Sifumene uphononongo oluneenkcukacha komnye wabasebenzisi be-OS yethu, esingathanda ukwabelana nawe ngayo.
I-Astra Linux yi-Debian derivative eyadalwa njengenxalenye yenyathelo lenguqu yesoftware yaseRashiya yasimahla. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi ze-Astra Linux, enye yazo yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, yonke imihla-I-Astra Linux "Ukhozi" Ushicilelo oluqhelekileyo. I-OS yaseRashiya kumntu wonke inomdla ngenkcazo, kwaye ndifuna ukuthetha nge-Orel ngokwembono yomntu osebenzisa iinkqubo ezintathu zokusebenza yonke imihla (Windows 10, Mac OS High Sierra kunye neFedora) kwaye uye wathembeka ku-Ubuntu okokugqibela. Iminyaka eyi-13. Ngokusekelwe kula mava, ndiya kuphonononga inkqubo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukufakela, i-interfaces, isoftware, iimpawu ezisisiseko zabaphuhlisi kunye nokulula ukusuka kwii-angles ezahlukeneyo. Izokwenza njani iAstra Linux xa ithelekiswa neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo? Kwaye ingaba ingathatha indawo yeWindows ekhaya?
Faka iAstra Linux
Isifakeli seAstra Linux siyafana kakhulu nesifakeli seDebian. Mhlawumbi eyokuqala ilula ngakumbi, kuba uninzi lweeparamitha zilungiswa ngokungagqibekanga. Yonke le nto iqala ngesivumelwano selayisenisi jikelele ngokuchasene nomva wezakhiwo ezingekho phezulu kakhulu. Mhlawumbi nakwi-Orel.
Inqaku elibalulekileyo kufakelo lukhetho lwesoftware oluza nenkqubo ngokungagqibekanga. Iinketho ezikhoyo zibandakanya i-ofisi esemgangathweni kunye neemfuno zomsebenzi ("abangezophuhliso").
Kwakhona, iwindow yokugqibela iseti eyongezelelweyo yezicwangciso: ukuvala izitoliki, i-consoles, ukulandelela, ukucwangcisa i-bit execution, njl. Ukongeza, konke oku, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kunokuqwalaselwa kamva.
Inkqubo yafakwa ngaphakathi kwendawo ebonakalayo enemithombo ethobekileyo (ngokunxulumene neenkqubo zanamhlanje). Kwakungekho zikhalazo malunga nesantya kunye nokusebenza. Ubumbeko olwenzeke kulo uvavanyo luchazwe ngezantsi.
Inkqubo yokufakela ilula: khwelisa , faka ngenkqubo yofakelo lwenkqubo esemgangathweni kwaye utshise i-GRUB bootloader.
Inkqubo ayinyanzelwanga kwizibonelelo kwi-boot - malunga ne-250-300 MB ye-RAM ekuqaliseni imo yedesktop.
Olunye ukhetho lokuqalisa: ithebhulethi kunye nemowudi yefowuni
Xa ungena, ungakhetha kwiinketho ezininzi zophehlelelo: ngokukhuselekileyo, idesktop, iselfowuni, okanye ithebhulethi.
Unokwenza ikhibhodi ekwisikrini yezixhobo zokuchukumisa.
Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni enomdla kwiimodi ezahlukeneyo. Idesktop yindlela eqhelekileyo apho inkqubo ifana neWindows.
Imo yethebhulethi ifanelekile kwizikrini ezinkulu zokuchukumisa. Ukongeza kwiiyantlukwano ezicacileyo zangaphandle ezinokubonwa kwi-skrini engezantsi, kukho ezinye iimpawu zojongano. Isalathisi kwimodi yethebhulethi ayibonakali, iqhosha lokuvala izicelo libekwe kwibar yomsebenzi. Izicelo zesikrini esigcweleyo zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo kancinci, iifayile kumphathi wefayile zikwakhethwe ngokwahlukileyo.
