Abantu abaninzi mhlawumbi bevile malunga ne-Anycast. Kule ndlela yonxibelelwano lwedilesi kunye nomzila, idilesi ye-IP enye inikezelwa kwiiseva ezininzi kwinethiwekhi. Ezi seva zinokubekwa kumaziko edatha akude ukusuka kwenye. Umbono we-Anycast kukuba, ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yomthombo wesicelo, idatha ithunyelwa kweyona ikufutshane (ngokuhambelana ne-topology yenethiwekhi, ngokuchanekileyo, i-BGP yomzila we-protocol) iseva. Ngale ndlela, unokunciphisa inani le-hops yenethiwekhi kunye ne-latency.
Ngokusisiseko, indlela efanayo iyapapashwa kumaziko edatha amaninzi kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngaloo ndlela, abathengi baya kuthunyelwa kwi "best" kunye "ekufutshane" ngokusekelwe kwiindlela ze-BGP, iziko ledatha. Kutheni u-Anycast? Kutheni usebenzisa i-Anycast endaweni ye-Unicast?
I-Unicast ifanelekile ngokwenene kwisiza esinomncedisi omnye wewebhu kunye nesixa esiphakathi setrafikhi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba inkonzo inezigidi zababhalisi, ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa iiseva ezininzi zewebhu, nganye inedilesi ye-IP efanayo. Ezi seva zisasazwa ngokwejografi ukuze zinike izicelo ngokugqibeleleyo.
Kule meko, i-Anycast iya kuphucula ukusebenza (i-traffic ithunyelwa kumsebenzisi ngokulibaziseka okuncinci), qinisekisa ukuthembeka kwenkonzo (enkosi kwiiseva ezigciniweyo) kunye nokulinganisa umthwalo - umzila kwiiseva ezininzi ziya kusasaza ngokufanelekileyo umthwalo phakathi kwabo, ukuphucula isantya. yesiza.
Abaqhubi banikezela abathengi ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa umthwalo ngokusekelwe kwi-Anycast kunye ne-DNS. Abathengi banokukhankanya iidilesi ze-IP apho izicelo ziya kuthunyelwa ngokusekelwe kwindawo yejografi yesayithi. Oku kwenza kube lula ukusasaza izicelo zabasebenzisi ngokulula ngakumbi.
Masithi kukho iindawo ezininzi phakathi kwazo ofuna ukusabalalisa umthwalo (abasebenzisi), umzekelo, ivenkile ye-intanethi kunye nezicelo ze-100 ngosuku okanye iblogi eyaziwayo. Ukunciphisa ummandla apho abasebenzisi bafikelela kwindawo ethile, ungasebenzisa i Geo Community ukhetho. Ikuvumela ukuba unciphise ummandla apho umqhubi uya kuthengisa indlela.
Anycast kunye ne-Unicast: umahluko
I-Anycast isoloko isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifana ne-DNS (iNkqubo yeGama leDomain) kunye ne-CDN (i-Content Delivery Networks), eyenza izigqibo zomzila eziphucula ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi. Iinethiwekhi zokuhanjiswa komxholo zisebenzisa i-Anycast kuba zijongana nomthamo omkhulu wetrafikhi, kwaye i-Anycast ibonelela ngenani leenzuzo kule meko (ngaphezulu kubo ngezantsi). Kwi-DNS, i-Anycast ikuvumela ukuba unyuse kakhulu izinga lokuthembeka kunye nokunyamezela impazamo yenkonzo.
Kwi-Anycast IP, xa usebenzisa i-BGP, kukho iindlela ezininzi ukuya kumamkeli othile. Ezi ngokwenene iikopi zenginginya kumaziko amaninzi edatha, asetyenziselwa ukuseka uxhulumaniso olusezantsi lwe-latency.
Ngoko ke, kwinethiwekhi ye-Anycast, idilesi ye-IP efanayo ibhengezwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye inethwekhi inquma apho ukuhambisa isicelo somsebenzisi ngokusekelwe "kwindleko" yendlela. Umzekelo, i-BGP isoloko isetyenziselwa ukumisela eyona ndlela imfutshane yogqithiso lwedatha. Xa umsebenzisi ethumela isicelo Anycast, BGP imisela eyona ndlela ilungileyo abancedisi ezikhoyo Anycast kuthungelwano.
