Olu ngcelele lwamanqaku lunikezelwe kwisifundo somsebenzi wokwakha kwisixeko esikhulu saseSilicon Valley - eSan Francisco. I-San Francisco yi-teknoloji "yeMoscow" yehlabathi lethu, isebenzisa umzekelo wayo (ngoncedo lwedatha evulekileyo) ukujonga uphuhliso loshishino lokwakha kwiidolophu ezinkulu kunye neenkunzi.
Ukwakhiwa kweegrafu kunye nokubala kwenziwa kwi (kwiqonga leKaggle.com).
Idatha kwiimvume zokwakha ezingaphezu kwesigidi (iirekhodi kwiidathasethi ezimbini) ezivela kwiSebe leSakhiwo saseSan Francisco - livumela ukuhlalutya hayi kuphela umsebenzi wokwakha esixekweni, kodwa qwalasela ngokunzulu iintsingiselo zamva nje kunye nembali yophuhliso loshishino lokwakha kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo, phakathi ko-1980 no-2019.
Vula idatha yenza ukuba kuphononongwe eyona miba inefuthe kwaye iya kuba nefuthe kuphuhliso loshishino lokwakha esixekweni, ekwahlulahlula zibe "zangaphandle" (ukunyuka kwezoqoqosho kunye neengxaki) kunye "yangaphakathi" (impembelelo yeeholide kunye nemijikelo yonyaka-yonyaka).
Iziqulatho
Vula idatha kunye nophononongo lweeparamitha ezisisiseko.
Oku akuyonguqulelo yenqaku. Ndibhala kwi-LinkedIn kwaye ukuze ndingenzi imizobo ngeelwimi ezininzi, yonke imizobo ikwisiNgesi.
Ikhonkco kwicandelo lesibini:
IsiXeko saseSan Francisco iDatha yeMvume yeSakhiwo-Isuka kwiNdawo eVulekileyo yeDatha - . I-portal ineesethi ezininzi zedatha kwisihloko sokwakha. Ezi datha zimbini zigcina kwaye zihlaziya idatha kwiimvume ezikhutshelwe ukwakhiwa okanye ukulungiswa kwezinto esixekweni:
- (850 amawaka eerekhodi)
- (iirekhodi ezingamawaka angama-280, idatha ikhutshelwa kwaye ihlaziywa ngeveki)
Ezi datha ziqulethe ulwazi malunga neemvume zokwakha ezikhutshiweyo, ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo zento ekukhutshwe kuyo imvume. Lilonke inani lamangenelo (iimvume) afunyenweyo kwixesha le-1980-2019 - iimvume ze-1.
Ezona parameters zisuka kule datha zisetyenziselwe uhlalutyo:
- imvume_yokudala_umhla -umhla wokwenziwa kwesicelo (enyanisweni, usuku apho umsebenzi wokwakha uqala)
- inkcazelo - inkcazo yesicelo (amagama amabini okanye amathathu achaza iprojekthi yokwakha (umsebenzi) apho imvume yenziwe khona)
- ixabiso_ eliqikelelweyo - ixabiso eliqikelelweyo (eliqikelelweyo) lomsebenzi wokwakha
- indleko_ehlaziyiweyo - iindleko ezihlaziyiweyo (iindleko zomsebenzi emva kohlaziyo, ukwanda okanye ukuhla kwemithamo yokuqala yesicelo)
- ekhoyo_usebenziso - uhlobo lwezindlu (enye, indlu yentsapho ezimbini, amagumbi, iiofisi, imveliso, njl.)
- zipcode, indawo β ikhowudi yeposi kunye nolungelelwaniso lwento
Umsebenzi wonyaka wokwakha eSan Francisco
Igrafu engezantsi ibonisa iiparamitha ixabiso_ eliqikelelweyo ΠΈ indleko_ehlaziyiweyo iboniswe njengolwabiwo lweendleko zizonke zomsebenzi ngenyanga.
data_cost_m = data_cost.groupby(pd.Grouper(freq='M')).sum()Ukunciphisa "ii-outliers" zenyanga, idatha yenyanga ihlelwa ngonyaka. Igrafu yesixa-mali semali etyalwe ngonyaka ifumene ifom esengqiqweni nehlalutywayo.
data_cost_y = data_cost.groupby(pd.Grouper(freq='Y')).sum()
Ngokusekelwe kwintshukumo yonyaka yesixa seendleko (zonke iimvume zonyaka) kumaziko esixeko izinto zoqoqosho eziphembelele ukusuka kwi-1980 ukuya kwi-2019 zibonakala ngokucacileyo kwinani kunye neendleko zeeprojekthi zokwakha, okanye ngenye indlela kutyalo-mali eSan Francisco real estate.
