Uhlaselo lweveki: iifowuni zelizwi nge-LTE (ReVoLTE)

Ukusuka kumguquleli kunye ne-TL;DR

1. TL; DR:

   Kubonakala ngathi iVoLTE iye yakhuseleka ngakumbi kunabathengi bokuqala be-Wi-Fi nge-WEP. Ulwakhiwo olugwenxa olukhethekileyo olukuvumela ukuba wenze i-XOR yetrafikhi kancinci kwaye ubuyisele isitshixo. Uhlaselo lunokwenzeka ukuba usondele kumnxeba kwaye wenza iminxeba rhoqo.

2. Enkosi ngengcebiso kunye neTL; DR Klukonin

3. Abaphandi baye benza i-app ukufumanisa ukuba umthwali wakho usesichengeni, funda ngakumbi apha. Yabelana ngeziphumo kumagqabantshintshi, iVoLTE ivaliwe kwingingqi yam kwiMegafon.

Malunga nombhali

UMateyu Green.

Ndiyi-cryptographer kunye noprofesa kwiYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins. Ndiyile kwaye ndihlalutye iisistim ze-cryptographic ezisetyenziswa kuthungelwano olungenazingcingo, iinkqubo zokuhlawula, kunye neqonga lokhuseleko lomxholo wedijithali. Kuphando lwam, ndijonge iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa i-cryptography ukuphucula ubumfihlo bomsebenzisi.

Kudala ndibhala ifomathi yeposi "uhlaselo lweveki", yaye yandicaphukisa. Akunjalo ngenxa yokuba bekungekho kuhlaselwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho kuhlaselwa kwinto esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngokwaneleyo ukundikhupha kwibhloko yombhali.

Kodwa namhlanje ndifikile uhlaselo olunomdla ebizwa ngokuba yiReVoLTE yeeprothokholi endonwabe kakhulu ngokuqhekezwa, ezizezi inethwekhi yeselula (ilizwi ngaphezulu) imithetho ye-LTE. Ndichulumancile ngezi protocols-kunye nohlaselo lutsha-kuba kunqabile kakhulu ukubona iiprotocol zokwenyani zenethiwekhi yeselula kunye nokuphunyezwa kuqhekezwa. Ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba le migangatho yaphuhliswa kumagumbi azaliswe ngumsi kwaye ibhalwe kumaphepha angama-12000 angeyena wonke umphandi onokubamba. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphumeza olu hlaselo kunyanzela abaphandi ukuba basebenzise iiprothokholi zikanomathotholo ezinzima.

Ngaloo ndlela, ubuthathaka obunzulu be-cryptographic bunokusasazwa kwihlabathi lonke, mhlawumbi buxhatshazwa kuphela ngoorhulumente, ngaphambi kokuba nawuphi na umphandi aqaphele. Kodwa ngamaxesha athile kukho okungafaniyo, kwaye uhlaselo lwanamhlanje lungomnye wabo.

Authors uhlaseloAbaxhasi: UDavid Rupprecht, uKatharina Kohls, uThorsten Holz kunye noChristina Pöpper baseRuhr-University Bochum kunye neYunivesithi yaseNew York e-Abu Dhabi. Olu luhlaselo olukhulu lokuphinda ufake isitshixo kwiprothokholi yelizwi osele uyisebenzisa (ucinga ukuba usuka kwisizukulwana esidala esisafowuna sisebenzisa iselula).

Ukuqala, uhambo olufutshane lwembali.

Yintoni i-LTE kunye neVoLTE?

Isiseko semigangatho yethu yale mihla yeeselula yabekwa eYurophu emva phayaa ngeminyaka yee-80s ngokomgangatho Global System for Mobile (INkqubo yeHlabathi yoNxibelelwano lweMobile). I-GSM yaba ngowona mgangatho wokuqala wedijithali wemfonomfono weselula, owazisa inani leefitsha zohlaziyo, ezifana nokusetyenziswa. uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo ukukhusela iminxeba. I-GSM yangaphambili yenzelwe ngokukodwa unxibelelwano lwezwi, nangona imali ingaba ukuthumela enye idata.

