Imagnethi. Ingumbane. Yifotonic. Hayi, ayisiyonto intsha i-superhero trio evela kwindalo engummangaliso. Imalunga nokugcina idatha yethu yedijithali exabisekileyo. Kufuneka sizigcine kwindawo ethile, ngokukhuselekileyo nangokuzinzileyo, ukuze sifikelele kwaye sizitshintshe ngokuqhwanyaza kweliso. Ulibale Iron Man kunye Thor - sithetha hard drives!
Ngoko ke masingene kwi-anatomy yezixhobo esizisebenzisayo namhlanje ukugcina iibhiliyoni zamasuntswana edatha.
Undijikelezisa kanye, sana
Iimpawu yokugcina hard drive (i-hard disk drive, i-HDD) ibe ngumgangatho wokugcina iikhomputha emhlabeni jikelele ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30, kodwa iteknoloji emva kwayo indala kakhulu.
I-IBM ikhuphe i-HDD yokuqala yorhwebo , umthamo wayo wawumalunga ne-3,75 MB. Kwaye ngokubanzi, kuyo yonke le minyaka ukwakhiwa ngokubanzi kwe-drive akutshintshi kakhulu. Iseneediski ezisebenzisa imagneti ukugcina idatha, kwaye kukho izixhobo zokufunda/ukubhala loo datha. Itshintshiwe Okufanayo, kwaye kunamandla kakhulu, inani ledatha enokugcinwa kuzo.
Ngowe-1987 kwakunokwenzeka malunga neerandi ezingama-350; Namhlanje ungathenga i-14 TB: ngaphakathi 700 000 amaxesha umthamo.
Siza kujonga isixhobo esingalingani ncam, kodwa esinesidima ngokwemigangatho yale mihla: i-3,5-intshi ye-HDD Seagate Barracuda 3 TB, ngakumbi imodeli. , idume kakubi ngayo ΠΈ . Uqhubo esilufundayo sele lufile, ke oku kuya kufana novavanyo lwezidumbu kunesifundo somzimba.
Ubuninzi be-hard drive yintsimbi. Amandla angaphakathi kwisixhobo ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo anokuba nzulu kakhulu, ngoko ke isinyithi esingqindilili sithintela ukugoba kunye nokungcangcazela kwetyala. Nokuba ii-HDD ezincinci ze-1,8-intshi zisebenzisa isinyithi njengesixhobo sezindlu, kodwa zihlala zenziwe nge-aluminiyam kunentsimbi kuba kufuneka zibe khaphukhaphu kangangoko.
Ukuguqula i-drive, sibona ibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo kunye nezixhumi ezininzi. Isidibanisi phezulu ebhodini sisetyenziselwa injini ejikelezisa iidiski, kwaye ezintathu ezisezantsi (ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene) zizikhonkwane zokutsiba ezikuvumela ukuba uqwalasele idrayivu yoqwalaselo oluthile, i SATA (Serial ATA) isinxibelelanisi sedatha. , kunye ne-SATA yokudibanisa amandla.
Uthotho lwe-ATA lwaqala ukubonakala ngo-2000. Kwiikhompyuter zedesktop, le yinkqubo eqhelekileyo esetyenziselwa ukuqhagamshela iidrive kuyo yonke ikhompyuter. Ubume befomathi buhlaziywe kaninzi, kwaye ngoku sisebenzisa uguqulelo 3.4. Isidumbu sethu se-hard drive yinguqulelo endala, kodwa umahluko sisikhonkwane esinye kuphela kwisinxibelelanisi samandla.
Kuqhagamshelwano lwedatha, isetyenziselwa ukufumana nokufumana idatha. : Izikhonkwane A+ kunye no-A- zisetyenziselwa usulelo imiyalelo kunye nedatha kwi-hard drive, kunye nezikhonkwane B zezo ukwamkela le miqondiso. Oku kusetyenziswa kwee-conductor ezidityanisiweyo kunciphisa kakhulu umphumo wengxolo yombane kwisignali, oku kuthetha ukuba isixhobo sinokusebenza ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuba sithetha ngamandla, siyabona ukuba umdibaniso unonxibelelwano lwe-voltage nganye (+3.3, +5 kunye +12V); nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwazo alusetyenziswanga ngenxa yokuba ii-HDD azifuni amandla amaninzi. Le modeli yeSeagate isebenzisa ngaphantsi kweewathi ezili-10 phantsi komthwalo osebenzayo. Abafowunelwa abaphawulwe ngePC basetyenziselwa intlawulo yangaphambili: Eli nqaku likuvumela ukuba ususe kwaye uqhagamshele i-hard drive ngelixa ikhompyuter iqhubeka nokusebenza (oku kubizwa ngokuba ukutshintshana okushushu).