Inani leemvume zokwakha (inani lemisebenzi yokwakha okanye inani lotyalo-mali) kwiminyaka eyi-40 edlulileyo inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho eSilicon Valley.
Incopho yokuqala yomsebenzi wokwakha yayinxulunyaniswa ne-hype ye-elektroniki phakathi kwe-80s kwintlambo. Ukudodobala koqoqosho lwe-elektroniki okwalandelayo ngo-1985 kuthumele imarike yezindlu nezakhiwo kwingingqi ekwehleni apho ingazange iphinde ifumaneke malunga neshumi leminyaka.
Emva koko, amaxesha amabini angakumbi (ngo-1993-2000 kunye no-2009-2016) ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-bubble ye-Dotcom kunye ne-teknoloji boom kwiminyaka yamuva. Umzi-mveliso wezokwakha waseSan Francisco ufumene ukukhula kweparabolic ngamawaka aliqela epesenti..
Ngokususa iincopho eziphakathi kunye nemijelo kunye nokushiya awona maxabiso aphantsi kunye nawona aphezulu kumjikelo ngamnye wezoqoqosho, kuyacaca ukuba ukuguquguquka okukhulu kweemarike kuthwaxa umzi kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo.
Olona lwando lukhulu kutyalo-mali kulwakhiwo lwenzekile ngexesha le-dot-com boom, xa phakathi kuka-1993 no-2001 i-10 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi yatyalwa kuhlaziyo nolwakhiwo, okanye malunga nebhiliyoni enye yeedola ngonyaka. Ukuba sibala kwisikwere seemitha (ixabiso le-1 mΒ² ngo-1 yi-$1995), oku malunga ne-3000 m350 ngonyaka iminyaka eyi-000, ukuqala ngo-2.
Ukukhula kotyalo-mali olupheleleyo lonyaka ngeli xesha kufikelele kwi-1215%.
Iinkampani ezaziqesha izixhobo zokwakha ngeli xesha zazifana neenkampani ezazithengisa imihlakulo ngexesha lokuleqwa kwegolide (kwindawo enye phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19). Kuphela endaweni yeefosholo, kwiminyaka ye-2000 kwakukho ii-cranes kunye neepompo zekhonkrithi kwiinkampani ezisanda kwakhiwa ezifuna ukwenza imali kwi-boom yokwakha.
Emva kwentlekele nganye eye yafunyanwa lishishini lokwakha kule minyaka idlulileyo, kule minyaka mibini izayo emva kwentlekele, utyalo-mali (ubungakanani bezicelo zeemvume) zokwakha yehle ngama-50% ngexesha ngalinye.
Ezona ngxaki zinkulu kwishishini lokwakha laseSan Francisco zenzeke ngeminyaka yoo-90. Apho, kunye periodicity iminyaka 5, ishishini mhlawumbi wawa (-85% kwixesha 1983-1986), ke wavuka kwakhona (+895% kwixesha 1988-1992), eseleyo ngokwemiqathango yonyaka 1981, 1986, 1988 , 1993 - kwinqanaba elifanayo.
Emva ko-1993, konke ukuhla okwalandelayo kushishino lokwakha kwafikelela kuma-50%. Kodwa ingxaki yezoqoqosho isondela (ngenxa ye-COVID-19) inokudala ingxaki erekhodiweyo kushishino lokwakha kwixesha 2017-2021, ukuhla apho sele kwixesha 2017-2019 imali iyonke ngaphezu kwama-60%.
Ukukhula kwabemi baseSan Francisco dynamics kwixesha 1980-1993 kwakhona ibonise ukukhula okuphantse kwanda. Amandla ezoqoqosho kunye namandla okuvuselela eSilicon Valley ayesisiseko esiluqilima apho i-hyperbole yoQoqosho olutsha, i-American Renaissance, kunye ne-dot-coms yakhiwe. Yayiyeyona nto iphambili kuqoqosho olutsha. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nokunyuka kotyalo-mali lwezindlu nezindlu, emva kwencopho ye-dot-com, inani labantu liye lakhula.