Njengoko ukuhanjiswa kwedatha kwaba kubaluleke ngakumbi kunxibelelwano lweselula, imigangatho ye-Long Term Evolution (LTE) yaphuhliswa ukulungelelanisa olu hlobo lonxibelelwano. I-LTE isekwe kwiqela lemigangatho emidala efana ne-GSM, EDGE и Hspa kwaye yenzelwe ukwandisa isantya sotshintshiselwano lwedatha. Kukho kakhulu uphawu kunye ezilahlekisayo ngamagama angachanekangakodwa i-TL; DR yeyokuba i-LTE yinkqubo yothumelo lwedatha esebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kweeprothokholi zepakethe endala kunye nobuchwepheshe bedatha beselula bexesha elizayo. 5G.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, imbali isixelela ukuba xa kukho i-bandwidth eyaneleyo (IP) ekhoyo, iikhonsepthi ezifana "nezwi" kunye "nedatha" ziya kuqala ukufiphala. Oku kuyasebenza nakwiiprothokholi zeselula zanamhlanje. Ukwenza olu tshintsho lube lula, imigangatho ye-LTE iyachaza Voice-over-LTE (I-VoLTE), ekumgangatho we-IP wokuphatha iifowuni zelizwi ngokuthe ngqo kwinqwelomoya yedatha ye-LTE, ngokudlula isahlulo sokucofa kwinethiwekhi yeselula ngokupheleleyo. Njengomgangatho Iifowuni zeVoIP,Iifowuni zeVoLTE zinokuyekwa ngumsebenzisi weselula kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi yefowuni eqhelekileyo. Okanye (njengoko isiya ixhaphaka) bona inokuhanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kumxhasi omnye weselula ukuya komnye, kwaye naphakathi kwababoneleli abahlukeneyo.

NjengeVoIP eqhelekileyo, iVoLTE isekwe kwiiprothokholi ezimbini ezidumileyo ezisekwe kwi-IP: Inkqubo yokuQalisa iSeshini (Inkqubo yokuQalisa iSeshoni -SIP) yokuseta umnxeba, kunye neprotocol yezothutho yexesha lokwenyani (INkqubo yezoThutho yexesha lokwenyani, ekufuneka ibizwe ngokuba yi-RTTP kodwa ngenene ibizwa ngokuba yi-RTP) yokusetyenzwa kwedatha yelizwi. IVoLTE yongeza ukongezwa kwebhanwidth eyongezelelweyo, njengoxinzelelo lwentloko.

Kulungile, ingaba le nto inento yokwenza noguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo?

I-LTE, njenge GSM, ineseti esemgangathweni yeeprothokholi ze-cryptographic zokufihla iipakethi njengoko zihanjiswa emoyeni. Ubukhulu becala zenzelwe ukukhusela idatha yakho njengoko ihamba phakathi kwefowuni (ebizwa ngokuba sisixhobo somsebenzisi, okanye i-UE) kunye nenqaba yeselula (okanye naphi na apho umboneleli wakho enquma ukuphelisa uxhumano). Oku kungenxa yokuba ababoneleli beeselula bajonga izixhobo zokuvalela ngaphandle njengeentshaba. Ewe, kunjalo.

(Nangona kunjalo, into yokuba uqhagamshelo lweVoLTE lunokwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwabathengi kuthungelwano lwababoneleli abahlukeneyo kuthetha ukuba iprotocol yeVoLTE ngokwayo ineeprothokholi ezongezelelweyo nezizikhethelayo ezinokuthi zenzeke kumaleko aphezulu womnatha. Oku akuhambelani nenqaku langoku, ngaphandle kwenyani yokuba bangonakalisa yonke into (siza kuthetha ngabo ngokufutshane ngokulandelayo).

Ngokwembali, uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo kwi-GSM lubekho amanqaku amaninzi abuthathaka: embi ii-ciphers, iiprothokholi apho kuphela ifowuni yayiqinisekisiwe kwinqaba (ithetha ukuba umhlaseli unokulinganisa inqaba, evelisa "Stingray") kwaye nangokunjalo. I-LTE ilungise uninzi lweempazamo ezicacileyo ngelixa igcina uninzi lwesakhiwo esifanayo.

