Umzekelo wokubala amandla okushisa kwinethiwekhi yesitrato eNizhny Novgorod
Ummandla wesixeko yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, eyahlukahlukeneyo ehlala iguquguquka. Ungawuchaza ummandla kwaye uvavanye imo engqongileyo yedolophu usebenzisa izinto zesithuba (izinto). Izinto ezichaza ummandla zihluke kwimo yempembelelo yazo (elungileyo, engalunganga) kunye nokucwangciswa kwejometri (amanqaku, imigca, iipolygons).
Kudla ngokuba nzima ukumisela iqondo lempembelelo yento nganye kumgangatho wophuhliso lommandla uwonke okanye nawuphi na umba othile wayo. Namhlanje, ingxaki yokuchaza kunye nokuchaza iingcamango ezinjengokuthi "inkcubeko", "inkalo yentlalontle", "uxinzelelo lwentlalo", "ubomi obuhle", "uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho", "impilo yabemi" iya ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukungacaci kwezi ngcamango kuyanda ukuba sifuna ukuzisebenzisa kumaqela ahlukeneyo oluntu, abantu abakubudala obahlukeneyo kunye nesini.
Kwakhona, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imida yesixeko kwingqikelelo yanamhlanje ayinamkhethe. Ukufuduka kwabemi bemihla ngemihla, ukufikeleleka kwezothutho kwiindawo ezikude "kuzifiphalisa umda" wesixeko ngakumbi. Ingqikelelo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngoku yeagglomeration ngokubanzi ibonisa imida yesixeko, kodwa kwangaxeshanye yenza eyona ngcamango yomda wesixeko ingacacanga ngakumbi.
Ngaphandle kweengxaki ezichazwe ngasentla, uhlalutyo kunye novavanyo lwemimandla namhlanje luphakathi kwezona ndawo zithembisayo kunye neendawo ezinomdla ezivumela ukuxazulula iingxaki ezininzi ezixinzelelekileyo zokusingqongileyo edolophini.
Inqaku licebisa ukuba kuqwalaselwe indlela yokuhlalutya intsimi kusetyenziswa imodeli "eshushu". Le ndlela isekelwe kufundo lwezinto ezinokubakho ezidalwe zizinto (izinto) zezinto ezahlukeneyo (inqaku, umgca kunye nommandla). Uhlalutyo lwentsimi kusetyenziswa le ndlela lwenza kube lula ukusuka kwiseti yedatha yendawo (izinto) ezichaza ummandla ukuya kuvavanyo lwamanani oluchanekileyo (amanqaku) kwindawo nganye yommandla.
Izinto ezinokubakho ezifundwe njengenxalenye yohlalutyo lwendawo zinetoliko lomzimba - ukwanda kobushushu kwiindawo ezinobungakanani obahlukeneyo (2D, 3D). Lo mcimbi unokumelwa ngendlela yemifanekiso "yokushisa" (imephu "yobushushu" yendawo), inika umbono wenqanaba lophuhliso lommandla ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu bombala bomfanekiso.
Imiba yentsimi
Uhlalutyo lwendawo lubandakanya ukukhangela kunye nokucubungula ulwazi malunga nezinto ezinefuthe kwintsimi kunye nezalathi zazo. Izinto ezinempembelelo zizinto ezichaphazela ummandla ongqongileyo kwaye zineseti yeempawu kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwendawo. Imizekelo yezinto ezinempembelelo ibandakanya iivenkile, amaziko emizi-mveliso, iindlela, amahlathi, kunye nemithombo yamanzi.
Iimpawu zempembelelo zizinto ebonakalisayo Impembelelo yezinto kunye nokuba neseti yeempawu kunye nolungelelwaniso lwesithuba. Imizekelo yezalathi zempembelelo: Ii-ATM, iibhilibhodi, amatye ezikhumbuzo.
Kulo mboniso ulandelayo siza kusebenzisa ingcamango yezinto ezichaphazelayo, ezidibanisa zombini amagama - izinto kunye nezalathi zempembelelo.