Phambi kwencopho ye-dot-com ngo-2001, ukukhula kwamanani abantu ngonyaka ukususela ngo-1950 kuye kwaba sisi-1% ngonyaka. Emva koko, emva kokuwa kwe-bubble, ukunyuka kwabemi abatsha kwanciphisa kwaye ukususela ngo-2001 kuye kwaba yi-0.2 ekhulwini kuphela ngonyaka.
Ngo-2019 (okokuqala ngqa ukusukela ngo-1950), amandla okukhula abonisa ukuphuma kwabantu (-0.21% okanye abantu abangama-7000) besuka kwisixeko saseSan Francisco.
Okulindelekileyo kunye nenyani xa ulungiselela uqikelelo lweendleko
Kwiiseti zedatha ezisetyenzisiweyo, idatha yeendleko zemvume yeprojekthi yokwakha yahlulwe ibe:
- ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lokuqala (ixabiso_ eliqikelelweyo)
- iindleko zomsebenzi emva kohlaziyo (indleko_ehlaziyiweyo)
Ngexesha le-boom, injongo ephambili yokuhlaziywa kukunyusa iindleko zokuqala, xa umtyalo-mali (umthengi wokwakha) ebonisa umdla emva kokuqala kokwakhiwa.
Ngexesha lobunzima, bazama ukungadluli kwiindleko eziqikelelweyo, kwaye uqikelelo lokuqala alukho utshintsho (ngaphandle kwenyikima ka-1989).
Ngokwegrafu eyakhelwe kumahluko phakathi kwexabiso elihlaziyiweyo kunye noqikelelo (ixabiso elihlaziyiweyo - ixabiso eliqikelelweyo), kunokuqatshelwa ukuba:
Isixa sokunyuka kweendleko xa kuhlaziywa umthamo womsebenzi wokwakha ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke kwimijikelo yokunyuka kwezoqoqosho
data_spread = data_cost.assign(spread = (data_cost.revised_cost-data_cost.estimated_cost))
Ngexesha lokukhula ngokukhawuleza koqoqosho, abathengi bomsebenzi (abatyali-mali) bachitha imali yabo ngesisa, besandisa izicelo zabo emva kokuqala komsebenzi.
Umthengi (umtyali-mali), eziva ezithembile ngokwasemalini, ucela unokontraka wokwakha okanye umyili wezakhiwo ukuba andise imvume yokwakha esele ikhutshiwe. Oku kunokuba sisigqibo sokwandisa ubude bokuqala bechibi okanye ukwandisa indawo yendlu (emva kokuqala komsebenzi kunye nokukhutshwa kwemvume yokwakha).
Kwincopho yexesha le-dot-com, iindleko "zongezelelweyo" ezinjalo zafikelela "ezongezelelweyo" ze-1 yebhiliyoni ngonyaka.
Ukuba ujonga le theyibhile sele itshintshile ngokwepesenti, ngoko ukunyuka kwencopho kuqikelelo (i-100% okanye i-2 amaxesha exabiso eliqikelelweyo lokuqala) kwenzeka ngonyaka ngaphambi kwenyikima eyenzeka ngo-1989 kufuphi nesixeko. Ndicinga ukuba emva kwenyikima, umsebenzi wokwakha owaqalisa ngowe-1988 wawufuna ixesha nemali engakumbi, emva kwenyikima yowe-1989.
Ngokuchaseneyo, uhlaziyo oluhlayo lweendleko eziqikelelwayo (ezenzeke kanye kuphela ngexesha elisusela ku-1980 ukuya kowama-2019) iminyaka eliqela ngaphambi kokuba inyikima icingelwa kukuba ezinye iiprojekthi zaqalwa ngo-1986-1987 zaye zanqunyanyiswa okanye utyalo-mali kwezi projekthi lwacinywa. phantsi. Kwishedyuli ngokomndilili weprojekthi nganye eyaqalwa ngo-1987 - ukucuthwa kweendleko eziqikelelwayo kwakuyi-20% yesicwangciso sokuqala..
data_spred_percent = data_cost_y.assign(spred = ((data_cost_y.revised_cost-data_cost_y.estimated_cost)/data_cost_y.estimated_cost*100))
Ukunyuka kwexabiso lokuqala eliqikelelweyo elingaphezulu kwama-40% elibonakalisiweyo okanye mhlawumbi kube sisiphumo sokusondela kweqamza kwezemali kunye nemarike yokwakha.