Iinzuzo ze-Anycast
Ukunciphisa iLatency
Iinkqubo kunye ne-Anycast inokunciphisa i-latency xa iqhuba izicelo zomsebenzisi kuba zikuvumela ukuba ufumane idatha kwi-server ekufutshane. Oko kukuthi, abasebenzisi baya kuhlala beqhagamshela "kwindawo ekufutshane" (ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga iprotocol yokujonga) iseva yeDNS. Ngenxa yoko, i-Anycast inciphisa ixesha lokusebenzisana ngokunciphisa umgama womnatha phakathi komthengi kunye nomncedisi. Oku akunciphisi nje ukubambezeleka kodwa kukwabonelela ngolungelelwaniso lomthwalo.
Ukukhawuleza
Ngenxa yokuba i-traffic ihanjiswa kwi-node ekufutshane kunye ne-latency phakathi komxhasi kunye ne-node iyancitshiswa, umphumo uphuculwe isantya sokuhanjiswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umxhasi ucela ulwazi.
Ukunyuka kozinzo kunye nokunyamezela iimpazamo
Ukuba iiseva ezininzi emhlabeni jikelele zisebenzisa i-IP efanayo, ngoko ukuba enye yeeseva iyasilela okanye iqhawulwe, i-traffic iya kuhanjiswa kwiseva ekufutshane. Ngenxa yoko, i-Anycast yenza inkonzo yomelele ngakumbi kwaye ibonelela ngofikelelo olungcono lwenethiwekhi/latency/speed.
Ngaloo ndlela, ngokuba neeseva ezininzi ezifumaneka rhoqo kubasebenzisi, i-Anycast, umzekelo, iphucula ukuzinza kwe-DNS. Ukuba i-node iyasilela, izicelo zomsebenzisi ziya kuhanjiswa kwenye iseva ye-DNS ngaphandle kokungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla okanye uhlengahlengiso. I-Anycast ibonelela ngokutshintshela elubala kwezinye iisayithi ngokususa ngokulula iindlela zesiza esinengxaki.
Ukulayisha ukulinganisa
Kwi-Anycast, itrafikhi yenethiwekhi isasazwa kwiiseva ezahlukeneyo. Oko kukuthi, isebenza njenge-balancer yomthwalo, ukuthintela nayiphi na iseva enye ekufumaneni ubuninzi bezithuthi. Ukulinganisa umthwalo kungasetyenziswa, umzekelo, xa kukho iindawo ezininzi zenethiwekhi kumgama ofanayo wejografi ukusuka kumthombo wesicelo. Kule meko, umthwalo usasazwa phakathi kwee-nodes.
Ukunciphisa impembelelo yokuhlaselwa kweDoS
Olunye uphawu lwe-Anycast kukuxhathisa kweDDoS. Uhlaselo lwe-DDoS alunakwenzeka ukuba lukwazi ukuhlisa inkqubo ye-Anycast, kuba kuya kufuneka bagqithise zonke iiseva kuthungelwano olunjalo kunye ne-avalanche yezicelo.
Uhlaselo lwe-DDoS luhlala lusebenzisa ii-botnets, ezinokuthi zivelise i-traffic eninzi kangangokuba ilayisha kakhulu iseva ehlaselweyo. Inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-Anycast kule meko kukuba umncedisi ngamnye uyakwazi "ukufunxa" inxalenye yokuhlaselwa, okunciphisa umthwalo kuloo mncedisi othile. Ukwaliwa kohlaselo lwenkonzo kuya kwenzeka ukuba kwenziwe kwalapha kwiseva kwaye akusayi kuchaphazela yonke inkonzo.
Ukunyuka okuphezulu okuthe tye
Iinkqubo ze-Anycast zifanelekile kwiinkonzo ezinomthamo omkhulu wezithuthi. Ukuba inkonzo esebenzisa i-Anycast ifuna amaseva amatsha ukuphatha i-traffic eyandisiweyo, amaseva amatsha anokongezwa kwinethiwekhi ukuyiphatha. Zinokubekwa kwiindawo ezintsha okanye ezikhoyo.
Ukuba indawo ethile ifumana ukwanda okukhulu kwi-traffic, ngoko ukongeza umncedisi kuya kunceda ukulinganisela umthwalo kweso siza. Ukongeza iseva kwindawo entsha kuya kunceda ukunciphisa amaxesha okulinda ngokudala indlela entsha emfutshane yabasebenzisi abathile. Zombini ezi ndlela zikwanceda ukuphucula uzinzo lwenkonzo njengoko iiseva ezintsha zifumaneka kwinethiwekhi. Ngale ndlela, ukuba umncedisi ugcwele kakhulu, ungafaka enye kwindawo evumela ukuba yamkele inxalenye yezicelo zomncedisi ogcwele kakhulu. Oku akufuni naluphi na uqwalaselo kwicala labaxumi.