Ngezantsi ngumzekelo wedatha yendawo esebenza njengezinto ezinempembelelo.
Elinye lamanqanaba abalulekileyo okwenziwa komsebenzi ekuhlalutyweni kwemimandla linqanaba lokuqokelela nokusetyenzwa kolwazi lokuqala. Namhlanje kukho ulwazi oluninzi malunga nezinto ezichaphazela ummandla wamanqanaba ahlukeneyo eenkcukacha.
Ulwazi lunokufunyanwa kwimithombo evulekileyo okanye kwimithombo ethintelweyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ulwazi oluvulekileyo lwanele ukuhlalutya, nangona, njengomthetho, lufuna ukusetyenzwa okunzulu kakhulu.
Phakathi kwemithombo evulekileyo, inkokeli, ngokombono wethu, ngumthombo we-OpenStreetMap (OSM). Ulwazi olufunyenwe kulo mthombo luhlaziywa yonke imihla kwihlabathi jikelele.
I-OpenStreetMap (OSM) ingcaciso yemithombo inikwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- ifomathi ye-OSM. Ifomathi ephambili kunye nokwandiswa ".osm" isetyenziselwa ukuchaza imifanekiso ye-XML yemifanekiso - ii-nodes, iindlela, ubudlelwane.
- "ifomati yasePoland". Ifomathi yokubhaliweyo enolwandiso ".mp" isetyenziselwa ukusebenza ngemizobo.
- ifomathi yePBF. Ifomathi yokugcina idatha kunye nolwandiso ".osm.pbf".
Unokusebenzisa oku kulandelayo njengemithombo yolwazi:
- 2 IGIS
Umthombo uqulethe ulwazi oluphezulu, olusetyenzwa rhoqo ngenyanga, kunye nokuhlelwa okugqwesileyo kwenqanaba le-3 kumashishini kunye nemibutho.
- Iifayile ze-KML (Keyhole Markup Language).
Iifayile ze-KML (Keyhole Markup Language) yifomathi yefayile esetyenziselwa ukubonisa idatha yendawo kwiGoogle Earth, iGoogle Maps, kunye neGoogle Maps yezixhobo eziphathwayo.
Ngeefayile ze-KML unako:
-Fakela ii-icon ezahlukeneyo kwaye wenze utyikityo ukubonisa iindawo kumphezulu woMhlaba
— yenza iiengile ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezikhethiweyo ngokutshintsha indawo yekhamera
- sebenzisa imifanekiso eyalekiweyo eyahlukileyo
- chaza izimbo ukwenza umboniso wento ngokusesikweni, sebenzisa ikhowudi yeHTML ukwenza ihyperlink kunye nemifanekiso engaphakathi
— sebenzisa iifolda ukwenza amaqela ngokwemigangatho yezinto
-Yamkela kwaye uhlaziye iifayile ze-KML kwiindawo ezikude okanye zenethiwekhi yendawo
-Fumana idatha ye-KML ngokotshintsho kwimbukeli ye-3D
- INkonzo ye-Federal for Registration State, Cadastre kunye neCartography "Rosreestr"
Ulwazi olukwi-portal ye-Rosreestr lubalulekile kumxholo wayo kunye nokufaneleka, kodwa, ngelishwa, akwenzeki ukuba kufumaneke imizobo yeeprojekthi zokwakha ezinkulu kunye neendawo zomhlaba ngaphandle kwentlawulo. I-portal ye-Rosreestr iqulethe inani elikhulu lolwazi oluthintelweyo lokufikelela.
- Amaqumrhu eenkcukacha-manani
Idatha yeenkcukacha-manani ngumthombo osemthethweni wolwazi malunga nommandla, nangona kunjalo, ukususela namhlanje, idatha evela kwimibutho yeenkcukacha-manani ifumaneka kuphela kwinani elithile lezibonakaliso, ngokukodwa kwiingxelo zamaqumrhu eenkcukacha-manani kunye neengxelo zabasemagunyeni bommandla.