Ukuqhagamshelana nethegi ye-PWDIS ivumela hard drive, kodwa lo msebenzi uxhaswa kuphela kwinguqulo yeSATA 3.3, ngoko kwi-drive yam enye nje +3.3V umgca wamandla. Kwaye iphini lokugqibela, elibhalwe SSU, lixelela nje ikhompyuter ukuba i-hard drive iyayixhasa ngokulandelelana itekhnoloji ye-spin-up. wagxadazela wajikeleza phezulu.
Phambi kokuba ikhomputha ikwazi ukuzisebenzisa, iidrive ngaphakathi kwesixhobo (esiza kuzibona kungekudala) kufuneka zijikelezise kwisantya esipheleleyo. Kodwa ukuba kukho ii-hard drives ezininzi ezifakwe kumatshini, ngoko ke isicelo samandla esithe saxeshanye singonakalisa inkqubo. Ukujikeleza ngokuthe ngcembe i-spindles kuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukubakho kweengxaki ezinjalo, kodwa kuya kufuneka ulinde imizuzwana embalwa ngaphambi kokuba ufumane ukufikelela okupheleleyo kwi-HDD.
Ngokususa ibhodi yesiphaluka, unokubona indlela edibanisa ngayo kumacandelo ngaphakathi kwesixhobo. HDD ayitywinwanga, ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezinamandla amakhulu kakhulu - zisebenzisa i-helium endaweni yomoya kuba ingaphantsi kakhulu kwaye idala iingxaki ezimbalwa kwiidrives ezinenani elikhulu leediski. Kwelinye icala, akufuneki uveze iidrive eziqhelekileyo kwindawo evulekileyo.
Ndiyabulela ekusebenziseni iziqhagamshelo ezinjalo, inani leendawo zokungena apho ukungcola kunye nothuli kungangena ngaphakathi kwi-drive kuncitshiswe; kukho umngxuma kwindawo yentsimbi (ichaphaza elikhulu elimhlophe kwikona esezantsi ekhohlo lomfanekiso) evumela ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-ambient luhlale ngaphakathi.
Ngoku iPCB isusiwe, makhe sijonge into engaphakathi. Kukho iitshiphusi ezine eziphambili:
- I-LSI B64002: I-chip yomlawuli oyintloko eyenza imiyalelo, idlulisa imilambo yedatha ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ilungisa iimpazamo, njl.
- I-Samsung K4T51163QJ: 64 MB DDR2 SDRAM ivalwe ku-800 MHz, isetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha
- I-MCKXL egudileyo: ilawula injini ejikeleza iidiski
- I-Winbond 25Q40BWS05: 500 KB ye-serial flash memory esetyenziselwa ukugcina i-firmware ye-drive (intwana efana ne-BIOS yekhompyutha)
Amacandelo e-PCB ee-HDD ezahlukeneyo anokwahluka. Ubukhulu obukhulu bufuna i-cache engaphezulu (ezona zilo zangoku zinokuba ne-256 MB ye-DDR3), kwaye i-chip yokulawula engundoqo inokuba yinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi ekuphatheni iimpazamo, kodwa ngokubanzi umahluko awukho mkhulu.
Ukuvula i-drive kulula, vula nje iibholiti ezimbalwa zeTorx kunye ne-voila! Singaphakathi...
Ngenxa yokuba ithatha ubuninzi besixhobo, ingqalelo yethu itsalwa ngokukhawuleza kwisangqa esikhulu sesinyithi; kulula ukuqonda ukuba kutheni iidrive zibizwa idiski. Kuchanekile ukubabiza iipleyiti; zenziwe ngeglasi okanye i-aluminiyam kwaye zigqunywe ngamaleko amaninzi ezinto ezahlukeneyo. Le 3TB drive ineepleyiti ezintathu, okuthetha ukuba i-500GB kufuneka igcinwe kwicala ngalinye lepleyiti enye.
Umfanekiso unothuli, iipleyiti ezinjalo ezimdaka azihambelani nokuchaneka koyilo kunye nokuveliswa okufunekayo ukuzenza. Kumzekelo wethu we-HDD, idiski ye-aluminium ngokwayo yi-intshi ye-0,04 (1 mm) ubukhulu, kodwa ikhazimliswe ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba ukuphakama komyinge wokunxaxha kumphezulu kungaphantsi kwe-intshi ye-0,000001 (malunga ne-30 nm).
Uluhlu lwesiseko luyi-intshi ye-0,0004 kuphela (i-microns ezili-10) enzulu kwaye iqulethe iindidi ezininzi zezinto ezifakwe kwintsimbi. Isicelo senziwa ngokusebenzisa ilandelwe ngu , ukulungiselela idiski kwizinto ezisisiseko zemagneti ezisetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha yedijithali.
