Baye bade baxoxa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba abaqhubi be-UPS bajongane nomrhanelwa. Ngoku makhe sijonge ukuba oko kucatshulwe kwesi silayidi kusemthethweni na?
Nantsi into ethethwa yi-FTC xa ibuzwa, "Ngaba ndimele ndibuyisele okanye ndihlawule into endingazange ndiyi-odole?" - "Hayi. Ukuba ufumana into ongakhange uyiodole, unelungelo elisemthethweni lokuyamkela njengesipho sasimahla. Ngaba oku kuvakala kusengqiqweni? Ndiyazihlamba izandla zam kulento kuba andikho krelekrele ngokwaneleyo ukuba ndingaxoxa ngemiba enjalo.
Kodwa into enomdla kukuba sibona umkhwa apho ubuchwephesha obuncinci esibusebenzisayo, kokukhona sisenza imali eninzi.
UBuqhetseba kwi-Intanethi
UJeremy Grossman: kunzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda, kodwa ungenza amanani amathandathu emali ngale ndlela. Ke, onke amabali owavileyo anamakhonkco okwenene kwaye unokufunda ngawo onke ngokweenkcukacha. Enye yezona ntlobo zinomdla zobuqhetseba kwi-Intanethi burhwaphilizo oludibeneyo. Iivenkile ezikwi-Intanethi kunye nabathengisi basebenzisa uthungelwano oludibeneyo ukutsala i-traffic kunye nabasebenzisi kwiindawo zabo ngokutshintshiselana nenxalenye yenzuzo efunyenwe koku.
Ndiza kuthetha ngento abantu abaninzi abazi malunga nayo iminyaka, kodwa andizange ndikwazi ukufumana enye ireferensi yoluntu ebonisa ukuba ingakanani ilahleko ebangelwa lolu hlobo lokukhwabanisa. Ngokokwazi kwam, akukho matyala, akukho phando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ndithethile noosomashishini bemveliso, ndithethe nabafana benethiwekhi edibeneyo, ndithethe neCats eziMnyama - bonke bakholelwa ukuba abaqhankqalazi benze isixa esikhulu semali kumaqumrhu.
Nceda uthathe ilizwi lam kwaye uphonononge umsebenzi wasekhaya endiwenzileyo kule miba ithile. Abenzi bobuqhophololo bazisebenzisa ukwenza amanani ama-5-6, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amanani asixhenxe ngenyanga, besebenzisa ubuchule obukhethekileyo. Kukho abantu kweli gumbi abanokukhangela oku ukuba ababophelwanga sisivumelwano semfihlo. Ngoko ke ndiza kukubonisa indlela esebenza ngayo. Kukho abadlali abaninzi ababandakanyekayo kolu luhlu. Uya kubona ukuba yintoni isizukulwana esilandelayo esihambelanayo "nomdlalo" malunga.
Umdlalo ubandakanya umrhwebi onewebhusayithi okanye imveliso kwaye uhlawula iikhomishini ezihambelanayo zokucofa komsebenzisi, iiakhawunti ezenziwe, ukuthengwa okwenziwe, njalo njalo. Uhlawula i-affiliate yokuba umntu utyelela iwebhusayithi yakhe, ucofa ikhonkco, uya kwiwebhusayithi yomthengisi wakho kwaye athenge into apho.
Umdlali olandelayo yi-affiliate, ofumana imali ngendlela yeendleko ngokucofa (CPC) okanye ngendlela yeekomishoni (CPA) yokubuyisela abathengi kwiwebhusayithi yomthengisi.
Iikhomishini zithetha ukuba ngenxa yemisebenzi yeqabane, umxhasi wenze ukuthenga kwiwebhusayithi yomthengisi.
Umthengi ngumntu othengayo okanye orhuma kwizabelo zomthengisi.
Amanethiwekhi adibeneyo abonelela ngetekhnoloji edibanisa kwaye ilandelele imisebenzi yomthengisi, iqabane kunye nomthengi. "Badibanisa" bonke abadlali kunye kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kwabo.