- Iinkqubo zolwazi zabasemagunyeni
Ulwazi oluphezulu luqulethwe kwiinkqubo zolwazi lukarhulumente, kodwa inxalenye encinci yayo ipapashwa kwindawo yoluntu kwaye iyafumaneka ukuze ihlalutywe.
Ukwenza uhlalutyo lwemimandla akunyanzeli naziphi na iimfuno ezithile ekubunjweni kolwazi; Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe kwi-OSM yomthombo wodwa lwanele ukwenza uhlalutyo lwendawo engaqhelekanga.
Uhlalutyo lwentsimi kusetyenziswa imodeli "ye-thermal". Ukutolikwa ngokwasemzimbeni ngezinto ezinokwenzeka
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, uhlalutyo lwendawo namhlanje sisihloko esishushu kwaye sisixhobo esinamandla sokutsala utyalo-mali kuphuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zasedolophini.
Iindidi zeengxaki ezisonjululwe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwemimandla zinokudityaniswa zibe ziindawo ezininzi ezinkulu:
- Ukufumana olona vavanyo lunokutolika noluneenkcukacha lommandla kwindawo nganye.
Ngokusombulula le ngxaki, unokufumana iiseti zamanqaku kwindawo nganye yommandla, unike umbono wenqanaba lophuhliso lommandla ngokubanzi, kunye nakwindawo ethile yesifundo. Isifundo esinjalo singaba, umzekelo, inkcubeko, ishishini, urhwebo, njl.
- Ukumisela iindawo ezinenzuzo kakhulu ekubekeni izinto zotyalo-mali zohlobo oluthile (umzekelo, iibhanki, iivenkile ezikhethekileyo, amaziko okuthenga kunye nokuzonwabisa, njl.) Kwintsimi ekhethiweyo.
— Uhlalutyo lweyona ndlela iphumelelayo yokusetyenziswa kwentsimi.
Olu lwathiso luvumela uphononongo oluneenkcukacha lweempawu zommandla, imeko yemarike eye yaphuhliswa kwintsimi ephantsi kofundo, kunye nokuchongwa kweendlela ezithandwayo.
- Ukumiselwa kwegalelo lelinye icandelo kwimodeli yeendleko, usebenzisa umzekelo wokuvela kweendlela ezintsha kunye neendlela ezintsha.
- Uhlalutyo lwemiba eyahlukeneyo yentsimi enye kunye nohlalutyo lwemimandla eyahlukeneyo (ukuthelekiswa kwemimandla).
Imvelaphi yendlela yohlalutyo lwendawo ecetywayo kwinqaku usebenzisa imodeli "ye-thermal" ilele ekusebenziseni izikhombisi zophuhliso lwendawo - amandla, anikezelwe ngokwamanani kwaye abonakalisa inqanaba leempembelelo zento (impembelelo echaphazelayo) kwintsimi.
Ukuqonda undoqo wesifundo, kuyimfuneko ukuthetha amagama ambalwa malunga namandla okushisa ngokwawo kwaye unike ukuchazwa kwayo ngokomzimba.
Kwifiziksi kukho iikhonsepthi ezinje indawo yokunyanzela и umsebenzi amandla. Intsimi yamandla inomlinganiselo wamandla, umsebenzi wamandla unomlinganiselo wamandla.
Kumthetho womxhuzulane wendalo yonke, indawo yamandla ichazwa ngefomula:
F=k/r2, phi
k – rhoqo;
r – umgama phakathi kwezinto ezisebenzisanayo.
Umsebenzi wamandla ϕ umiselwa libinzana:
dϕ=-F*dr, phi
ϕ—ukunyanzeliswa kwendawo;
dϕ, dr – umahluko;
r ngumgama phakathi kwezinto ezisebenzisanayo,
ngoko ke ϕ=k/r.
Intsingiselo ebonakalayo ye-force field potential ϕ ngumsebenzi u-E owenziwe yintsimi yamandla ngelixa udlula indlela ethile. Kwimeko yomthetho womxhuzulane wendalo iphela, xa umgama oya kwinto uguquka ukusuka ku-r2 ukuya ku-r1, umsebenzi wamandla umiselwa yifomula.