Kungale ndlela kuphela apho i-terabits yetrafikhi kunye nenani elikhulu kakhulu labasebenzisi linikezelwe xa umncedisi enezibuko ezimbalwa ze-10 okanye ze-25 Gbps. Iinginginya ezili-100 ezinedilesi ye-IP enye ziya kwenza kube lula ukusetyenzwa kwemithamo yetrafikhi yetrafikhi.
Ulawulo loqwalaselo olulula
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, ukusetyenziswa okunomdla kwe-Anycast yi-DNS. Ungabeka iiseva ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeDNS kwiindawo zenethiwekhi, kodwa sebenzisa idilesi enye yeDNS. Ngokuxhomekeke apho umthombo ukhoyo, izicelo zihanjiswa kwindawo ekufutshane. Oku kubonelela ngolungelelwaniso lwetrafikhi kunye nokungafuneki xa kukho ukungaphumeleli kweseva ye-DNS. Ngale ndlela, endaweni yokuqwalasela iiseva ze-DNS ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo ezikuyo, uqwalaselo lweseva enye yeDNS lunokusasazwa kuzo zonke iindawo.
Iinethiwekhi ze-Anycast zingaqwalaselwa kwizicelo zomzila kungekhona nje ngokusekwe kumgama, kodwa nakwiiparameters ezifana nobukho bomncedisi, inani loxhumo olusekiweyo. okanye ixesha lokuphendula.
Akukho ziseva ezikhethekileyo, uthungelwano okanye amacandelo akhethekileyo afunekayo kwicala lomxhasi ukusebenzisa i-Anycast technology. Kodwa i-Anycast nayo ineentsilelo zayo. Kukholelwa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwayo ngumsebenzi onzima, ofuna izixhobo ezongezelelweyo, ababoneleli abathembekileyo kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuhamba.
Kude nomthombo onyulu ukuya ebuhleni
Nangona abasebenzisi beendlela ze-Anycast ezisekwe kwezona hops zimbalwa, oku akuthethi ukuba eyona latency iphantsi. Ukubambezeleka yimetric entsonkothileyo kakhulu kuba inokuba phezulu kwinguqu enye kuneshumi.
Umzekelo: Unxibelelwano phakathi kwelizwekazi lusenokubandakanya i-hop enye ene-latency ephezulu kakhulu.
I-Anycast isetyenziselwa ikakhulu kwiinkonzo ezisekelwe kwi-UDP ezifana ne-DNS. Izicelo zomsebenzisi zisiwa kwindawo "engcono" kunye "ekufutshane" kwiziko ledatha esekelwe kwiindlela ze-BGP.
Umzekelo: Indawo yokusebenzela yomxhasi we-DNS enedilesi ye-Anycast DNS IP ye-123.10.10.10 yenza isisombululo se-DNS kweyona ikufutshane kwiiseva ezintathu zegama le-DNS ezisetyenziswe kusetyenziswa idilesi ye-Anycast IP efanayo. Ukuba iNdlela ye-R1 okanye iSeva A ayiphumelelanga, iipakethi zabaxumi be-DNS ziya kuthunyelwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwiseva elandelayo ye-DNS ekufutshane ngeeNdlela ezi-R2 kunye ne-R3. Ukongeza, indlela eya kwiseva yethu A iya kususwa kwiitafile zomzila, ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa ngakumbi kwegama leseva.
Iimeko zokusasazwa
Kukho izikimu ezimbini eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi iseva umsebenzisi aqhagamshela kuyo:
- Nayiphi na inethiwekhi umaleko. Iqhagamshela umsebenzisi kwiseva ekufutshane. Indlela yenethiwekhi ukusuka kumsebenzisi ukuya kumncedisi ibalulekile apha.
- Inqanaba lesicelo nakweyiphi na icast. Esi sikimu sineemitha ezibalwe ngakumbi, kubandakanywa ukufumaneka komncedisi, ixesha lokuphendula, inani loqhagamshelwano, njl.
I-CDN isekwe kwi-Anycast
Ngoku masibuyele ekusebenziseni i-Anycast kuthungelwano lonikezelo lomxholo. I-Anycast ngokuqinisekileyo yinto enomdla yokunxibelelana kwaye ifumana ukwamkelwa okukhulayo phakathi kwababoneleli be-CDN abalandelayo.