Sisiphi isizathu sokuncipha kokusasazeka (umahluko) phakathi kweendleko eziqikelelweyo nezihlaziyiweyo emva kowama-2007?
Mhlawumbi abatyali-mali baqala ukujonga ngononophelo amanani (umyinge we-avareji kwiminyaka engama-20 yonyuka ukusuka kwi-100 lamawaka ukuya kwi-2 yezigidi zeedola) okanye mhlawumbi isebe lokwakha, ukuthintela kunye nokuthintela amaqamza asakhulayo kwimarike yezindlu, yazisa imithetho emitsha kunye nezithintelo zokunciphisa ukukhwabanisa okunokwenzeka. kunye nemingcipheko enokuthi ivele ngexesha leminyaka yentlekele.
Umsebenzi wokwakha ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka
Ngokucwangcisa idatha ngokwekhalenda yeeveki zonyaka (iiveki ezingama-54), unokujonga umsebenzi wokwakha kwisixeko saseSan Francisco ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka kunye nexesha lonyaka.
NgeKrisimesi, yonke imibutho yokwakha izama ukufumana imvume yeeprojekthi ezintsha "ezinkulu" ngexesha. (ngaxeshanye! inani! leemvume kwezi nyanga zinye likwinqanaba elinye unyaka wonke). Abatyalomali, baceba ukufumana ipropati yabo kunyaka ozayo, bangena kwiikontraka kwiinyanga zasebusika, bebala izaphulelo ezinkulu (ekubeni izivumelwano zasehlotyeni, ubukhulu becala, ziza ekupheleni konyaka kwaye iinkampani zokwakha zinomdla. ekufumaneni izicelo ezitsha).
Phambi kweKrisimesi, ezona zixa zikhulu zezicelo ziyangeniswa (ukwanda ukusuka kumyinge we-1-1,5 yezigidigidi ngenyanga ukuya kwi-5 yezigidigidi ngoDisemba kuphela). Kwangaxeshanye, inani elipheleleyo lezicelo ngenyanga lihlala likwinqanaba elinye (jonga ngezantsi icandelo: iinkcukacha-manani ngenani lilonke lezicelo ngenyanga nangemini)
Emva kweeholide zasebusika, ishishini lokwakha licwangcisa ngokusebenzayo kwaye lizalisekisa imiyalelo "yeKrisimesi" (phantse akukho kwanda kwenani leemvume) ukuze kukhululwe izixhobo phakathi enyakeni (ngaphambi kweholide yoSuku lweNkululeko) ngaphambi komhla omtsha. amaza ezivumelwano zasehlotyeni aqala ngoko nangoko emva kweeholide zikaJuni.
data_month_year = data_month_year.assign(week_year = data_month_year.permit_creation_date.dt.week)
data_month_year = data_month_year.groupby(['week_year'])['estimated_cost'].sum()
Idatha yepesenti efanayo (umgca we-orenji) ikwabonisa ukuba ishishini lisebenza "ngokuthe tye" unyaka wonke, kodwa ngaphambi nangemva kweeholide, umsebenzi kwiimvume zonyuka ukuya kwi-150% kwixesha eliphakathi kweveki ye-20-24 (ngaphambi koSuku lweNkululeko), kwaye iyancipha ngokukhawuleza emva kweholide ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70%.
Ngaphambi kweHalloween kunye neKrisimesi, umsebenzi kwishishini lokwakha laseSan Francisco linyuka nge-43% ngeveki ye-44-150 (ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu) kwaye iyancipha ukuya kwi-zero ngexesha leeholide.
Ngaloo ndlela, ishishini likumjikelezo weenyanga ezintandathu, ohlulwe ngeeholide "Usuku lwe-Independence yase-US" (iveki ye-20) kunye "neKrisimesi" (iveki ye-52).
Utyalo-mali olupheleleyo lwezindlu eSan Francisco
Ngokusekelwe kwidatha yeemvume zokwakha esixekweni:
Utyalo-mali lulonke kwiiprojekthi zokwakha eSan Francisco ukusuka ngo-1980 ukuya ku-2019 yi-91,5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.
sf_worth = data_location_lang_long.cost.sum()
Ixabiso lemarike lilonke lazo zonke izindlu zokuhlala eSan Francisco zivavanywa ngeerhafu zepropathi (ukuba lixabiso elivavanyiweyo lazo zonke izindlu kunye nayo yonke ipropathi yobuqu yaseSan Francisco) .