E=k*(1/r1-1/r2), apho
E ngumsebenzi owenziwe yintsimi yamandla ngelixa udlula indlela ethile;
r1, r2 – indawo yokuqala neyokugqibela yento.
Ngomsebenzi wokuhlalutya ummandla, impembelelo yezinto (izinto) kwintsimi inokuqwalaselwa njengamandla (umsebenzi wamandla), kunye nenqanaba lophuhliso lommandla njengamandla apheleleyo obushushu (indawo yokunyanzela) kuzo zonke izinto (izinto). Kwiingxaki zefiziksi, amandla obushushu bubushushu, kwaye kwiingxaki zokuhlalutya indawo usebenzisa imodeli "ye-thermal", amandla abonisa ifuthe elipheleleyo lazo zonke izinto ezichaphazelayo kwinqanaba elithile kwintsimi.
Idatha yendawo inamanqaku, imigca, kunye neepolygons. Ukubala okunokwenzeka, idatha eyandisiweyo yendawo yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamaqhekeza amancinci. Kwiqhekeza ngalinye, amandla avela kwinqanaba libalwa kunye ne-multiplier elingana nobukhulu beqhekeza lezinto (into).
Idatha ihlukaniswe ngamaqela e-semantic ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokufana okusondeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, izinto zokurhweba zidibene nempahla. Kukho amaqela ezinto zehlathi, iindawo zamanzi, iindawo zokuhlala, iindawo zokumisa izithuthi, njl. Amaqela amanyaniswe yintsingiselo amela umba othile. Emva kokuhamba kuzo zonke izinto (izinto), sifumana iseti yezinto ezinokuthi zifudumale zilungele ukuqhubekeka phambili.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinokubakho ("iimephu zokushisa") zikuvumela ukuba usuke kwidatha yendawo ukuya kwimifanekiso "ye-thermal" yezinto (izinto) zempembelelo kwintsimi (ukubona izinto ezinokubakho). Utshintsho olunjalo lwenza kube lula ukugqiba iqondo lobukho benqaku kwindawo nganye yentsimi kwaye wenze uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo, oko kukuthi. bonisa izalathiso ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwesixeko ngombala. Ngaloo ndlela, sifumana ukukhanya kobunzima obahlukeneyo kwindawo nganye yommandla.
Imizekelo yemifanekiso "ye-thermal" yommandla waseNizhny Novgorod kumxholo wezinto ezininzi zichazwe ngezantsi.
"I-Thermal" imephu yaseNizhny Novgorod, ebonisa into ethi "Pharmacy chain".
"Ubushushu" imephu yaseNizhny Novgorod, ebonisa into ethi "Polyclinics kubantu abadala"
Imephu "yokushisa" yaseNizhny Novgorod, ebonisa into "yeekliniki zabantwana"
Imephu ye-"Thermal" yaseNizhny Novgorod, ebonisa into "imimandla yamashishini"
Imifanekiso "eshushu" yommandla yenza kube lula ukumisela ukuxinana kwezinto ezinokubakho ezivela kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinempembelelo. Okulandelayo, kuyimfuneko ukudibanisa amandla afunyenweyo kwimpawu edibeneyo evumela ukuhlolwa kwendawo esekelwe kwinani elikhulu lezinto. Oku kufuna indlela ekuvumela ukuba uhlalutye inani elikhulu lolwazi, uqaphele izinto, kwaye unciphise ubungakanani bedatha, ulahlekelwe buncinci bolwazi. Enye yezi ndlela luhlalutyo lwecandelo eliphambili (PCA). Iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngale ndlela zinokufumaneka kwi .
Undoqo wendlela kukufumana indibaniselwano yomgca yeeparamitha zokuqala ezitshintsha kakhulu kwindawo yohlalutyo. Kwidatha yendawo - eyona nto itshintsha kakhulu kwindawo.