Kunokukuthatha iintsuku ezimbalwa okanye iiveki ezimbalwa ukuze ufumanise ukuba isebenza njani yonke into, kodwa akukho teknoloji inzima ibandakanyekayo. Uthungelwano oludibeneyo kunye neenkqubo ezihambelanayo zigubungela zonke iintlobo zorhwebo kunye nazo zonke iimarike. UGoogle, i-EBay, iAmazon inazo, umdla wabo njengeearhente zekhomishini ziyadibana, zikuyo yonke indawo kwaye azisweli ngeniso. Ndiqinisekile ukuba uyazi ukuba kunye netrafikhi evela kwibhlog yakho inokuvelisa amakhulu eedola kwinzuzo nyanga zonke, ke esi sikimu siya kuba lula kuwe ukuba usiqonde.
Le yindlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo. Udibanisa indawo encinci, okanye ibhodi yebhulethini ye-elektroniki, akunandaba, usayine inkqubo yokubambisana kwaye ufumane ikhonkco elikhethekileyo elibeka kwiphepha lakho le-Intanethi. Ijongeka ngolu hlobo:
<a href=”http://AffiliateNetwork/p? program=50&affiliate_id=100/”>really cool product!</a>Oku kubonisa inkqubo ethile yokudibanisa, i-ID yakho yobulungu, kulo mzekelo yi-100, kunye negama lemveliso ethengiswayo. Kwaye ukuba umntu ucofa kweli khonkco, umkhangeli zincwadi umhambisa kwakhona kwinethiwekhi enxulumeneyo, ufakele iikuki ezikhethekileyo zokulandelela ezimdibanisa ne-ID=100 yobulungu.
Set-Cookie: AffiliateID=100Kwaye uqondise kwakhona kwiphepha lomthengisi. Ukuba umthengi kamva uthenge imveliso ethile ngaphakathi kwexesha le-X, elinokuba yimini, iyure, iiveki ezintathu, nayiphi na into ekuvunyelwene ngayo ngexesha, kwaye ngeli xesha i-cookies iyaqhubeka ikhona, i-affiliate ifumana ikhomishini yakhe.
Yile ndlela iinkampani ezidibeneyo zenza ngayo iibhiliyoni zeedola zisebenzisa amaqhinga e-SEO asebenzayo. Makhe ndikunike umzekelo. Isilayidi esilandelayo sibonisa irisithi, ndiza kuyandisa ngoku ukuze ndikubonise isixa. Le yitshekhi evela kuGoogle ye-132 yeedola. Igama lokugqibela lale ndoda nguSchumann, kwaye ungumnikazi wenethiwekhi yeewebhusayithi zentengiso. Oku akusiyo yonke imali, uGoogle uhlawula iimali ezinjalo kanye ngenyanga okanye kanye kwiinyanga ezi-2.
Enye itshekhi evela kuGoogle, ndiza kuyandisa kwaye uya kubona ukuba yeye-901 yeedola.
Ngaba kufuneka ndibuze umntu malunga nemigaqo yokwenza imali ngolu hlobo? Kuthe cwaka eholweni... Le tshekhi imele intlawulo yeenyanga ezi-2, kuba itshekhi yangaphambili yaliwe yibhanki yomamkeli ngenxa yesixa sentlawulo sikhulu kakhulu.
Ke, sibonile ukuba olu hlobo lwemali lunokwenziwa, kwaye le mali ihlawulwe. Ungaloyisa njani eli cebo? Singasebenzisa ubuchule obubizwa ngokuba yiCookie-Stuffing. Lo ngumbono olula kakhulu owavela ngo-2001-2002, kwaye esi silayidi sibonisa indlela ebukeka ngayo ngo-2002. Ndiza kukuxelela ibali lokubonakala kwayo.
Akukho nto imfutshane kwimiqathango yenkonzo yenethiwekhi edityanisiweyo ifuna ukuba umsebenzisi acofe ikhonkco ukuze isikhangeli sakhe sichole i-cookie ye-ID yobulungu.