Masiqale ngoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo ngokwalo. Ukucinga ukuba indalo ephambili sele yenzekile - kwaye siya kuthetha ngaloo nto ngomzuzu - ke ipakethe nganye yedatha ifihliwe ngokusebenzisa i-encryption yomlambo usebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuba yi "EEA" (enokuthi isetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezifana ne-AES ). Ngokwenyani, indlela yoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo apha CTRnjengoko kungezantsi:

Eyona algorithm yoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo yeepakethi zeVoLTE (umthombo: I-ReVoLTE). I-EEA yi-cipher, "COUNT" yikhawuntara ye-32-bit, "BEARER" sisichongi seseshoni esisodwa esahlula uqhagamshelo lweVoLTE kwi-Intanethi rhoqo. "I-DIRECTION" ibonisa ukuba i-traffic isiya kweliphi icala - ukusuka e-UE ukuya kwinqaba okanye ngokuphambanayo.

Ukusukela ukuba i-algorithm ye-encryption ngokwayo (EEA) inokuphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa i-cipher enamandla njenge-AES, akunakwenzeka ukuba kubekho naluphi na uhlaselo oluthe ngqo kwi-cipher ngokwayo ngolu hlobo. kwenzeka ngeentsuku ze-GSM. Nangona kunjalo, kucacile ukuba nangona i-cipher eyomeleleyo, esi sikimu sokufihla siyindlela enhle yokuzidubula ezinyaweni.

Ngokukodwa: umgangatho we-LTE usebenzisa (engavunywanga) i-cipher yomjelo enemowudi eya kuba sesichengeni ngokugqithisileyo ukuba ikhawuntara - kunye namanye amagalelo afana "nomthwali" kunye "nesalathiso" - ziphinda zisetyenziswe. Kwintetho yanamhlanje, igama lale mbono “luhlaselo olungaphindanga lusetyenziswe,” kodwa ubungozi obunokubakho apha asiyonto yanamhlanje. Badume kwaye bakudala, baqala ngeentsuku ze-glam metal kunye ne-disco.

Uhlaselo lokuphinda lusetyenziswe kwimo ye-CTR lwalukhona naxa iPoison yayisaziwa

Ukulunga, imigangatho ye-LTE ithi, "Nceda ungaphindi uzisebenzise ezi mitha." Kodwa imigangatho ye-LTE imalunga nama-7000 amaphepha ubude, kwaye kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kufana nokucenga abantwana ukuba bangadlali ngompu. Ngokuqinisekileyo baya kwenjenjalo, yaye kuya kwenzeka izinto ezoyikekayo. Umpu wokudubula kulo mzekelo luhlaselo lokuphinda lusetyenziswe kwakhona, apho imiyalezo emibini eyimfihlo eyahlukileyo XOR i-bytes efanayo. Kuyaziwa ukuba oku kunempembelelo eyonakalisayo kubumfihlo bonxibelelwano.

Yintoni i-ReVoLTE?

Uhlaselo lwe-ReVoLTE lubonisa ukuba, ngokwenza, olu yilo lusesichengeni sokufihlakala lusetyenziswa gwenxa yihardware yelizwe lokwenyani. Ngokukodwa, ababhali bahlalutya iifowuni zeVoLTE zangempela ezenziwe kusetyenziswa izixhobo zorhwebo kwaye babonise ukuba banokusebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuba "luhlaselo oluphambili lokubuyisela." (Imali eninzi yokufumana le ngxaki iya kuyo UReise kunye noLu (Raza & Lu), ababengabokuqala ukubonisa ukuba sesichengeni. Kodwa uphando lweReVoLTE luyijika ibe luhlaselo olusebenzayo).

Makhe ndikubonise ngokufutshane undoqo wohlaselo, nangona kufuneka ujonge kwaye uxwebhu lwentsusa.

Omnye unokucinga ukuba nje ukuba i-LTE iseke uqhagamshelo lwepakethi yedatha, umsebenzi welizwi ngaphezulu kwe-LTE iba ngumcimbi nje wokuhambisa iipakethi zelizwi ngaphaya kolu qhagamshelwano kunye nayo yonke itrafikhi yakho. Ngamanye amazwi, iVoLTE iya kuba ngumbono okhoyo kuphela Inqanaba lesi-2 [iimodeli zeOSI - malunga.]. Oku akuyonyani ngokupheleleyo.