I-CDN yinethiwekhi esasazwayo yeeseva ezihambisa umxholo kubasebenzisi bokugqibela ngokufumaneka okuphezulu kunye ne-latency ephantsi. Uthungelwano lokuhanjiswa komxholo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo namhlanje njengomqolo weenkonzo ezininzi zemidiya ye-intanethi, kwaye abathengi bayanda ukunyamezela ukukhuphela okucothayo. Usetyenziso lwevidiyo kunye nelizwi lunovakalelo ngakumbi kwi-jitter yenethiwekhi kunye ne-latency.
I-CDN idibanisa zonke iiseva kwinethiwekhi enye kwaye iqinisekisa ukulayishwa ngokukhawuleza komxholo. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ixesha lokulinda lomsebenzisi ngemizuzwana emi-5-6. Injongo ye-CDN kukwandisa ukuhanjiswa ngokukhonza umxholo ovela kumncedisi osondeleyo kumsebenzisi wokugqibela. Oku kufana kakhulu ne-Anycast, apho umncedisi osondeleyo ukhethwa ngokusekelwe kwindawo yomsebenzisi wokugqibela. Kubonakala ngathi wonke umnikezeli wenkonzo we-CDN uya kusebenzisa i-Anycast ngokungagqibekanga, kodwa enyanisweni oku akunjalo.
Usetyenziso olusebenzisa iiprothokholi ezifana ne-HTTP/TCP zixhomekeke kuqhagamshelwano olusekiweyo. Ukuba indawo entsha yeAnycast ikhethiwe (umzekelo, ngenxa yokusilela kweseva), inkonzo inokuphazamiseka. Kungenxa yoko le nto i-Anycast yayicetyiswe ngaphambili kwiinkonzo ezingaqhagamshelwanga ezifana ne-UDP kunye ne-DNS. Nangona kunjalo, i-Anycast ikwasebenza kakuhle kwiiprothokholi ezijolise kunxibelelwano; umzekelo, i-TCP isebenza kakuhle kwimowudi ye-Anycast.
Abanye ababoneleli be-CDN basebenzisa i-Anycast-based routing, abanye bakhetha umzila we-DNS-based: umncedisi osondeleyo ukhethwa ngokusekelwe apho iseva ye-DNS yomsebenzisi ikhona.
I-Hybrid kunye ne-multi-data center infrastructure ngomnye umzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwe-Anycast. Idilesi ye-IP yoLungiso loMthwalo efunyenwe kumnikezeli ikuvumela ukuba usasaze umthwalo phakathi kweedilesi ze-IP zeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo zabathengi kwiziko ledatha yomnikezeli. Ndiyabulela kuyo nayiphi na iteknoloji yesixhobo, ibonelela ngokusebenza okungcono phantsi kwetrafikhi enzima, ukunyamezela impazamo kwaye inceda ukwandisa ixesha lokuphendula xa ujongene nenani elikhulu labasebenzisi.
Kwisiseko sesiseko sesiseko sedatha yedatha eninzi, ungasasaza itrafikhi kuzo zonke iiseva okanye noomatshini ababonakalayo kwiiseva ezinikezelweyo.
Ngaloo ndlela, kukho ukhetho olukhulu lwezisombululo zobugcisa bokwakha izakhiwo. Ungaqwalasela kwakhona ulungelelwaniso lomthwalo kuzo zonke iidilesi ze-IP kumaziko edatha amaninzi, ujolise kuso nasiphi na isixhobo kwiqela ukunyusa ukusebenza kwesayithi.
Unokusasaza i-traffic ngokwemigaqo yakho, uchaza "ubunzima" beeseva ezisasazwayo kwiziko ngalinye ledatha. Olu lungelelwaniso luluncedo ngakumbi xa kukho ipaki yomncedisi osasaziweyo kwaye ukusebenza kweenkonzo kungalingani. Oku kuya kuvumela i-traffic ukuba isasazwe rhoqo ukuphucula ukusebenza kweseva.
Ukwenza inkqubo yokubeka iliso usebenzisa umyalelo we-ping, kunokwenzeka ukuqwalasela iiprobes. Oku kuvumela umlawuli ukuba achaze iinkqubo zabo zokubeka iliso kunye nokufumana umfanekiso ocacileyo wemeko yecandelo ngalinye kwiziseko zophuhliso. Ngale ndlela, iindlela zokufikeleleka zinokuchazwa.