Ungalayisha ngokuzenzekela le URL ecofa isiqhelo kumthombo womfanekiso okanye ithegi ye-iframe. Kule meko, endaweni yekhonkco:
<a href=”http://AffiliateNetwork/p? program=50&affiliate_id=100/”>really cool product!</a>Ukhuphela oku:
<img src=”http://AffiliateNetwork/p?program=50&affiliate_id=100/”>Okanye ukuba:
<iframe src=”http://AffiliateNetwork/p?program=50&affiliate_id=100/”
width=”0” height=”0”></iframe>Kwaye xa umsebenzisi efika kwiphepha lakho, uya kuthatha ngokuzenzekelayo i-cookie edibeneyo. Ngelo xesha, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uthenga into kwixesha elizayo, uya kufumana iikhomishini zakho, nokuba uqondise i-traffic okanye cha - akunandaba.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, oku kuye kwaba yinto yokuzonwabisa kubafana be-SEO abathumela izinto ezifanayo kwiibhodi zemiyalezo kwaye baphuhlise zonke iintlobo zeemeko apho bangabeka khona amakhonkco abo. Amaqabane ndlongondlongo baqonda ukuba bangabeka ikhowudi zabo naphi na kwi-Intanethi, hayi nje kwiindawo zabo.
Kwesi silayidi unokubona ukuba banezabo iinkqubo zeCookie-Stuffing ezinceda abasebenzisi ukuba benze ezabo "icookies ezigcweleyo." Kwaye ayisiyiyo icookie enye, ungalayisha ii-ID ezingama-20-30 ngaxeshanye, kwaye kamsinya nje xa umntu ethenga into, uyahlawulwa ngayo.
Aba bafana bakhawuleza baqonda ukuba akuyomfuneko ukuba bafake le khowudi kumaphepha abo. Bayishiyile isicatshulwa esinqamlezayo kwaye baqala ukuthumela iziqwengana zabo ezincinci ngekhowudi ye-HTML kwiibhodi zemiyalezo, iincwadi zeendwendwe, kunye neenethiwekhi zentlalo.
Malunga nowama-2005, abarhwebi kunye nothungelwano olunxulumeneyo bafumanisa ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni, baqala ukulandelela abathumeli kunye namazinga okucofa, kwaye baqala ukukhaba abo basebenzisana nabo bakrokrelayo. Umzekelo, baqaphele ukuba umsebenzisi ucofe kwisiza seMySpace, kodwa eso siza sesothungelwano olwahluke ngokupheleleyo kunalowo ufumana inzuzo esemthethweni.
Aba bafana baba nobulumko obuncinci kwaye kwi-2007 kwavela uhlobo olutsha lwe-Cookie-Stuffing. Amaqabane aqala ukubeka ikhowudi yawo kumaphepha e-SSL. Ngokutsho kwe-Hypertext Transfer Protocol RFC 2616, abathengi akufuneki bafake i-Referer header field kwisicelo se-HTTP esingakhuselekanga ukuba iphepha elibhekiselele liye lafuduswa kwiprotocol ekhuselekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba awufuni ukuba olu lwazi luvuze kwindawo yakho.
Kule nto kucacile ukuba nayiphi na i-Referer ethunyelwe kwiqabane ayiyi kulandeleka, ngoko ke amaqabane aphambili aya kubona ikhonkco elingenanto kwaye akayi kukwazi ukukukhupha ngenxa yalo. Ngoku abakhohlisi banethuba lokwenza "icookies ezizaliswe" ngokungohlwaywa. Kuyinyani, ayizizo zonke iibhrawuza ezikuvumela ukuba wenze oku, kodwa zininzi ezinye iindlela zokwenza into efanayo usebenzisa isikhangeli sokuhlaziya ngokuzenzekelayo kwiphepha langoku le-meta-refresh, i-meta tags okanye iJavaScript.
Ngo-2008, baqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokuqhekeza ezinamandla ngakumbi, ezifana nokuhlaselwa kwe-DNS kwakhona, i-Gifar kunye nomxholo onobungozi weFlash, onokutshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo iimodeli zokhuseleko ezikhoyo. Kuthatha ixesha ukufumanisa ukuba zisetyenziswe njani kuba abafana be-Cookie-Stuffing ayingobageli abaphambili, bangabathengisi abanobundlongondlongo abanolwazi oluncinci lwekhowudi.