Kufanelekile ukukhankanya imowudi yeselula - yonke into elapha imalunga nokufana ne-Android. Kusetyenziswa imeko-bume yegraphical ebhabhayo. Kwiindlela zokuthintela, ubamba ixesha elide lisebenza, onokuthi ngalo ubize imenyu yomxholo. Imowudi yeselula isebenzisa izixhobo ezithe kratya ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa nedesktop kunye nethebhulethi.
Ubukho beendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kulungele. Umzekelo, ukuba usebenzisa ithebhulethi enekhibhodi eplagiweyo kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, uchukumise kwaye ungachukumisi iimeko zokusetyenziswa.
Uhlaziyo lwenkqubo
Ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukusebenzisa inkqubo, kufuneka uyihlaziye. Ubukhulu becala I-Astra Linux 14 amawaka eephakheji (, ΠΈ isebe). Isebe lovavanyo kungekudala liza kufumana uhlaziyo olungazinzanga, ke siya kuvavanya isebe lovavanyo. Guqula indawo yokugcina kuvavanyo.
Siqala uhlaziyo lwendawo yokugcina kunye nokuhlaziya inkqubo. Ukwenza oku, cofa iqhosha elithi "Update" phezulu ekhohlo, emva koko "Phawula zonke izibuyekezo", emva koko "Faka isicelo". Siqalisa ngokutsha.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wabasebenzisi
Abasebenzisi abatsha badalwa kwinkqubo ngokusebenzisa usetyenziso lolawulo lomgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko.
Ngokungagqibekanga, umsebenzi wokungeniswa okude unikezelwe (Iphaneli yokulawula - Inkqubo - Ngena).
Ukongeza kwiseshini eqhelekileyo eyahlukileyo kunye nekude, unokuqalisa iseshoni enendlwana (Qala - Cima - Iseshini).
Ezimbini zokuqala zicacile. Iseshoni enendlwane yiseshoni eqala kwifestile yeseshoni yangoku.
Iiseshoni, ngendlela, zinokugqitywa emva kwexesha elilibazisiweyo: musa ukulinda ukuphela kwemisebenzi emide, kodwa vele usethe ukuvala ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ujongano kunye nesoftware yeAstra Linux
Ushicilelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-Astra Linux lukhumbuza iDebian njengoko kwakunjalo kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uHlelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-Astra Linux luzama ukusondela kwiiWindows.
Ukuhamba kunye nokusebenza ngenkqubo yefayile kusondele kwiWindows kuneLinux. Umfanekiso wenkqubo uza kunye nesethi eqhelekileyo yesoftware: iofisi, inethiwekhi, iigraphics, umculo, ividiyo. Izicwangciso zesixokelelwano zikwabekwe ngokwamaqela kwimenyu engundoqo. Ngokuzenzekelayo, izikrini ezine ziyafumaneka.
Njengoko ubona, iLibreOffice ifakwe njengendawo yeofisi kwinkqubo.
Iphaneli yolawulo iyafana neWindows/Mac/etc kwaye amaqela useto oluphambili kwindawo enye.
Umphathi wefayile unojongano lweepaneli ezimbini kwaye uyakwazi ukunyusa ugcino njengeefolda.
Umphathi wefayile unako ukubala iitshekhi, kuquka .
IMozilla Firefox ifakwe njengesikhangeli esihlala sihleli. Ijongeka njenge-ascetic, kodwa yanele. Umzekelo, ndavula ndajonga uHabr omtsha. Amaphepha anikezelwe, inkqubo ayintlitheki okanye ixhonywe.
Uvavanyo olulandelayo luhlelo lwemizobo. Sikhuphele umfanekiso kwisihloko senqaku likaHabr, sacela inkqubo ukuba iyivule kwi-GIMP. Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga nalapha.
Kwaye ngokushukuma kancinci kwesandla, songeza uvavanyo lwe-KPDV kwelinye lamanqaku. Ngokomgaqo, akukho mahluko kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zeLinux apha.
Masizame ukuya ngaphaya kwezikripthi ezilula kwaye sifake iipakethi eziqhelekileyo nge-apt-fumana.