Kunokwenzeka ukuba kwakhiwe isiseko se-hybridi: ngamanye amaxesha kulungele ukushiya iofisi yangasemva kwinethiwekhi yenkampani, kwaye ukhuphe i-interface inxalenye kumnikezeli.
Kunokwenzeka ukongeza izatifikethi ze-SSL zokulinganisa umthwalo, ukubethelwa kwedatha edlulisiweyo kunye nokhuseleko lonxibelelwano phakathi kweendwendwe zesayithi kunye neziseko zenkampani. Kwimeko yokulinganisa umthwalo phakathi kwamaziko edatha, i-SSL nayo ingasetyenziswa.
Inkonzo nayiphi na i-cast kunye nokulinganisa umthwalo wedilesi inokufumaneka kumboneleli wakho. Eli nqaku liza kunceda ukuphucula indlela abasebenzisi abanxibelelana ngayo neeapps ezisekwe kwindawo. Kwanele ukuvakalisa ukuba zeziphi iinkonzo ezikhoyo kwiziko ledatha, kwaye i-traffic iya kuhanjiswa kwiziseko ezikufutshane. Ukuba kukho iiseva ezinikezelweyo, umzekelo eFransi okanye eMntla Melika, ke abathengi baya kubhekiswa kwiseva ekufutshane kwinethiwekhi.
Enye yeenketho zokusebenzisa i-Anycast lolona khetho lufanelekileyo lobukho bomsebenzi (PoP). Masiphe . I-LinkedIn (ivaliwe eRashiya) ayizami kuphela ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nesantya seemveliso zayo - izicelo zeselula kunye newebhu, kodwa nokuphucula iziseko zenethiwekhi yokuhanjiswa komxholo okhawulezayo. Kulo kuhanjiswa komxholo onamandla, i-LinkedIn isebenzisa ngokusebenzayo ii-PoPs - amanqaku obukho. I-Anycast isetyenziselwa ukuqondisa abasebenzisi kwi-PoP ekufutshane.
Isizathu kukuba kwimeko ye-Unycast, nganye i-LinkedIn PoP inedilesi ye-IP ekhethekileyo. Abasebenzisi ke babelwa iPoP ngokusekwe kwindawo abakuyo kusetyenziswa iDNS. Ingxaki kukuba xa usebenzisa i-DNS, malunga ne-30% yabasebenzisi base-United States baye bathunyelwa kwi-PoP encinci. Ngokuphunyezwa ngezigaba kwe-Anycast, i-suboptimal PoP assignment yehle ukusuka kwi-31% ukuya kwi-10%.
Iziphumo zovavanyo lokulinga zibonisiwe kwigrafu, apho i-Y-axis iyipesenti ye-asayinimenti ye-PoP epheleleyo. Njengoko i-Anycast iye yanyuka, amazwe amaninzi ase-US abone ukuphucuka kwepesenti yetrafikhi ukuya kweyona iPoP.
Anycast Network Monitoring
Uthungelwano lwe-Anycast lulula ngokwethiyori: abancedisi abaninzi bomzimba babelwa idilesi ye-IP efanayo, esebenzisa i-BGP ukumisela indlela. Kodwa ukuphunyezwa kunye noyilo lweeplatifti ze-Anycast ziyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye i-Anycast inethwekhi ezinyamezelayo zidume kakhulu kule nto. Owona mceli mngeni mkhulu kukubeka iliso kwinethiwekhi ye-Anycast ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza kwaye ukwahlula iimpazamo.
Ukuba iinkonzo zisebenzisa umboneleli we-CDN wesithathu ukukhonza umxholo wabo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba babeke iliso kwaye baqinisekise ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi. I-Anycast-based monitoring CDN igxininise ekulinganiseni i-latency ekupheleni kunye ne-penultimate hop ukusebenza ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi isikhungo sedatha ekhonza umxholo. Ukuhlalutya izihloko zeseva ye-HTTP yenye indlela yokumisela ukuba ivela phi idatha.
Umzekelo: Iiheader zempendulo zeHTTP ezibonisa indawo yomncedisi weCDN.