Ngapha koko, umaleko wekhonkco we-LTE wazisa ingqikelelo "yemthwali". Abathwali ziziphawuli zeeseshoni ezahlukeneyo ezahlula iindidi ezahlukeneyo zetrafikhi yepakethe. Itrafikhi ye-intanethi rhoqo (i-Twitter yakho kunye ne-Snapchat) ihamba ngomphathi omnye. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-SIP yeVoIP kudlula kwenye, kwaye iipakethi zetrafikhi zelizwi zicutshungulwa ngesithathu. Andazi kakhulu malunga nerediyo ye-LTE kunye neendlela zokuhambisa inethiwekhi, kodwa ndiyakholelwa ukuba yenziwe ngolu hlobo kuba uthungelwano lwe-LTE lufuna ukunyanzelisa iindlela ze-QoS (umgangatho wenkonzo) ukwenzela ukuba imijelo yeepakethe ezahlukeneyo iqhutywe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo aphambili: okt. eyakho inqanaba lesibini Uqhagamshelo lwe-TCP kuFacebook lunokuba nokubaluleka okuphantsi kuneefowuni zakho zexesha lokwenyani.

Oku akuyongxaki ngokubanzi, kodwa iziphumo zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Izitshixo zoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-LTE zenziwe ngokwahlukeneyo rhoqo xa kufakelwa "umthwali" omtsha. Ngokusisiseko, oku kufuneka kwenzeke kwakhona ngalo lonke ixesha usenza umnxeba omtsha. Oku kuya kubangela ukuba kusetyenziswe isitshixo esahlukileyo soguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo kumnxeba ngamnye, kususwa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuphinda kusetyenziswe isitshixo esifanayo ukufihla iiseti ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeepakethi zokufowuna ngelizwi. Ewe, umgangatho we-LTE uthetha into efana "kufuneka usebenzise isitshixo esahlukileyo rhoqo xa ufaka umthwali omtsha ukuphatha ifowuni entsha." Kodwa oku akuthethi ukuba oku kwenzeka ngokwenene.

Enyanisweni, ekuphunyezweni kobomi bokwenyani, iifowuni ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ngokusondeleyo okwexeshana ziya kusebenzisa isitshixo esifanayo - ngaphandle kwento yokuba abathwali abatsha begama elifanayo baqwalaselwe phakathi kwabo. Utshintsho olusebenzayo kuphela olwenzeka phakathi kwezi fowuni kukuba ikhawuntara yoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo isetwe kwakhona ku-zero. Kuncwadi oku kubizwa ngamanye amaxesha uhlaselo olungundoqo lokufakela kwakhona. Omnye unokuxoxa ukuba oku kuyimposiso yokuphunyezwa, nangona kulo mzekelo iingozi zibonakala ubukhulu becala ziphuma kumgangatho ngokwawo.

Ngokwenza, olu hlaselo luphumela ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona komjelo ongundoqo, apho umhlaseli anokufumana iipakethi ezifihliweyo $inline$C_1 = M_1 oplus KS$inline$ and $inline$C_2 = M_2 oplus KS$inline$,evumela ukubalwa kwe $inline$ C_1 kunye ne-C_2 = M_1 kunye ne-M_2$inline$. Kungcono, ukuba umhlaseli uyazi enye ye $ inline $ M_1 $ inline $ okanye $ inline $ M_2 $ inline $, ngoko unokubuyisela ngokukhawuleza enye. Oku kumnika inkuthazo enamandla Fumana enye kumacandelo amabini angafihlwanga.

Oku kusizisa kweyona meko yohlaselo epheleleyo nesebenzayo. Qwalasela umhlaseli onokuthi athintele itrafikhi yerediyo phakathi kwefowuni ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nenqaba yeselfowuni, kwaye ngubani onokuthi ngandlel' ithile abe nethamsanqa lokurekhoda iminxeba emibini eyahlukeneyo, eyesibini yenzeka kwangoko emva kweyokuqala. Ngoku khawucinge ukuba unokuthelekelela ngandlel’ ithile umxholo ongafihlwanga wenye yeefowuni. Ngonjalo ukuzola umhlaseli wethu unokudecrypt ngokupheleleyo umnxeba wokuqala usebenzisa i-XOR elula phakathi kweeseti ezimbini zeepakethi.

