firmware ili kuelewa jinsi inavyofanya kazi. Tafuta faili za binary kwa udhaifu, toa faili, na utafute milango ya nyuma au vyeti vya dijitali. Unaweza pia kupata opcodes kwa rundo la CPU tofauti.
Unaweza kutoa picha za mfumo wa faili ili kutafuta faili maalum za nenosiri (passwd, kivuli, nk.) na ujaribu kuvunja heshi za nenosiri. Unaweza kufanya uchanganuzi wa binary kati ya faili mbili au zaidi. Unaweza kufanya uchanganuzi wa entropy kwenye data ili kutafuta data iliyobanwa au funguo za usimbaji fiche. Yote haya bila hitaji la kufikia msimbo wa chanzo.
Kwa ujumla, kila kitu unachohitaji kipo :)
Je, binwalk inafanya kazi vipi?
Kipengele kikuu cha binwalk ni skanning yake ya saini. Binwalk inaweza kuchanganua picha ya programu dhibiti ili kutafuta aina mbalimbali za faili zilizojengewa ndani na mifumo ya faili.
Je! unajua matumizi ya mstari wa amri file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedTimu filehuangalia kichwa cha faili na hutafuta saini (nambari ya uchawi) kuamua aina ya faili. Kwa mfano, ikiwa faili huanza na mlolongo wa ka 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, inajua ni faili ya PNG. Washa Kuna orodha ya saini za faili za kawaida.
Binwalk inafanya kazi kwa njia sawa. Lakini badala ya kutafuta saini tu mwanzoni mwa faili, binwalk itachanganua faili nzima. Zaidi ya hayo, binwalk inaweza kutoa faili zilizopatikana kwenye picha.
Vyombo vya file ΠΈ binwalk tumia maktaba libmagic kutambua saini za faili. Lakini binwalk kwa kuongeza inasaidia orodha ya sahihi za kichawi za kutafuta faili zilizobanwa/zilizofungwa, vichwa vya programu dhibiti, kernels za Linux, vipakiaji vidhibiti, mifumo ya faili na kadhalika.
Tufurahie?
Ufungaji wa Binwalk
Binwalk inatumika kwenye majukwaa mengi ikiwa ni pamoja na Linux, OSX, FreeBSD na Windows.
Ili kusakinisha toleo jipya zaidi la binwalk unaweza na kufuata au , inapatikana kwenye tovuti ya mradi.
Binwalk ina vigezo vingi tofauti:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portKuchanganua picha
Wacha tuanze kwa kutafuta saini za faili ndani ya picha (picha kutoka kwa wavuti ).
Kuendesha binwalk na --signature parameta:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Sasa tunayo habari nyingi kuhusu picha hii.
Matumizi ya picha kama bootloader (kichwa cha picha kwenye 0x5AC0 na picha ya bootloader iliyobanwa katika 0x5B00) Kulingana na kichwa cha uImage katika 0x13270, tunajua kwamba usanifu wa kichakataji ni MIPS na kernel ya Linux ni toleo la 3.3.8. Na kulingana na picha iliyopatikana kwenye anwani 0x11CEA5, tunaweza kuona hivyo rootfs ni mfumo wa faili squashfs.
Hebu sasa tuondoe bootloader (U-Boot) kwa kutumia amri dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sKwa kuwa picha imeshinikizwa kwa kutumia LZMA, tunahitaji kuipunguza:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaSasa tunayo picha ya U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binVipi kuhusu kutafuta thamani chaguo-msingi ya bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MU-Boot Mazingira Tofauti bootargs hutumika kupitisha vigezo kwa kinu cha Linux. Na kutoka hapo juu, tuna ufahamu bora wa kumbukumbu ya flash ya kifaa.