Ngokomzekelo, i-CloudFlare isebenzisa i-header ye-CF-Ray kwimiyalezo ye-HTTP yokuphendula, equka isibonakaliso seziko ledatha apho isicelo senziwe khona. Kwimeko ye-Zendesk, intloko ye-CF-Ray yommandla we-Seattle yi-CF-RAY: 2a21675e65fd2a3d-SEA, kunye ne-Amsterdam yi-CF-RAY: 2a216896b93a0c71-AMS. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona i-HTTP-X iiheader ezivela kwimpendulo ye-HTTP ukuze ubone apho umxholo ukhoyo.
Ezinye iindlela zokunxibelelana
Kukho ezinye iindlela zokujongana nokuthumela izicelo zomsebenzisi kwindawo ethile yothungelwano ekupheleni:
I-Unicast
Uninzi lwe-Intanethi namhlanje lusebenzisa le ndlela. I-Unicast - ukuhanjiswa kwe-unicast, idilesi ye-IP inxulunyaniswa ne-node eyodwa kuphela kwinethiwekhi. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-one-to-one match.
Multicast
I-Multicast isebenzisa ubudlelwane obunye ukuya kwabaninzi okanye abaninzi ukuya kwabaninzi. I-Multicast ivumela isicelo esivela kumthumeli ukuba sithunyelwe ngaxeshanye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezikhethiweyo zokuphela. Oku kunika umxhasi amandla okukhuphela ifayile kwiziqwengana kwiinginginya ezininzi ngaxeshanye (eluncedo ekusingatheni iaudio okanye ividiyo). I-Multicast ihlala ibhidaniswa ne-Anycast, nangona kunjalo, umahluko ophambili kukuba i-Anycast iyalela umthumeli kwindawo ethile ethile, nokuba iindawo ezininzi ziyafumaneka.
soSasazo
I-datagram evela kumthumeli omnye ithunyelwa kuzo zonke iindawo eziphela ezinxulumene nedilesi yosasazo. Inethiwekhi iphinda iphindaphinda idathagrams ukuze ikwazi ukufikelela kubo bonke abamkeli kusasazo (ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-subnet efanayo).
Geocast
I-Geocast iyafana ne-Multicast: izicelo ezivela kumthumeli zithunyelwa kwiindawo ezininzi zokuphela ngaxeshanye. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko kukuba i-addressee inqunywe yindawo yayo yejografi. Le luhlobo olukhethekileyo losasazo oluninzi olusetyenziswa zezinye iindlela zokuziphatha kuthungelwano lwe-ad hoc yeselula.
I-router yejografi ibala indawo yenkonzo yayo kwaye iyilinganisele. Ii-georouters, ukutshintshiselana ngeendawo zenkonzo, zakha iitafile zendlela. Inkqubo ye-georouter inesakhiwo se-hierarchical.
Unicast, Multicast kunye noSasazo.
Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-Anycast kwandisa izinga lokuthembeka, ukunyamezela iimpazamo kunye nokhuseleko lwe-DNS. Ukusebenzisa le teknoloji, abaqhubi banikezela ngeenkonzo zabaxhasi babo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa umthwalo ngokusekelwe kwi-DNS. Kwiphaneli yolawulo, ungakhankanya iidilesi ze-IP apho izicelo ziya kuthunyelwa ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yejografi. Oku kuya kunika abathengi ithuba lokusasaza izicelo zabasebenzisi ngokulula ngakumbi.
Abanye abasebenzisi baphumeza izakhono zokubeka iliso kwindlela kwindawo nganye yobukho (POP): inkqubo ihlalutya ngokuzenzekelayo ezona ndlela zimfutshane zasekhaya kunye nehlabathi jikelele ngeendawo ezifumaneka kuzo kwaye izihamba ngeyona ndawo isezantsi ye-latency yejografi kunye ne-zero downtime.
Okwangoku, i-Anycast yisisombululo esizinzile nesithembekileyo sokwakha iinkonzo ze-DNS eziphezulu, ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokuzinza nokuthembeka.
I-domain .ru isekela ii-server ze-35 Anycast DNS, ezihlanganiswe kwii-nodes ze-20, zisasazwa kwiifu ezihlanu ze-Anycast. Kule meko, umgaqo wokwakhiwa okusekelwe kwiimpawu zendawo isetyenzisiweyo, okt. Geocast. Xa ubeka iindawo ze-DNS, kucingelwa ukuba ziya kufuduselwa kwiindawo ezisasazekileyo ngokwejografi kufutshane nabona basebenzisi basebenzayo, ubuninzi boxinzelelo lwababoneleli baseRussia kwindawo apho indawo ibekwe khona, kunye nokufumaneka komthamo wasimahla kunye nokulula. unxibelelwano kunye nesiza.