Ewe, ithamsanqa alinanto yakwenza nalo. Ekubeni iifowuni zenzelwe ukufumana iminxeba, umhlaseli onokuva umnxeba wokuqala uya kukwazi ukuqalisa umnxeba wesibini kanye ngelo xesha uphela ngalo owokuqala. Lo mnxeba wesibini, ukuba iqhosha elifanayo lofihlo lisetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokusetha kwakhona kwikhawuntari ukuya kwiqanda, liyakuvumela idatha engafihlwanga ukuba ibuyiselwe. Ngaphezu koko, ekubeni umhlaseli wethu okunene ulawula idatha ngexesha lomnxeba wesibini, unokubuyisela imixholo yomnxeba wokuqala-enkosi kuninzi oluphunyeziweyo ngokukodwa. izinto ezincinci, edlala kwicala lakhe.

Nanku umfanekiso wesicwangciso sohlaselo jikelele esithathwe uxwebhu lwentsusa:

Isishwankathelo sohlaselo ukusuka Uxwebhu lweReVoLTE. Olu dweliso luthatha ukuba iminxeba emibini eyahlukeneyo yenziwa kusetyenziswa iqhosha elifanayo. Umhlaseli ulawula i-sniffer (phezulu ngasekhohlo), kunye nefowuni yesibini, apho anokwenza umnxeba wesibini kwifowuni yexhoba.

Ngaba uhlaselo lusebenza ngokwenene?

Kwelinye icala, lo ngowona mbuzo uphambili wenqaku malunga neReVoLTE. Zonke ezi ngcamango zingentla zinkulu kwithiyori, kodwa zishiya imibuzo emininzi. Njenge:

1. Ngaba inokwenzeka (kubaphandi bezemfundo) ukuba bathintele unxibelelwano lweVoLTE?
2. Ngaba iinkqubo zokwenyani ze-LTE zibuyisela kwakhona?
3. Ngaba ngokwenene unokuqalisa umnxeba wesibini ngokukhawuleza nangokuthembekileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ifowuni kunye nenqaba iphinde isebenzise isitshixo?
4. Nokuba iinkqubo zitshixiwe, ngaba ngokwenene unokwazi umxholo ongafihlwanga womnxeba wesibini - unikwe ukuba izinto ezinjengeekhowudi kunye ne-transcoding zinokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo (bit-by-bit) umxholo womnxeba wesibini, nokuba unokufikelela kwi "bits. "ivela kwifowuni yakho yokuhlasela?

Umsebenzi weReVoLTE uphendula eminye yale mibuzo ngokuvumayo. Ababhali basebenzisa isoftwe yorhwebo-reconfigurable radio stream sniffer ebizwa IAirscope ukunqanda umnxeba weVoLTE ukusuka kwicala le-downlink. (Ndicinga nje ukubamba isoftware kunye nokufumana umbono ongalunganga wendlela esebenza ngayo kuthatha iinyanga kubomi babafundi abahlwempuzekileyo abaphumeleleyo-nto leyo eqhelekileyo kolu hlobo lophando lwezifundo).

Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ukuphinda kusetyenziswe okuphambili kusebenze, umnxeba wesibini kufuneka wenzeke ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba owokuqala uphelile, kodwa kungekhona ngokukhawuleza-malunga nemizuzwana elishumi kubaqhubi abaye bazama. Ngethamsanqa, akukhathaliseki nokuba umsebenzisi uphendula umnxeba ngeli xesha - "ringi" oko kukuthi. Uqhagamshelo lwe-SIP ngokwalo lunyanzela umsebenzisi ukuba aphinde asebenzise iqhosha elifanayo.

Ke, uninzi lwezona ngxaki zinzima zijikeleza ingxaki (4) - ukufumana amasuntswana omxholo ongafihlwayo womnxeba oqaliswe ngumhlaseli. Oku kungenxa yokuba kuninzi okunokwenzeka kumxholo wakho njengoko uhamba ukusuka kwifowuni yomhlaseli ukuya kwifowuni yexhoba kwinethiwekhi yeselula. Umzekelo, amaqhinga amdaka anjengokuphinda ufake ikhowudi kwi-audio ekhowudiweyo, eshiya isandi esifanayo, kodwa itshintshe ngokupheleleyo ukubonakaliswa kwayo kokubini. Uthungelwano lwe-LTE lukwasebenzisa ucinezelo lwentloko ye-RTP, enokutshintsha kakhulu ipakethi ye-RTP.