Zeziphi iindawo zaseSan Francisco ezityale imali kuyo kule minyaka ingama-40 idlulileyo?
Ngokusebenzisa ithala leencwadi leFolium, makhe sibone ukuba le 91,5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi yatyalwa phi na ngokwengingqi. Ukwenza oku, ngokudibanisa idatha ngekhowudi ye-zip, siya kumela amaxabiso aphumayo sisebenzisa izangqa (umsebenzi weSangqa kwithala leencwadi leFolium).
import folium
from folium import Circle
from folium import Marker
from folium.features import DivIcon
# map folium display
lat = data_location_lang_long.lat.mean()
long = data_location_lang_long.long.mean()
map1 = folium.Map(location = [lat, long], zoom_start = 12)
for i in range(0,len(data_location_lang_long)):
Circle(
location = [data_location_lang_long.iloc[i]['lat'], data_location_lang_long.iloc[i]['long']],
radius= [data_location_lang_long.iloc[i]['cost']/20000000],
fill = True, fill_color='#cc0000',color='#cc0000').add_to(map1)
Marker(
[data_location_mean.iloc[i]['lat'], data_location_mean.iloc[i]['long']],
icon=DivIcon(
icon_size=(6000,3336),
icon_anchor=(0,0),
html='<div style="font-size: 14pt; text-shadow: 0 0 10px #fff, 0 0 10px #fff;; color: #000";"">%s</div>'
%("$ "+ str((data_location_lang_long.iloc[i]['cost']/1000000000).round()) + ' mlrd.'))).add_to(map1)
map1
Kucacile kwiingingqi ukuba Uninzi lwepayi ngokusengqiqweni yaya eDowntown. Emva kokuba kwenziwe lula ukuhlelwa kwazo zonke izinto ngomgama ukuya kumbindi wesixeko kunye nexesha elithathwayo ukuya kumbindi wesixeko (ewe, izindlu ezibizayo nazo ziyakhiwa elunxwemeni), zonke iimvume zohlulwa zibe ngamaqela ama-4: 'eDowntown' , '<0.5H Downtown', '< 1H Downtown', 'Ngaphandle kweSF'.
from geopy.distance import vincenty
def distance_calc (row):
start = (row['lat'], row['long'])
stop = (37.7945742, -122.3999445)
return vincenty(start, stop).meters/1000
df_pr['distance'] = df_pr.apply (lambda row: distance_calc (row),axis=1)
def downtown_proximity(dist):
'''
< 2 -> Near Downtown, >= 2, <4 -> <0.5H Downtown
>= 4, <6 -> <1H Downtown, >= 8 -> Outside SF
'''
if dist < 2:
return 'Downtown'
elif dist < 4:
return '<0.5H Downtown'
elif dist < 6:
return '<1H Downtown'
elif dist >= 6:
return 'Outside SF'
df_pr['downtown_proximity'] = df_pr.distance.apply(downtown_proximity)Kwi-91,5 yeebhiliyoni etyalwe esixekweni, phantse i-70 yeebhiliyoni (i-75% yalo lonke utyalo-mali) etyalwe ekulungiseni nasekwakhiweni kumbindi wesixeko. (indawo eluhlaza) kunye nommandla wesixeko ongaphakathi kweradiyasi ye-2 km. ukusuka embindini (indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka).
I-avareji yeendleko eziqikelelwayo zesicelo sokwakha ngokwesithili sesixeko
Zonke iinkcukacha, njengakwixabiso lilonke lotyalo-mali, zadityaniswa ngekhowudi ye-zip. Kuphela kulo mzekelo ngomndilili (.mean()) ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lesicelo ngekhowudi yeposi.
data_location_mean = data_location.groupby(['zipcode'])['lat','long','estimated_cost'].mean()
Kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zeso sixeko (ngaphezu kwe-2 km ukusuka kumbindi wedolophu) - ixabiso eliqikelelweyo lesicelo sokwakha liyi-50 lamawaka.
I-avareji yeendleko eziqikelelwayo kumbindi wedolophu imalunga nokuphinda-phindwe kathathu ngaphezulu ($ 150 lamawaka ukuya $400 lamawaka) ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo ($ 30-50 lamawaka).