Esi sixhobo ngokuqhelekileyo yingxubevange ye-cobalt eyinkimbinkimbi kwaye yenziwe ngezangqa ezigxininisiweyo, nganye malunga ne-0,00001 intshi (malunga ne-250 nm) ububanzi kunye ne-0,000001 intshi (25 nm) ubunzulu. Kwinqanaba elincinci, ii-alloys zetsimbi zenza iinkozo ezifana ne-soap bubbles phezu kwamanzi.
Ukhozo ngalunye lunomhlaba walo wemagnethi, kodwa lunokuguqulwa ngendlela ethile. Ukwahlulahlula iindawo ezinjalo kubangela amasuntswana edatha (0s kunye no-1s). Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi ngesi sihloko, funda IYunivesithi yaseYale. Iingubo zokugqibela ngumaleko wekhabhoni yokukhusela, kwaye emva koko i-polymer yokunciphisa ukukhuhlana koqhagamshelwano. Xa zidibene azikho ngaphezulu kwe-0,0000005 i-intshi (12 nm) ubukhulu.
Kungekudala siza kubona ukuba kutheni ii-wafers kufuneka zenzelwe ukunyamezelana okunje, kodwa kuyasothusa ukuqonda ukuba Unokuba ngumnini onebhongo wesixhobo esenziwe ngokuchaneka kwe-nanometer!
Nangona kunjalo, masibuyele kwi-HDD ngokwayo kwaye sibone enye into ekuyo.
Umbala omthubi ubonisa isigqubuthelo sesinyithi esiqinise ngokukhuselekileyo ipleyiti kwi spindle drive motor yombane - idrayivu yombane ejikeleza iidiski. Kule HDD bajikeleza ngesantya se-7200 rpm (revolutions / min), kodwa kwezinye iimodeli banokusebenza kancinci. Ukuqhuba okucothayo kunengxolo ephantsi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla, kodwa kunye nesantya esisezantsi, ngelixa iidrive ezikhawulezayo zinokufikelela kwisantya se-15 rpm.
Ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa uthuli kunye nokufuma komoya, sebenzisa isihluzo sokujikeleza kwakhona (isikwere esiluhlaza), ukuqokelela amaqhekeza amancinci kwaye uwabambe ngaphakathi. Umoya oshukunyiswa kukujikeleza kwamacwecwe uqinisekisa ukuhamba rhoqo ngesihluzo. Ngaphezulu kweediski kwaye ecaleni kwesihluzo kukho enye yezintathu izahluli zepleyiti: ukunceda ukunciphisa ukungcangcazela kunye nokugcina ukuhamba komoya kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Kwindawo ephezulu ngasekhohlo yomfanekiso, isikwere esiluhlaza sibonisa enye yeemagnethi ezimbini ezisisigxina zebar. Banikezela ngemagnethi efunekayo ukuhambisa icandelo eliboniswe ngombala obomvu. Masahlule ezi nkcukacha ukuze sizibone ngcono.
Into ekhangeleka ngathi sisiziba esimhlophe sesinye isihluzo, kuphela esi sihluza amasuntswana neegesi ezingena ngaphandle ngomngxuma esiwubone ngasentla. Izikhonkwane zentsimbi zi iintshukumo zentloko, apho zikhoyo funda-bhala iintloko ihadi drayivu. Zihamba ngesantya esimangalisayo kumphezulu wamacwecwe (phezulu nangaphantsi).
Bukela le vidiyo yenziwe ngu ukubona ukuba bakhawuleza kangakanani:
Uyilo alusebenzisi nantoni na ; Ukuhambisa i-levers, umbane wombane ugqithiswa kwi-solenoid kwisiseko se-levers.
Ngokubanzi babizwa , kuba basebenzisa umgaqo ofanayo osetyenziswa kwizithethi kunye ne-microphone ukuhambisa iimbumba. I-current ivelisa i-magnetic field ebajikelezileyo, esabela kwintsimi eyenziwe yimagnethi yebar esisigxina.
Ungalibali ukuba iingoma zedatha encinci, ngoko ke ukuma kweengalo kufuneka kuchaneke ngokugqithisileyo, njengayo yonke enye into ekuqhubeni. Ezinye ii-hard drives zinezigaba ezininzi ezenza utshintsho oluncinci kwicala lenxalenye enye yelever yonke.
Ezinye ii-hard drives zineengoma zedatha ezidlulanayo. Le teknoloji ibizwa ngokuba (i-shingled magnetic recording), kunye neemfuno zayo zokuchaneka kunye nokuma (oko kukuthi, ukubetha rhoqo inqaku elinye) zingqongqo ngakumbi.