Ukuthengisa ulwazi olufikeleleka lula
Ngoko ke, sijonge indlela yokufumana iimali ezi-6, kwaye ngoku makhe siqhubele phambili kumanani asixhenxe. Sifuna imali eninzi ukuze sibe zizityebi okanye sife. Siza kujonga ukuba ungayenza njani imali ngokuthengisa ulwazi olufikelelekayo. I-Business Wire yayidume kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo kwaye isabalulekile, siyabubona ubukho bayo kwiindawo ezininzi. Kwabo bangaziyo, iBusiness Wire ibonelela ngenkonzo apho abasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo besiza bafumana uthotho loshicilelo lwangoku oluphuma kumawaka eenkampani. Ukukhutshwa kweendaba kuthunyelwa kule nkampani yimibutho eyahlukeneyo, ngamanye amaxesha iphantsi kokuvalwa kwethutyana okanye i-embargoes, ngoko ke ulwazi oluqulethwe kolu shicilelo lunokuchaphazela ixabiso lezabelo.
Iifayile zokushicilela zifakwe kwi-Business Wire iseva yewebhu kodwa azidityaniswanga de i-embargo iphakanyiswe. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, amaphepha ewebhu ashicilelwe adityaniswe kwiwebhusayithi ephambili, kwaye abasebenzisi bayaziswa ngabo ngee-URL ezinje:
http://website/press_release/08/29/2007/00001.html http://website/press_release/08/29/2007/00002.html http://website/press_release/08/29/2007/00003.htmKe, ngelixa uphantsi kwe-embargo, uthumela idatha enomdla kwisiza ukuze nje ukuba i-embargo iphakanyiswe, abasebenzisi baya kuqhelana nayo kwangoko. La makhonkco abhalwe umhla kwaye athunyelwa kubasebenzisi nge-imeyile. Emva kokuba ukuvinjelwa kuphelile, ikhonkco iya kusebenza kwaye iqondise umsebenzisi kwindawo apho ukukhutshwa kweendaba ezihambelanayo kuthunyelwe khona. Ngaphambi kokunika ukufikelela kwiphepha lewebhu lokukhutshwa kweendaba, inkqubo kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba umsebenzisi ungene ngokusemthethweni.
Abakhangeli ukuba unalo na ilungelo lokujonga olu lwazi phambi kokuba i-embargo iphelelwe lixesha; Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kubonakala kungenabungozi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ungaboni nto ayithethi ukuba ayikho.
Inkampani yase-Estonia yeenkonzo zezimali i-Lohmus Haavel & Viisemann, ingengabo abahlaseli konke konke, yafumanisa ukuba amaphepha ewebhu akhutshelweyo athiywe ngendlela eqikelelwayo kwaye aqala ukuqikelela ezo URLs. Ngelixa amakhonkco esenokungekabikho ngenxa yokuba i-embargo iyasebenza, oku akuthethi ukuba i-hacker ayikwazi ukuqikelela igama lefayile kwaye ngaloo ndlela ifumane ufikelelo kuyo ngaphambi kwexesha. Le ndlela yasebenza ngenxa yokuba i-Business Wire kuphela yokukhangela ukhuseleko yayikukuba umsebenzisi ungene ngokusemthethweni kwaye akukho nto iyenye.
Ngaloo ndlela, ama-Estonia afumana ulwazi ngaphambi kokuba imarike ivalwe kwaye ithengise le datha. Kude kube i-SEC ibalandele phantsi kwaye yamisa iiakhawunti zabo, bakwazile ukufumana i-8 yezigidi zeedola ngokuthengisa ulwazi olufikelelekayo. Cinga ngako, bonke aba bafana bajonga ukuba amakhonkco abukeka njani, zama ukuqikelela ii-URL, kwaye wenze izigidi ezisi-8 kuyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngeli xesha ndibuza abaphulaphuli ukuba oku kuthathwa njengomthetho okanye akukho mthethweni, nokuba kuthathwa njengorhwebo okanye cha. Kodwa okwangoku ndifuna ukutsalela ingqalelo yakho ukuba ngubani owenze lento.