Ukongezelela kwixabiso lomhlaba, kukho izinto ezintathu ezimisela ixabiso elipheleleyo lokwakhiwa kwezindlu: abasebenzi, izinto zokusebenza, kunye nemali karhulumente. La macandelo mathathu aphezulu eCalifornia kunelo lonke ilizwe. Iikhowudi zokwakha zaseCalifornia zithathwa njengezona zibanzi kwaye zingqongqo kweli lizwe (ngenxa yenyikima kunye nemithetho yokusingqongileyo), ehlala ifuna izixhobo ezibiza kakhulu kunye nomsebenzi.
Umzekelo, urhulumente ufuna abakhi basebenzise izixhobo zokwakha ezikumgangatho ophezulu (iifestile, ukugquma, ukufudumeza kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa) ukuze bafikelele imigangatho ephezulu yokuwonga umbane.
Ukususela kumanani-nkcazo ngokubanzi kwi-avareji yeendleko zesicelo semvume, iindawo ezimbini ezibalaseleyo:
- Treasure Island - isiqithi sokwenziwa eSan Francisco Bay. Umndilili oqikelelwayo weendleko zemvume yokwakha yi-6,5 yezigidi zeerandi.
- Umsebenzi Bay β (abemi be-2926) Umlinganiselo oqikelelwayo weendleko zemvume yokwakha yi-1,5 yezigidi zeedola.
Enyanisweni, umlinganiselo ophezulu wokusetyenziswa kwezi ndawo zimbini unxulumene ngelona nani lincinci lezicelo zezi ndawo zeposi (145 kunye ne-3064 ngokulandelanayo, ukwakhiwa kwisiqithi kuncinci kakhulu), ngelixa ezinye iikhowudi zeposi - XNUMXkunye nexesha 1980-2019 wafumana malunga 1300 izicelo ngonyaka (zizonke kwi-avareji ye-30 -50 amawaka ezicelo kulo lonke ixesha).
Ngokwe parameter "inani lezicelo", ukuhanjiswa ngokugqibeleleyo kwenani lezicelo ngekhowudi yeposi kuyo yonke idolophu kuyabonakala.
Amanani-nkcazo yenani lilonke lezicelo ngenyanga nangemini
Ubalo lulonke lwenani elipheleleyo lezicelo ngenyanga nangosuku lweveki phakathi ko-1980 no-2019 lubonisa ukuba Ezona nyanga zizolileyo kwisebe lokwakha ziinyanga zasentwasahlobo nasebusika. Ngaxeshanye, isixa-mali sotyalo-mali esichazwe kwizicelo sihluka kakhulu kwaye siyahluka ukusuka ngenyanga ukuya kwinyanga ngamanye amaxesha. (jonga ukongeza βUmsebenzi wokwakha ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyakaβ). Phakathi kweentsuku zeveki, ngoMvulo umthwalo kwisebe umalunga nama-20% ngaphantsi kunezinye iintsuku zeveki.
months = [ 'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May','June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December' ]
data_month_count = data_month.groupby(['permit_creation_date']).count().reindex(months)
Ngelixa uJuni noJulayi ziyafana ngokwenani lezicelo, ngokwexabiso eliqikelelweyo lilonke umahluko ufikelela kwi-100% (i-4,3 yeebhiliyoni ngoMeyi nangoJulayi kunye ne-8,2 yeebhiliyoni ngoJuni).
data_month_sum = data_month.groupby(['permit_creation_date']).sum().reindex(months)
Ikamva loshishino lolwakhiwo lwaseSan Francisco, ukuqikelela umsebenzi ngokweepateni.
Okokugqibela, makhe sithelekise itshati yomsebenzi wokwakha eSan Francisco kunye netshathi yexabiso leBitcoin (2015-2018) kunye netshati yexabiso legolide (1940 - 1980).
Umzekelo (ukusuka kwipatheni yesiNgesi - imodeli, isampuli) - kuhlalutyo lobugcisa, ukudibanisa okuphindaphindiweyo okuzinzile kwexabiso, umthamo okanye idatha yesalathisi ibizwa. Uhlalutyo lwepateni lusekwe kwenye yee-axioms zohlalutyo lobuchwephesha: "imbali iyaziphinda" - kukholelwa ukuba ukudityaniswa okuphindaphindiweyo kwedatha kukhokelela kwisiphumo esifanayo.