Ekupheleni kweengalo kukho iintloko ezibuthathaka kakhulu zokufunda-bhala. I-HDD yethu iqulethe iipleyiti ezi-3 kunye neentloko ezi-6, kwaye nganye yazo ukubhukuda ngaphezulu kwediski njengoko ijikeleza. Ukufezekisa oku, iintloko zixhonywe kwimicu ye-ultra-thin yentsimbi.
Kwaye apha sinokubona ukuba kutheni i-specimen yethu ye-anatomical yafa - ubuncinane enye yeentloko yakhululeka, kwaye nantoni na ebangele umonakalo wokuqala iphinde yagoba enye yeengalo. Inxalenye yentloko yonke incinci kangangokuba, njengoko ubona ngezantsi, kunzima kakhulu ukufumana umfanekiso ofanelekileyo ngekhamera eqhelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, sinokwahlula amalungu ngamanye. Ibhloko engwevu yinxalenye eyenziwe ngokukodwa ebizwa "isilayidi": Njengoko i-disc ijikeleza ngaphantsi kwayo, ukuhamba komoya kudala ukuphakama, ukuphakamisa intloko ebusweni. Kwaye xa sisithi βizinyusi,β sithetha umsantsa obubanzi kuphela obuyi-0,0000002 i-intshi, okanye ngaphantsi kwe-5 nm.
Nakuphi na okunye, kwaye iintloko aziyi kukwazi ukuqaphela utshintsho kwintsimi yamagnetic yomzila; ukuba iintloko zithe tywa phezu komhlaba, beziya kukrwela isambatho eso. Kungenxa yoko le nto kufuneka ucofe umoya ngaphakathi kwimeko yokuqhuba: uthuli kunye nokufuma kumphezulu wokuqhuba kuya kuqhekeza nje iintloko.
Intsimbi encinci "yepali" ekupheleni kwentloko inceda nge-aerodynamics jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, ukubona iindawo ezenza ukufunda nokubhala, sifuna ifoto engcono.
Kulo mfanekiso wenye i-hard drive, izixhobo zokufunda/ukubhala ziphantsi kwazo zonke izidibaniso zombane. Ukurekhoda kwenziwa yinkqubo (ukwenziwa kwefilimu encinci, iTFI), kunye nokufunda - isixhobo (i-tunneling magnetoresistive device, TMR).
Iimpawu eziveliswe yi-TMR zibuthathaka kakhulu kwaye kufuneka zigqithwe nge-amplifier ukwandisa amanqanaba ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe. I-chip enoxanduva loku ibekwe kufutshane nesiseko se-levers kumfanekiso ongezantsi.
Njengoko kuchaziwe kwintshayelelo yenqaku, amacandelo oomatshini kunye nomgaqo wokusebenza we-hard drive itshintshile kancinci kule minyaka. Uninzi lwazo zonke, iteknoloji yeengoma zamagnetic kunye neentloko ezifundwayo ziphuculwe, zidala amathrekhi amancinci amancinci kunye axineneyo, ekugqibeleni akhokelela ekunyuseni kolwazi olugciniweyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ii-hard drives zoomatshini zinemida yesantya esicacileyo. Kuthatha ixesha ukuhambisa iilevers kwindawo oyifunayo, kwaye ukuba idatha isasazeke kwiingoma ezahlukeneyo kwiipleyiti ezahlukeneyo, emva koko i-drive iya kuchitha ii-microseconds ezimbalwa ukukhangela amasuntswana.
Ngaphambi kokuba udlulele kolunye uhlobo lokuqhuba, masibonise isantya esiqikelelwayo se-HDD eqhelekileyo. Sisebenzise umlinganiselo ukuvavanya i-hard drive :
Imigca emibini yokuqala ibonisa inani le-MB ngesibini xa usenza ngokulandelelana (uluhlu olude, oluqhubekayo) kunye ne-random (utshintsho kuyo yonke i-drive yonke) ifunda kwaye ibhala. Umgca olandelayo ubonisa ixabiso le-IOPS, eliyinani lemisebenzi ye-I / O eyenziwa rhoqo ngesibini. Umgca wokugqibela ubonisa i-latency ephakathi (ixesha kwi-microseconds) phakathi kokuhambisa umsebenzi wokufunda okanye ukubhala kunye nokufumana amanani edatha.
Ngokubanzi, sizama ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso kwimigca emithathu yokuqala makhulu ngokusemandleni, kwaye kumgca wokugqibela uncinci kangangoko. Ungazikhathazi ngamanani ngokwawo, siya kuwasebenzisa nje ukuthelekisa xa sijonga olunye uhlobo lokuqhuba: i-slid-state drive.
umthombo: www.habr.com