Uyenza njani iCDN?
I-CDN yinethiwekhi yeeseva ezikhawulezisa ukuhanjiswa komxholo kubasebenzisi. idibanisa zonke iiseva zibe yinethiwekhi enye kwaye iqinisekisa ukulayishwa komxholo okhawulezayo. Umgama ukusuka kumncedisi ukuya kumsebenzisi udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulayisheni isantya.
I-CDN ikuvumela ukuba usebenzise iiseva ezikufutshane kubaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo. Oku kunciphisa ixesha lokulinda kwaye kunceda ukukhawulezisa ukulayishwa komxholo wendawo kuzo zonke iindwendwe, ezibaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezineefayile ezinkulu okanye iinkonzo zemultimedia. Usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lwe-CDN lurhwebo lwe-elektroniki kunye nokuzonwabisa.
Inethiwekhi yeeseva ezongezelelweyo ezenziwe kwiziseko ze-CDN, ezibekwe ngokusondeleyo kubasebenzisi, zinegalelo ekuhanjisweni kwedatha okuzinzile kunye nokukhawuleza. Ngokwezibalo, ukusebenzisa i-CDN kunciphisa i-latency xa ufikelela kwisiza ngaphezu kwe-70% xa kuthelekiswa neziza ngaphandle kwe-CDN.
njani? Ukuseta i-CDN usebenzisa isisombululo sika-Anycast kunokuba yiprojekthi ebiza kakhulu, kodwa kukho iinketho ezingabizi kakhulu. Umzekelo, ungasebenzisa i-GeoDNS kunye neeseva eziqhelekileyo ezineedilesi ze-IP ezizodwa. Ukusebenzisa iinkonzo ze-GeoDNS, unokwenza i-CDN enobuchule be-geolocation, apho izigqibo zenziwe ngokusekelwe kwindawo yangempela yendwendwe, kunokuba indawo ye-DNS resolutionr. Ungaqwalasela indawo yakho ye-DNS ukubonisa iidilesi ze-IP ze-US kwiindwendwe zase-US, kodwa iindwendwe zaseYurophu ziya kubona idilesi ye-IP yaseYurophu.
Nge-GeoDNS, unokubuyisela iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo ze-DNS ngokuxhomekeke kwidilesi ye-IP yomsebenzisi. Ukwenza oku, iseva ye-DNS iqwalaselwe ukuba ibuyisele iidilesi ezahlukeneyo ze-IP ngokuxhomekeke kumthombo wedilesi ye-IP kwisicelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-database ye-GeoIP isetyenziselwa ukumisela ummandla apho isicelo senziwa khona. I-Geolocation usebenzisa i-DNS ikuvumela ukuba uthumele umxholo kubasebenzisi ukusuka kwindawo ekufutshane.
I-GeoDNS imisela idilesi ye-IP yomxhasi othumele isicelo se-DNS, okanye idilesi ye-IP yomncedisi we-DNS we-recursive womboneleli, osetyenziswa xa kusenziwa isicelo somthengi. Ilizwe/ummandla umiselwa yi-IP yomthengi kunye nedathabheyisi ye-GeoIP. Umxhasi ngoko ufumana idilesi ye-IP ye-CDN ekufutshane yomncedisi. Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuseta i-GeoDNS.
Anycast okanye GeoDNS?
Ngelixa i-Anycast iyindlela entle yokuhambisa umxholo kwinqanaba lehlabathi, ayinanto ethile. Apha kulapho iGeoDNS iza kuhlangula. Le nkonzo ikuvumela ukuba wenze imithetho ethumela abasebenzisi kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo ezisekelwe kwindawo yabo.
Umzekelo: Abasebenzisi abasuka eYurophu balathiswe kwisiphelo esahlukileyo.
Ungakwala ukufikelela kwimida ngokulahla zonke izicelo. Oku, ngokukodwa, yindlela ekhawulezayo yokunqumla abangeneleli.
I-GeoDNS inika iimpendulo ezichanekileyo ngaphezu kwe-Anycast. Ukuba kwimeko ye-Anycast eyona ndlela imfutshane imiselwa linani leehops, emva koko kwi-GeoDNS umzila wabasebenzisi bokuphela kwenzeka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo abakuyo. Oku kunciphisa ukubambezeleka kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka xa usenza imigaqo yegranular yomzila.
