I ngcaciso
Molweni nonke! Igama lam nguSasha, kwaye bendivavanya i-backend (iinkonzo zeLinux kunye ne-API) ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithandathu. Umbono weli nqaku weza kum emva kwesinye isicelo esivela kumhlobo ovavanyayo ukuba amxelele anokufunda malunga nemiyalelo yeLinux phambi kodliwanondlebe. Ngokwesiqhelo, umgqatswa wesikhundla sobunjineli be-QA siyafuneka ukuba azi imiyalelo esisiseko (ukuba, kunjalo, ibandakanya ukusebenza neLinux), kodwa wazi njani ukuba yeyiphi imiyalelo ekufanele uyifunde xa ulungiselela udliwano-ndlebe ukuba unokuncinci. okanye akukho amava nge Linux?
Ngoko ke, nangona oku sele kubhaliwe malunga namaxesha amaninzi, ndiye ndagqiba ekubeni ndibhale elinye inqaku elithi "iLinux yabaqalayo" kwaye dwelisa apha imiyalelo eyisiseko okufuneka uyazi ngaphambi kodliwano-ndlebe kwisebe (okanye inkampani) esebenzisa iLinux. Ndacinga malunga nokuba yeyiphi imiyalelo kunye nezinto eziluncedo kwaye zeziphi iiparamitha endizisebenzisa rhoqo, ndiqokelele ingxelo koogxa bam, kwaye ndiyihlanganise yonke kwinqaku elinye. Eli nqaku lihlulwe libe ngamacandelo ama-3: okokuqala, ulwazi olufutshane malunga neziseko ze-I / O kwi-terminal ye-Linux, emva koko i-overview yeyona miyalelo isisiseko, kwaye inxalenye yesithathu ichaza indlela yokusombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo kwi-Linux.
Umyalelo ngamnye unokhetho oluninzi, zonke azisayi kudweliswa apha. Ungasoloko ungena `indoda <umyalelo>` okanye `<umyalelo> --help` ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neqela.
Umzekelo:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Ukuba umyalelo uthatha ixesha elide ukuba ugqitywe, ungawuphelisa ngokucofa i-console Ctrl + C (umqondiso uthunyelwa kwinkqubo UMqondiso).
Kancinci malunga nemveliso yomyalelo
Xa inkqubo iqala kwiLinux, 3 imijelo yedatha eqhelekileyo yenzelwe loo nkqubo: stdin, Yima и kwiba. Zinombolo ngo-0, 1 no-2 ngokulandelelanayo. Kodwa ngoku sinomdla Yima kwaye, ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci, kwiba. Ukusuka emagameni kulula ukuyiqikelela loo nto Yima isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa idatha, kunye kwiba — ukubonisa imiyalezo yemposiso. Ngokungagqibekanga xa usebenzisa umyalelo kwiLinux Yima и kwiba ikhupha lonke ulwazi kwiconsole, nangona kunjalo, ukuba imveliso yomyalelo inkulu, kunokuba lula ukuyiqondisa kwakhona kwifayile. Oku kunokwenziwa, umzekelo, ngolu hlobo:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Ukuba sikhupha imixholo yefayile indoda_umqondiso, ngoko ke siyakubona ukuba iyafana nokuba iyakuba yintoni ukuba siphumeze umyalelo `uphawu lomntu`.
Ukwalathisa kwakhona umsebenzi `>` ukungagqibeki ku Yima. Ungaxela ulwalathiso ngokutsha Yima ngokucacileyo: `1>`. Ngokufanayo, ungakhankanya ulwalathiso lolunye ulwalathiso kwiba:`2>`. Ungadibanisa le misebenzi kwaye ke ngoko ukwahlule imveliso yomyalelo eqhelekileyo kunye nesiphumo somyalezo wemposiso:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Ukwalathisa kwakhona kwaye Yimakwaye kwiba kwifayile enye ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Ukwalathisa kwakhona umsebenzi `2> & 1` kuthetha ukuqondisa kwakhona kwiba kwindawo enye njengoko uyalelwe Yima.