Ekugqibeleni, iipakethi ezithunyelwe ngumhlaseli kufuneka zihambelane ngokuhambelana neepakethi ezithunyelwe ngexesha lomnxeba wokuqala. Oku kunokuba yingxaki kuba ukuguqula ukuthula ngexesha lokufowuna kukhokelela kwimiyalezo emifutshane (eyaziwa ngokuba yintuthuzelo yomsindo) enokuthi ingangeni kakuhle kumnxeba wokuqala.

Icandelo "uhlaselo lwehlabathi lokwenyani" Kufanelekile ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha. Ijongana nemiba emininzi ingasentla - ngakumbi, ababhali bafumanise ukuba ezinye iikhowudi azikho khowudi, kwaye malunga ne-89% yokumelwa kokubini kwifowuni ekujoliswe kuyo inokufunyanwa. Oku kuyinyani ubuncinane kubasebenzi ababini baseYurophu abaye bavavanywa.

Eli lizinga lempumelelo elimangalisayo, kwaye ngokuphandle liphezulu kakhulu kunokuba bendilindele xa ndandiqala ukusebenza kolu xwebhu.

Yintoni ke esinokuyenza ukuyilungisa?

Impendulo ekhawulezileyo kulo mbuzo ilula kakhulu: ekubeni undoqo wobuthathaka kukuphinda usetyenziswe (ukufakwa kwakhona) uhlaselo, lungisa ingxaki. Qinisekisa ukuba kufunyanwa iqhosha elitsha kwifowuni nganye, kwaye ungaze uvumele isibali sepakethe sisete kwakhona ikhawuntari ibe ngunothi usebenzisa kwaeli qhosha. Ingxaki isonjululwe!

Okanye mhlawumbi akunjalo. Oku kuya kufuna ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo ezininzi, kwaye, ukuthetha ngokungafihlisiyo, ukulungiswa okunjalo ngokwako akuthembekanga kakhulu. Kuya kuba kuhle ukuba imigangatho ingafumana indlela ekhuseleke ngakumbi yokuphumeza iindlela zayo zoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo olungekho ngokungagqibekanga olusesichengeni ngokweengxaki ezingundoqo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe.

Olunye ukhetho olunokwenzeka kukusebenzisa Iindlela zoguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo apho ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-nonce kungakhokheli kwiziphumo ezibi. Oku kunokuba kubiza kakhulu kwezinye izixhobo zangoku, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo yindawo abayili bendawo ekufuneka bacinge ngayo kwixesha elizayo, ngakumbi njengoko imigangatho ye-5G sele iza kuthatha umhlaba.

Esi sifundo esitsha sikwaphakamisa umbuzo jikelele wokuba kutheni uhlaselo olufanayo damn baqhubeka zivela kwinqanaba elinye emva kwenye, uninzi lwazo olusebenzisa uyilo oluyelelene kakhulu kunye neeprothokholi. Xa ujongene nengxaki yokufaka kwakhona isitshixo esifanayo kwiiprothokholi ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-WPA2, awucingi ukuba ingalixesha lokwenza iinkcukacha zakho kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo zomelele ngakumbi? Yeka ukuphatha abaphumezi bemigangatho njengamahlakani acingayo athathele ingqalelo izilumkiso zakho. Baphathe njengabachasi (abangeyonjongo) abaya kuthi ngokuqinisekileyo benze izinto ngendlela engalunganga.

Okanye, ngenye indlela, sinokwenza oko iinkampani ezifana ne-Facebook kunye ne-Apple zisanda ukwenza: ukwenza ukubethelwa kwefowuni yelizwi kwenzeke kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-OSI yenethiwekhi yesitaki, ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kubavelisi bezixhobo zeselula. Sisenokude sityhale ukubethelwa kwelizwi, njengoko i-WhatsApp isenza ngeSiginali kunye neFaceTime, sicinga ukuba urhulumente wase-US uyekile. sikhwelise. Emva koko (ngaphandle kwe-metadata) ezininzi zezi ngxaki zinokunyamalala. Esi sisombululo sibaluleke ngakumbi kwihlabathi apho noorhulumente abaqinisekanga ukuba bayabathemba ababoneleli ngezixhobo zabo.

Okanye sinokwenza nje into esele yenziwe ngabantwana bethu: yeka ukuphendula ezo fowuni zelizwi zicaphukisayo.

umthombo: www.habr.com