Emva kokuhlaziya izalathisi:
sudo apt-get updateKuvavanyo, sifake i-python3-pip, zsh kwaye sahamba ngokufakela i-oh-my-zsh (kunye nokuxhomekeka okongeziweyo kwe-git). Inkqubo yasebenza ngokwesiqhelo.
Njengoko ubona, inkqubo isebenza kakuhle kwisakhelo seemeko eziqhelekileyo zemihla ngemihla kumsebenzisi oqhelekileyo. Ukuba ulindele ukubona iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo kwi-Debian/Ubuntu apha, ngoko kuya kufuneka uzifakele ukongeza, ngesandla (umzekelo, ukuba ufuna iipakethe ezifana ne-ack-grep, zifakwe nge-curl/sh). Unokongeza iindawo zokugcina kwimithombo.list kwaye usebenzise i-apt-fumana eqhelekileyo.
Astra Linux eziluncedo zobunini
Izixhobo ezichazwe ngasentla ziyinxalenye nje yezinto ezikhoyo kubasebenzisi be-Astra Linux. Ukongeza, abaphuhlisi baye benza malunga nekhulu lezinto ezongezelelweyo ezinokuthi zifakwe kwindawo yokugcina indawo eyayisetyenziselwa ukuhlaziya inkqubo.
Ukufumana izinto eziluncedo, kwanele ukukhangela igama elithi "fly" - zonke izinto eziyimfuneko zinesiqalo esinjalo.
Kunzima ukuxelela malunga nazo zonke izicelo ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sophononongo olunye, ngoko siya kukhetha ezimbalwa eziluncedo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga umsebenzisi olula. Isicelo semozulu sibonisa uqikelelo lwezixeko ezikhethiweyo eRashiya, lulungiselelwe ummandla waseRashiya.
Kukwakho nomsebenzi olula womzobo onezihluzi ezininzi kunye nokhetho lokukhangela kwiifayile.
Kukho usetyenziso lwayo lokubeka iliso kwibhetri kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo, utshintsho olucwangcisiweyo nge-timer - cima i-monitor, ubuthongo, u-hibernation.
Ukhetho lweefayile eziphunyezwayo zemiyalelo zisongelwe kwiqokobhe lomzobo. Umzekelo, ungacacisa ukuba yeyiphi "vi" inkqubo eya kukhetha xa usebenzisa umyalelo.
Ngesixhobo esahlukileyo solawulo, ungaqwalasela ukuba zeziphi izicelo eziza kuqala kuqaliso lwenkqubo.
Kukho nokujongwa kweGPS / GLONASS, kunokuba luncedo kwifowuni / ithebhulethi (apho imodyuli ehambelanayo ihlala ikhona).
Ikwanayo nomfundi wayo olula wePDF, kuba iimvavanyo ziqaliswe kwincwadi yeNkcubeko yasimahla nguLawrence Lessig.
Unokufunda ngazo zonke izixhobo zeFly kwi yeAstra Linux, kwicandelo elithi "Uncedo" ledesktop enenyani.
Thelekisa kunye neenkqubo eziphambili
Ukusuka kwimbono ye-interface kunye nengqiqo yolawulo, inkqubo ifana ne-Windows XP yakudala, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha - izinto ezihlukeneyo zeMac OS.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizinto eziluncedo, i-console kunye ne-hardware, inkqubo iyafana ne-Debian yakudala, elungile kwaye iqhelekile kubasebenzisi abafanayo be-Ubuntu kunye ne-Minted, nangona eyona iphambili iya kuswela uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lweepakethe kuzo zonke iindawo zokugcina.
Ukuba ndiphakamisa amava am kumfanekiso wabasebenzisi abanokubakho, ndinolindelo oluqinisekileyo lwenkqubo entsha. Ngokusekwe kumava abo ngeWindows/Mac, abasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo baya kuba nakho ukukhululeka nge-Astra Linux Common Edition ngaphandle kweengxaki. Kwaye abasebenzisi beLinux abaphambili ngakumbi, besebenzisa izixhobo ezisemgangathweni ze-unix, baya kuseka yonke into njengoko bebona kufanelekile.