Indlela yecandelo eliyintloko ichonga izinto (izinto) ezitshintsha kakhulu kwindawo. Njengomphumo wendlela, iinguqu ezintsha zivela - amacandelo aphambili, anolwazi ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nedatha yokuqala, ngoncedo apho kulula ukuhlalutya, ukuchaza kunye nombono wentsimi, apho kulula ukwakha imodeli. .
Amacandelo aphambili abonisa ukuhlalutya - isixa sezinto ezinokubakho zezinto zokuqala kunye nee-coefficients ezithile. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nayiphi na into enempembelelo enkulu kwintsimi, kodwa ayitshintshi kwintsimi ecazululweyo, indlela yecandelo eliyintloko ayiyi kubandakanya le nto ekuqulunqweni kwamacandelo enqununu.
Amacandelo aphambili alawulwa ngokuhla kolwazi - okt. isasazeka kuwo wonke loo mmandla. Amacandelo okuqala aphambili aphatha kakhulu ulwazi olungaphezulu kuneemeko zomntu ngamnye kwaye achaza ummandla kakuhle. Njengomthetho, xa usebenzisa izinto ezimalunga nekhulu, icandelo lokuqala eliyintloko lithatha malunga ne-50% yazo zonke iinkcukacha (ukuhluka) kwintsimi. Amacandelo aphambili awahambelani kwaye angasetyenziselwa iimodeli njengeempawu zentsimi kwindawo nganye.
Icandelo eliphambili, njengesalathisi esithile esibalwe ngokucacileyo kwintsimi, ayinalo igama elicacileyo kunye nokuhlelwa. Nangona kunjalo, isethi yezinto ezihambelana kakhulu necandelo eliphambili lisivumela ukuba sitolike amacandelo aphambili. Njengomthetho, ezi zinto zilandelayo zihambelana nezinto eziphambili:
- inqanaba lophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo;
- icandelo lezothutho kummandla;
- iindawo zemozulu;
- inqanaba lophuhliso lwezolimo;
- amandla oqoqosho kummandla.
Uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo, olubandakanya ukuhlanganisana, luqhubela phambili kwiinqununu ezimbalwa zokuqala ezibalulekileyo.
Kwimizobo ungabona ukubonakaliswa komzobo wecandelo lokuqala eliphambili kwintsimi yezixeko ezininzi zeRussian Federation.
Icandelo lokuqala eliphambili elibonakalisa inqanaba lophuhliso lweziseko zedolophu eNizhny Novgorod
Icandelo lokuqala eliphambili elibonisa inqanaba lophuhliso lweziseko zedolophu eYekaterinburg
Icandelo lokuqala eliphambili elibonisa inqanaba lophuhliso lweziseko zedolophu eKazan
Icandelo lokuqala eliphambili elibonakalisa inqanaba lophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo zasezidolophini ePerm
Icandelo lokuqala eliphambili elibonakalisa inqanaba lophuhliso lweziseko ezingundoqo zasezidolophini eSamara
Icandelo lokuqala eliphambili elibonakalisa inqanaba lophuhliso lweziseko zedolophu eKhabarovsk
Iimpawu ezidibeneyo: ukudibanisa
Inqanaba elongezelelweyo lomsebenzi kuhlalutyo lwemimandla kukhangelo lweendawo zokusingqongileyo ezidolophini ezinomgangatho ofanayo. Olu phendlo lusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwamaxabiso amacandelo aphambili kwindawo nganye kwintsimi. Ingxaki yokukhangela le mimandla i-homogeneous ingasombululwa ngokusebenzisa i-clustering - inkqubo yokwahlulahlula imimandla ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokusondela kweseti yeempawu.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwemimandla kuneenjongo ezimbini:
- ukudala umbono obonwa ngcono wommandla;
- Ukwabiwa kweendawo zokuqulunqa iimodeli zomntu ngamnye.
Imimandla ihlanganiswe ngokuhambelana nezinto ezikhethiweyo zohlalutyo. Ezi zinto zinokuba yimiba echaphazela amaxabiso okanye izinto ezichaza umba othile wophuhliso lommandla, umzekelo, intlalontle.
Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zokuhlanganisana eziqhelekileyo: indlela ye-K kunye nendlela ye-dendrogram. Xa usebenza nemimandla, indlela ye-K ibonakalise kakuhle, into ethi "ukukhula" kweqela ngokudibanisa izinto ezintsha kwiindawo zokukhula. Inzuzo yendlela ye-K ixhomekeke ekufaniseni komsebenzi wayo kwinkqubo yendalo yokwakhiwa kwendawo: ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezifanayo, kunokuba zihluke kwizinto ezingafaniyo.
Indlela ye-K yayisetyenziselwa ukubala iNizhny Novgorod (umzobo ongezantsi).
Ukuthotyelwa kwamaqela kunye nenqanaba lophuhliso lommandla usebenzisa umzekelo weNizhny Novgorod
Ngendlela ecetywayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane isishwankathelo sentsimi kwimixholo eyahlukahlukeneyo. Izihloko ezinomdla kuthi, umzekelo, inqanaba lophuhliso lweziseko zasezidolophini, inqanaba "eliteness" kwintsimi, inqanaba lophuhliso lwenkcubeko, icandelo lentlalontle yophuhliso lwendawo. Le mxholo ayichazwanga kakuhle, kwaye iqulathe izinto ezininzi ezinxulumeneyo.
Sisebenzisa i-algorithm ethile yokukhetha iiparamitha zohlalutyo (kubandakanywa nokubandakanyeka kweengcali), siya kufumana iimephu ezinemixholo enika umbono wenkalo enye yophuhliso lommandla.
Iimpawu ezidityanisiweyo ziqondwa njengezona nxalenye ziphambili eziphambili, ngokuyintloko eyona nxalenye yokuqala eyintloko efundisayo, kunye nokuhlanganisa ummandla ngokweeparamitha ezikhethiweyo.
Iimephu ezinezihloko zamacandelo aphambili kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso zibonakaliswe kula manani angezantsi.
Imephu enomxholo "Izinto zeNkcubeko" usebenzisa umzekelo weNizhny Novgorod
Imephu enomxholo othi "I-Social Sphere" usebenzisa umzekelo weNizhny Novgorod
Iimpawu ezidibeneyo zenza kube lula ukuqonda iimpawu zommandla usebenzisa izinto ezininzi ezinokulahleka okuncinci kolwazi.
Ukuqukumbela, kubalulekile ukuqaphela kwakhona ukuba namhlanje uhlalutyo lwemimandla linqanaba elibaluleke kakhulu ekusombululeni iingxaki zokuphuhlisa idolophu, ukukhetha iindawo zokutshala imali kulwakhiwo, ukufumana eyona ndawo inenzuzo kakhulu kwizibonelelo ezitsha kunye neminye imisebenzi.
Indlela yokuhlalutya intsimi ecetywayo kwinqaku usebenzisa imodeli "ye-thermal" evela kwizinto ezihlukeneyo zendalo ayibalulekanga kwisethi yezinto, oko kukuthi ayifaki imiqobo okanye iimfuno kwiinkcukacha zokuqala.
Ukwahluka kunye nokungafuneki kolwazi lomthombo, kunye nethuba lokusebenzisa idatha evulekileyo, ibonelela amathemba angenamkhawulo wokuhlalutya nawuphi na ummandla uxolo.
Kolu papasho lulandelayo olunikelwe kwiingxaki zohlalutyo lwendawo, siceba ukuveza iimpawu zokuqulunqa iimodeli kusetyenziswa amacandelo aphambili kunye neendlela zokuphunyezwa kwazo kwimisebenzi efana nale:
- ukukhetha eyona ndawo ilungileyo xa ubeka into entsha;
— ukwakhiwa kwendawo yexabiso yodidi oluthile lwezinto kusetyenziswa ixabiso lemarike;
- Uvavanyo lwenzuzo yohlobo oluthile lomsebenzi ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yezinto.
Kukwakho nezicwangciso zokubonisa iindlela zokutshintsha umva ukusuka kumacandelo aphambili ukuya kwizinto, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kube lula ukufumana imodeli kwizinto zommandla othile.
umthombo: www.habr.com