Phambi kokuba uzame ukuphendula le mibuzo, ndiza kukubonisa isilayidi esilandelayo. Oku akunxulumananga ngqo nobuqhophololo be-intanethi. I-hacker yase-Ukraine yagqekeza i-Thomson Financial, umboneleli wezobuntlola kwezoshishino, kwaye weba idatha malunga noxinzelelo lwezemali lweeyure ze-IMS Health ngaphambi kokuba ulwazi lufike kwimarike yezemali. Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba unetyala lokuqhekeza.
I-hacker ibeke ii-odolo zokuthengisa kwisixa se-42 lamawaka eedola, idlala ngaphambi kokuba amaxabiso ehle. E-Ukraine le yimali enkulu, ngoko ke umgeli wayesazi kakuhle ukuba wayengena ntoni. Ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kwexabiso lesitokisi kumlethe malunga ne-$ 300 kwinzuzo kwiiyure ezimbalwa. Utshintshiselwano lukhuphe "i-Red Flag", i-SEC yafriza imali, ibona ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle, kwaye yaqalisa uphando. Nangona kunjalo, uMgwebi uNaomi Reis Buchwald uthe iimali kufuneka zingabikho ngenxa yokuba "ubusela kunye nokurhweba" kunye "nokugqekeza kunye nokurhweba" izityholo ezibhekiselele kuDorozhko aziphuli imithetho yezokhuseleko. I-hacker yayingengomsebenzi wale nkampani, kwaye ke ayizange iphule nayiphi na imithetho malunga nokubhengezwa kolwazi oluyimfihlo lwezemali.
I<em>The Times yacebisa ukuba iSebe Lezobulungisa laseUnited States laligqale nje njengento engenamsebenzi eli tyala ngenxa yobunzima bokufumana amagunya aseUkraine ukuba avume ukusebenzisana ekubambeni umenzi wobubi. Ngoko le hacker ifumene i-300 lamawaka eedola ngokulula kakhulu.
Ngoku thelekisa oku kwimeko yangaphambili apho abantu benza imali ngokutshintsha nje ii-URL zekhonkco kwisiphequluli sabo kunye nokuthengisa ulwazi lwezorhwebo. Ezi zinomdla kakhulu, kodwa ayizizo kuphela iindlela zokwenza imali kwi-stock exchange.
Masithathele ingqalelo ukuqokelelwa kolwazi lokwenziwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, emva kokuthenga i-intanethi, umthengi ufumana ikhowudi yokulandela umkhondo, enokulandelelana okanye i-pseudo-sequential kwaye ijonge into enje:
3200411
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Ngayo unokulandelela iodolo yakho. Ababulali okanye abahlaseli bazama ukurhubuluza kwii-URL ukufumana ukufikelela kwidatha yokuodola, ehlala iqulathe ulwazi lomntu (PII):
http://foo/order_tracking?id=3200415
http://foo/order_tracking?id=3200416
http://foo/order_tracking?id=3200417Ngokuskrola kwiinombolo, bafumana ukufikelela kwiinombolo zekhadi letyala lomthengi, iidilesi, amagama kunye nolunye ulwazi lomntu. Nangona kunjalo, asinamdla kwiinkcukacha zomxhasi, kodwa kwikhowudi yokulandela umkhondo ngokwawo sinomdla wokuphinda sihlolisise.
Ubugcisa bokwenza izigqibo
Cinga “ngoBugcisa bokuNgenisa.” Ukuba unokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ukuba zingaphi "ii-odolo" inkampani eqhuba ngayo ekupheleni kwekota, ngoko, ngokusekelwe kwidatha yembali, unokugqiba ukuba imeko yayo yezemali ilungile kunye nendlela ixabiso layo lesitokhwe liya kuguquka. Ngokomzekelo, uyalele okanye uthenge into ekuqaleni kwekota, akunandaba, kwaye wenze umyalelo omtsha ekupheleni kwekota. Ngokusekwe kumahluko kumanani, umntu unokugqiba ukuba zingaphi ii-odolo ezenziwe yinkampani ngeli xesha. Ukuba sithetha malunga newaka leodolo ngokuchasene nekhulu lamawaka kwixesha elifanayo langaphambili, unokucinga ukuba inkampani ayisebenzi kakuhle.