Inguqulelo yangoku ye-Astra Linux isekwe kwi-Debian 9.4 kwaye ine-kernel entsha evela kwi-Debian 10 (4.19).
Ewe kunjalo, kukho iinguqulelo ezintsha ze-Ubuntu, kodwa kukho i-caveat enye encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo - ayizo-LTS (Inkxaso yeXesha elide). Iinguqulelo ze-LTS zoBuntu zikwinqanaba ne-Astra Linux ngokweenguqulelo zeepakethe. Ndithathe idatha ye-Astra Linux (ushicilelo olukhethekileyo lwe-Astra Linux ukwenza kube lula ukulandela imihla yokukhutshwa kwenguqulelo ye-OS) ukusuka kwi-W., xa kuthelekiswa nexesha lokukhutshwa kweenguqulelo ze-LTS zoBuntu, kwaye yile nto yenzekileyo:
Ukukhutshwa kweLTS koBuntu
Ukukhutshwa kwe-Astra Linux Special Edition
Umhla
Inguqulelo
Umhla
Inguqulelo
17.04.2014
I-14.04 LTS
19.12.2014
1.4
21.04.2016
I-16.04 LTS
08.04.2016
1.5
26.04.2018
I-18.04 LTS
26.09.2018
1.6
Isiqinisekiso
Iingenelo eziphambili ze-Astra Linux "Ukhozi" Ushicilelo oluqhelekileyo:
- Ayiwi, ayikhenkcezi, akukho magingxigingxi abonakalayo.
- Ifanise ngempumelelo ujongano lweWindows NT/XP.
- Ukulula kunye nokulula kokufakela.
- Iimfuno zezibonelelo eziphantsi.
- Isoftware ephambili ifakwe kwangaphambili: i-ofisi ye-LibreOffice suite, umhleli wegrafiki ye-GIMP, njl.
- Iseti enkulu yezixhobo ezongezelelweyo.
- Iinguqulelo zephakheji zindala kuneenguqulelo zamva nje ze-Ubuntu.
- Indawo yayo yokugcina incinci kuneyo Ubuntu kunye neDebian.
Isiphelo: Iinguqulelo zamva nje ezingezizo ze-LTS zobuntu zifaneleke ngakumbi kumsebenzisi wasekhaya kune-Astra.
Kwangaxeshanye, isenokungasebenzi kubasebenzisi basekhaya ukuba bahlale kunikezelo lwe-LTS, kodwa kwimibutho lukhetho oluqhelekileyo. Ke ngoko, ukhetho lwabaphuhlisi be-Astra Linux olujolise kwicandelo loshishino luyaqondakala kwaye lunengqiqo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiintsilelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba zinyanisekile kwabo baqhele ukusebenza kunye neLinux, kuba iAstra Linux yangaphandle "Ukhozi" isondele kakhulu kwiWindows kuneLinux.
I-Astra Linux "Ukhozi" Ushicilelo oluqhelekileyo lujongeka njengotshintsho olulungileyo loguqulelo lweofisi yeWindows njengenxalenye yenguqu kwisoftware yasimahla yeearhente zikarhulumente, kodwa kusetyenziso lwasekhaya kunokubonakala ngathi kungqongqo.
Ukusuka kwinkampani ye-Astra Linux: sihlala sinxibelelana nabasebenzisi benkqubo yethu yokusebenza. Sibhalwa rhoqo malunga nokubonakala kwabo - kungekuphela ngabo basandul 'ukutshintshela kwi-OS yethu, kodwa nangabasebenzisi abasebenzisa isoftware yethu ixesha elide. Ukuba unokuqonda ukuba ulungele ukwabelana kwaye uchaze amava akho omsebenzisi kunye ne-Astra, bhala kumagqabantshintshi nakwiintanethi zethu zentlalo.
umthombo: www.habr.com