Vipi kuhusu kutoa picha ya kernel ya Linux?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sTunaweza kuangalia kwamba picha ilitolewa kwa ufanisi kwa kutumia amri file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Umbizo la faili la uImage kimsingi ni picha ya kinu ya Linux yenye kichwa cha ziada. Wacha tuondoe kichwa hiki ili kupata picha ya mwisho ya Linux kernel:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sPicha imebanwa, kwa hivyo wacha tuifungue:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaSasa tunayo picha ya kernel ya Linux:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageTunaweza kufanya nini na picha ya kernel? Tunaweza, kwa mfano, kutafuta kamba kwenye picha na kupata toleo la Linux kernel na kujifunza juu ya mazingira yaliyotumiwa kuunda kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Ingawa firmware ilitolewa mwaka jana (2019), ninapoandika nakala hii inatumia toleo la zamani la Linux kernel (3.3.8) iliyotolewa mnamo 2012, iliyojumuishwa na toleo la zamani sana la GCC (4.6) pia tangu 2012. !
(takriban transl. bado unaamini vipanga njia vyako ofisini na nyumbani?)
Na chaguo --opcodes tunaweza pia kutumia binwalk kutafuta maagizo ya mashine na kuamua usanifu wa kichakataji wa picha:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueVipi kuhusu mfumo wa faili wa mizizi? Badala ya kutoa picha kwa mikono, wacha tutumie chaguo binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binMfumo kamili wa faili wa mizizi utatolewa kwa saraka ndogo:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Sasa tunaweza kufanya mambo mengi tofauti.
Tunaweza kutafuta faili za usanidi, heshi za nenosiri, vitufe vya kriptografia na vyeti vya dijitali. Tunaweza kuchambua faili za binary kwa na udhaifu.
Pamoja na ΠΈ tunaweza hata kuendesha (kuiga) inayoweza kutekelezwa kutoka kwa picha:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatKubwa! Lakini tafadhali kumbuka kuwa toleo la BusyBox ni 1.19.4. Hili ni toleo la zamani sana la BusyBox, iliyotolewa Aprili 2012.
Kwa hivyo TP-Link inatoa picha ya programu dhibiti mwaka wa 2019 kwa kutumia programu (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, nk.) kutoka 2012!
Sasa unaelewa kwa nini mimi husakinisha OpenWRT kila mara kwenye vipanga njia vyangu?
Hiyo sio yote
Binwalk pia inaweza kufanya uchanganuzi wa entropy, kuchapisha data ghafi ya entropy, na kutoa grafu za entropy. Kwa kawaida, entropy kubwa huzingatiwa wakati baiti kwenye picha ni za nasibu. Hii inaweza kumaanisha kuwa picha ina faili iliyosimbwa, iliyobanwa, au iliyofichwa. Ufunguo wa usimbaji fiche mgumu? Kwa nini isiwe hivyo.
Tunaweza pia kutumia parameter --raw kupata mlolongo maalum wa baiti ghafi katika picha au kigezo --hexdump kutekeleza utupaji wa hex kulinganisha faili mbili au zaidi za ingizo.
inaweza kuongezwa kwa binwalk ama kupitia faili maalum ya sahihi iliyoainishwa kwenye mstari wa amri kwa kutumia kigezo --magic, au kwa kuziongeza kwenye saraka $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Unaweza kupata taarifa zaidi kuhusu binwalk katika .
ugani wa binwalk
Kuna binwalk, inayotekelezwa kama moduli ya Python ambayo inaweza kutumika na hati yoyote ya Python kufanya uchunguzi wa binwalk, na matumizi ya mstari wa amri ya binwalk inaweza karibu kurudiwa kabisa na mistari miwili tu ya msimbo wa Python!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Kutumia API ya Python unaweza pia kuunda kusanidi na kupanua binwalk.
Pia kuna na toleo la wingu .
Kwa hivyo kwa nini usipakue picha ya firmware kutoka kwa Mtandao na ujaribu binwalk? Nakuahidi utakuwa na furaha nyingi :)
Chanzo: mapenzi.com