Nangona kunjalo, inyaniso yeyokuba amaxesha amaninzi la manani olandelelwano anokufunyanwa ngaphandle kokugcwalisa iodolo okanye umyalelo othi ucinywe. Ndiyathemba ukuba la manani akayi kuboniswa kuyo nayiphi na imeko kwaye ulandelelwano luya kuqhubeka namanani:
3200418
3200419
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Ngale ndlela uyazi ukuba unamandla okulandelela iiodolo kwaye unokuqalisa ukuqokelela ulwazi olusuka kwindawo abasinika yona. Asazi ukuba kusemthethweni okanye akunjalo, siyazi kuphela ukuba kunokwenziwa.
Ke, sijonge iintsilelo ezahlukeneyo zengqiqo yeshishini.
UTrey Ford: abahlaseli ngoosomashishini. Balindele imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali lwabo. Okukhona itekhnoloji eninzi, inkulu kwaye intsonkothe ngakumbi ikhowudi, kokukhona kufuneka wenziwe umsebenzi omninzi kwaye kokukhona amathuba okuba abanjwe. Kodwa zininzi iindlela ezinenzuzo kakhulu zokwenza uhlaselo ngaphandle komzamo. Ingqiqo yeshishini lishishini elikhulu, kwaye kukho inkuthazo enkulu kubaphuli-mthetho ukuba bayiqhekeze. Iziphene zengqiqo yeshishini ziphambili ekujoliswe kuzo ngabaphuli-mthetho kwaye yinto engenakubonwa ngokuqhuba nje iskeni okanye ukwenza uvavanyo olusemgangathweni njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuqinisekisa umgangatho. Kukho ingxaki yengqondo kwi-QA ebizwa ngokuba "yi-confirmation bias" kuba, njengabantu, sifuna ukwazi ukuba sichanekile. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuqhuba uvavanyo kwiimeko zangempela.
Kuyimfuneko ukuvavanya yonke into kunye nawo wonke umntu, kuba akubona bonke ubuthathaka obunokubonwa kwinqanaba lophuhliso ngokuhlalutya ikhowudi, okanye nangexesha le-QA. Ke kufuneka uhambe kuyo yonke inkqubo yeshishini kwaye uphuhlise onke amanyathelo okukhusela. Kuninzi kunokufundwa kwimbali kuba iintlobo ezithile zokuhlaselwa ziphindaphindwa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukuba uvuswe ngobusuku obunye yi-CPU spike, unokucinga ukuba enye i-hacker iphinda izama ukulandelela amakhuphoni esaphulelo asebenzayo. Indlela yokwenyani yokuqonda uhlobo lohlaselo kukujonga uhlaselo olusebenzayo, kuba ukuyiqonda ngokusekwe kwimbali yelogi kuya kuba nzima kakhulu.
UJeremy Grossman: nantsi into esiyifundileyo namhlanje.
Ukuqikelela i-captcha inokukufumana isixa seedola ezine. Ukulawula iinkqubo zokuhlawula kwi-intanethi kuya kuzisa i-hacker i-figurefigure profits. Iibhanki zokugqekeza zinokukufumana ngaphezulu kwamanani amahlanu kwingeniso, ngakumbi ukuba uyenza ngaphezulu kwesinye.
Ubuqhophololo be-E-commerce buya kukunika amanani amathandathu emali, ngelixa usebenzisa iinethiwekhi ezidibeneyo ziya kukunika amanani angama-5-6 okanye amanani asixhenxe. Ukuba unesibindi ngokwaneleyo, unokuzama ukukhohlisa i-stock market kwaye ufumane iinzuzo ezingaphezu kwamanani asixhenxe. Kwaye ukusebenzisa indlela ye-RSnake kukhuphiswano lweyona Chihuahua igqwesileyo ayinaxabiso!
Izilayidi ezitsha zale nkcazo-ntetho mhlawumbi azikhange zingene kwiCD, ngoko ke ungazikhuphela kamva kwiphepha lam lebhlog. Kukho inkomfa ye-OPSEC ezayo ngoSeptemba endiza kuya kuyo, kwaye ndicinga ukuba siya kuba nakho ukwenza izinto ezipholileyo kunye nabo. Ngoku, ukuba unayo nayiphi na imibuzo, sikulungele ukuyiphendula.
Ezinye iintengiso 🙂
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