Xa uhamba ukuya kwi-domain, isiphequluli siqhagamshelana nomncedisi we-DNS osondeleyo, othi, kuxhomekeke kwi-domain, ikhupha idilesi ye-IP ukulayisha isayithi. Makhe sicinge ukuba ivenkile ye-intanethi idumile e-USA naseYurophu, kodwa iiseva ze-DNS zayo zifumaneka kuphela eYurophu. Emva koko abasebenzisi base-US abafuna ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zevenkile baya kunyanzeliswa ukuba bathumele isicelo kumncedisi osondeleyo, kwaye ekubeni ikude kakhulu, kuya kufuneka balinde ixesha elide ukuze baphendule - isayithi ayiyi kulayisha ngokukhawuleza.
Xa iseva yeGeoDNS ikwi-USA, abasebenzisi baya kuba sele beyifumene. Impendulo iya kukhawuleza, eya kuchaphazela isantya sokulayisha sesayithi.
Kwimeko kunye neseva ye-DNS ekhoyo e-United States, xa umsebenzisi ovela e-United States ehamba kwi-domain enikeziweyo, uya kuqhagamshelana nomncedisi osondeleyo oza kubonelela nge-IP efunekayo. Umsebenzisi uya kubhekiswa kumncedisi oqulethe umxholo wesayithi, kodwa ekubeni iiseva ezinomxholo zikude, akayi kuyifumana ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuba ubamba iiseva ze-CDN e-US ngedatha egciniweyo, emva kokulayisha isikhangeli somthengi siya kuthumela isicelo kwiseva ye-DNS ekufutshane, eya kuthumela umva idilesi ye-IP efunekayo. Umkhangeli zincwadi ofumene abafowunelwa be-IP umncedisi weCDN okufutshane kunye nomncedisi oyintloko, kwaye iseva ye-CDN ikhonza umxholo ogcinwe kwi-browser. Ngelixa umxholo ogciniweyo ulayishwa, iifayile ezilahlekileyo ukulayisha indawo epheleleyo zifunyenwe kumncedisi oyintloko. Ngenxa yoko, ixesha lokulayisha indawo liyancitshiswa, kuba iifayile ezimbalwa zithunyelwa kumncedisi oyintloko.
Ukumisela indawo echanekileyo yedilesi ethile ye-IP akusoloko kungumsebenzi olula: kukho izinto ezininzi ezidlalwayo, kwaye abanini boluhlu lweedilesi ze-IP banokuthatha isigqibo sokuyithengisa kwelinye icala lehlabathi (ngoko kuya kufuneka linda i-database ukuba ihlaziywe ukuze ufumane indawo echanekileyo). Ngamanye amaxesha ababoneleli beVPS babela iidilesi ekucingelwa ukuba zise-US kwiVPS eSingapore.
Ngokungafaniyo nokusebenzisa iidilesi ze-Anycast, ukuhanjiswa kwenziwa ngexesha lokusonjululwa kwegama kunokuba uqhagamshelwe kwi-caching server. Ukuba i-recursive server ayixhasi ii-subnets zabaxhasi be-EDNS, ke indawo ye-recursive server isetyenziswe kunomsebenzisi oya kuxhuma kwi-caching server.
IiNkcukacha zoMxumi kwi-DNS lulwandiso lwe-DNS (RFC7871) echaza ukuba iiseva ze-DNS eziphinda-phindayo zinokuthumela njani ulwazi lwabaxhasi kwiseva ye-DNS, ngakumbi ulwazi lwenethiwekhi olunokuthi umncedisi we-GeoDNS angalusebenzisa ukumisela ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi indawo yomthengi.
Uninzi lusebenzisa iiseva zabo ze-DNS ze-ISP okanye iiseva ze-DNS ezikufutshane kubo ngokwejografi, kodwa ukuba umntu othile e-US ngesizathu esithile ugqibe kwelokuba asebenzise isicombululi se-DNS esiseOstreliya, banokuphela benedilesi ye-IP ekufutshane ne-Australia.
Ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisa i-GeoDNS, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ezi mpawu, njengoko kwezinye iimeko kunokunyusa umgama phakathi kweeseva ze-caching kunye nomxhasi.
Isishwankathelo: ukuba ufuna ukudibanisa iiVPS ezininzi kwi-CDN, ngoko ke eyona ndlela ingcono yokusasaza kukusebenzisa iqela leseva ye-DNS kunye ne-GeoDNS + Anycast umsebenzi ngaphandle kwebhokisi.
umthombo: www.habr.com