Ipatheni ephambili enokubonwa kwitshathi yomsebenzi wonyaka yile Le "iNtloko kunye namagxa" ipateni yokubuyisela umva. Yithiywe ke ngenxa yokuba itshati ibonakala njengentloko yomntu (incopho) kunye namagxa emacaleni (iincopho ezincinci). Xa ixabiso liqhawula umgca odibanisa imijelo, iphethini ithathwa njengento epheleleyo kwaye ukunyakaza kunokwenzeka ukuba kuhla.
Iintshukumo kumsebenzi kwimboni yokwakha yaseSan Francisco phantse ihambelana ngokupheleleyo nokunyuka kwexabiso legolide kunye ne-bitcoin. Ukusebenza kwembali kula maxabiso mathathu kunye neetshathi zomsebenzi kubonisa ukufana okuphawulekayo.
Ukukwazi ukuqikelela indlela yokuziphatha kwemarike yokwakha kwixesha elizayo, kuyimfuneko ukubala i-coefficient yokulungelelanisa ngayo nganye kwezi ndlela zimbini.
Izinto ezimbini eziguquguqukayo ezingaqhelekanga zibizwa ngokuba zihambelana ukuba umzuzu wokulungelelaniswa kwazo (okanye i-coefficient yokulungelelanisa) yahlukile kwi-zero; kwaye zibizwa ngokuba zizixa ezinganxulumananga ukuba umzuzu wolungelelaniso wazo unguziro.
Ukuba ixabiso lesiphumo lisondele kwi-0 kune-1, ngoko akukho sizathu sokuthetha ngepatheni ecacileyo. Le yingxaki yezibalo entsonkothileyo, enokuthi ithathwe ngamaqabane amadala anokuba nomdla kwesi sihloko.
Ukuba! ayinanzululwazi! jonga isihloko sophuhliso olongezelelweyo lweshishini lokwakha eSan Francisco: ukuba iphethini iyaqhubeka ihambelana nexabiso leBitcoin, ngoko ngokolu khetho lungenathemba - ukuphuma kwintlekele kwishishini lokwakha eSan Francisco akuyi kuba lula kwixesha elikhawulezayo lengxaki.
Ngokhetho "olunethemba" ngakumbi uphuhliso, ukukhula okuphindaphindiweyo kushishino lokwakha kunokwenzeka ukuba umsebenzi apha ulandela "ixabiso legolide" imeko. Kule meko, kwiminyaka eyi-20-30 (mhlawumbi kwi-10), icandelo lokwakha liya kujongana nokunyuka okutsha kwengqesho nophuhliso.
Ndiza kuqwalasela ngakumbi kumacandelo ngamnye wokwakha (ukulungiswa kwamaphahla, iikhikhithi, ukwakhiwa kwezitebhisi, amagumbi okuhlambela, ukuba unazo naziphi na iziphakamiso kumashishini okanye enye idatha - nceda ubhale kwizimvo) kwaye uthelekise ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwiintlobo zomsebenzi ngamnye kunye amaxabiso amiselweyo kwimali-mboleko yendlu kunye nenzuzo yeebhondi zikarhulumente zase-US (IiReyithi zeNgxowa-mali eziZinzileyo kunye neSivuno se-US Treasury).
Ikhonkco kwicandelo lesibini:
Ikhonkco kwiJupyter Notebook:
Nceda, kwabo bakunye neKaggle, banike incwadana yokubhalela (enkosi!).
(Izimvo kunye neengcaciso zekhowudi ziya kongezwa kamva kwi-Notebook)
Ikhonkco kwinguqulelo yesiNgesi:
Ukuba uyawonwabela umxholo wam, nceda ucinge ngokundithengela ikofu.
Enkosi ngenkxaso yakho!
Ngabasebenzisi ababhalisiweyo kuphela abanokuthatha inxaxheba kuphando. , ndiyacela.
Lithini ikamva kwishishini lokwakha laseSan Francisco?
-
66,7%Icandelo lokwakha linokwenzeka ukuba lilandele indlela yeBitcoin2
-
0,0%Icandelo lokwakha lingalandela indlela yamaxabiso egolide0
-
0,0%Icandelo lilindele i-hype kule minyaka i-10 izayo
-
33,3%Uphuhliso lwecandelo aluhambi ngokweepateni1
Bangama-3 abasebenzisi abavotileyo. Abasebenzisi abali-6 abakhange.
umthombo: www.habr.com