Esinye isixhobo esifanelekileyo sokusebenza kunye ne-I/O (okanye kunoko, sisixhobo esifanelekileyo sonxibelelwano lwe-interprocess) si umbhobho (okanye umhambisi). Imibhobho ihlala isetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana nemiyalelo emininzi: Yima imiyalelo ijoliswe kwakhona stdin elandelayo, njalo njalo kwitsheyini:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Imiyalelo yeLinux esisiseko
pwd
Bonisa uvimba weefayili wangoku (osebenzayo).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
Umhla
Bonisa umhla wenkqubo yangoku kunye nexesha.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Lo myalelo ubonisa ukuba ngubani ongene kwinkqubo. Ukongeza, ixesha lokuphumla kunye ne-LA (umyinge womthwalo) nazo ziboniswa kwisikrini.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Shicilela imixholo yoluhlu. Ukuba awugqithisi umendo, imixholo yolawulo lwangoku iya kuboniswa.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Ngokomntu, ndihlala ndisebenzisa iinketho -l (ifomati yoluhlu olude - imveliso kwikholamu ngolwazi olongezelelweyo malunga neefayile), -t (ukuhlelwa ngefayile/uluhlu lwexesha lolungiso) kunye -r (uhlenga-hlengiso- ngokudityaniswa ne -t ezona fayile zamva nje ziya kuba ngezantsi):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
Kukho amagama ama-2 akhethekileyo abalawuli: "."Kwaye"..". Eyokuqala ithetha uvimba weefayili wangoku, owesibini uthetha uvimba weefayili ongumzali. Zinokuba lula ukusetyenziswa kumaqela ahlukeneyo, ngakumbi ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
Kukho kwakhona ukhetho oluluncedo lokubonisa iifayile ezifihliweyo (ukuqala ngo ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
Ungasebenzisa kwakhona ukhetho -h - imveliso kwifomathi efundekayo yabantu (nikela ingqalelo kwiisayizi zefayile):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Guqula ulawulo lwangoku.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Ukuba awugqithisi igama likavimba weefayili njengempikiswano, umahluko wemeko-bume uya kusetyenziswa $ IKHAYA, oko kukuthi, ulawulo lwasekhaya. Isenokuba lula ukuyisebenzisa `~` yintsingiselo yomlinganiswa ekhethekileyo $ IKHAYA:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Yenza uvimba weefayili.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka wenze ulwakhiwo oluthile lolawulo: umzekelo, uvimba weefayili ongekhoyo. Ukuphepha ukungena amaxesha amaninzi ngokulandelelana mkdir, ungasebenzisa ukhetho -p - ikuvumela ukuba wenze zonke iirejista ezilahlekileyo kuluhlu lwemigangatho. Kwakhona ngolu khetho mkdir ayizukubuyisela imposiso ukuba ulawulo lukhona.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Cima ifayile.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Ukhetho -r ikuvumela ukuba ucime ngokuphindaphindiweyo abalawuli kunye nayo yonke imixholo yabo, ukhetho -f ikuvumela ukuba ungahoyi iimpazamo xa ucima (umzekelo, malunga nefayile engekhoyo). Olu khetho luvumela, ukuthetha ngokurhabaxa, ukucinywa okuqinisekisiweyo koluhlu olupheleleyo lweefayile kunye nabalawuli (ukuba umsebenzisi unamalungelo okwenza njalo), ke ngoko, kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngononophelo (umzekelo woqhula oqhelekileyo ngu "rm-rf /", phantsi kweemeko ezithile, iya kukucima, ukuba akuyiyo yonke inkqubo, ngoko zininzi iifayile ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwayo).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Khuphela ifayile okanye ulawulo.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
Lo myalelo ukwaneenketho -r и -f, zingasetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluhlu lwabalawuli kunye neefolda zikhutshelwe kwenye indawo.
mv
Hambisa okanye uthiye ngokutsha ifayile okanye ulawulo.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
cat
Shicilela imixholo yefayile (okanye iifayile).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
Kukwafanelekile ukunikela ingqalelo kwimiyalelo intloko (imveliso n imigca yokuqala okanye iibhayithi zefayile) kunye umsila (okungakumbi malunga naye kamva).
umsila
Shenxisa n imigca yokugqibela okanye iibhayithi zefayile.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
Olu khetho luluncedo kakhulu -f - ikuvumela ukuba ubonise idatha entsha kwifayile ngexesha lokwenyani.
Ngaphantsi
Ngamanye amaxesha ifayile yokubhaliweyo inkulu kakhulu kwaye akulula ukuyibonisa ngomyalelo cat. Emva koko ungayivula usebenzisa umyalelo Ngaphantsi: ifayile izakuba nemveliso ngokwamaqela, ukukhangela ngapha kwezi nxalenye, uphendlo kunye nezinye izinto ezilula ziyafumaneka.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
Kusenokuba lula ukuyisebenzisa Ngaphantsi kunye nomthumeli (umbhobho):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Uluhlu lweenkqubo.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Mna ngokwam ndihlala ndisebenzisa iinketho zeBSD "uya" - bonisa zonke iinkqubo kwinkqubo (ekubeni kunokubakho iinkqubo ezininzi, ndibonise kuphela ezokuqala ezi-5 zazo usebenzisa umbhobho (umbhobho) kunye neqela intloko):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
Abaninzi basebenzisa iinketho zeBSD "axjf", ekuvumela ukuba ubonise umthi wenkqubo (apha ndisuse inxalenye yemveliso yokubonisa):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
Lo myalelo uneenketho ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ke ukuba uyisebenzisa ngenkuthalo, ndincoma ukuba ufunde uxwebhu. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kwanele nje ukwazi "ps uya«.
ukubulala
Thumela umqondiso kwinkqubo. Ngokungagqibekanga uphawu luyathunyelwa SAYINI, ephelisa inkqubo.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Kuba inkqubo inokuba nabaphathi bomqondiso, ukubulala ayisoloko ikhokelela kwisiphumo esilindelekileyo - ukugqitywa kwangoko kwenkqubo. Ukuze "ubulale" inkqubo ngokuqinisekileyo, kufuneka uthumele umqondiso kwinkqubo NGUMqondiso. Nangona kunjalo, oku kunokukhokelela ekulahlekeni kwedatha (umzekelo, ukuba inkqubo ifuna ukugcina ulwazi oluthile kwidiski ngaphambi kokuphelisa), ngoko kufuneka usebenzise lo myalelo ngokuqaphela. Inombolo yomqondiso NGUMqondiso - 9, ngoko ke inguqulelo emfutshane yomyalelo ijongeka ngolu hlobo:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
Ukongeza kwezo zikhankanyiweyo SAYINI и NGUMqondiso Kukho imiqondiso emininzi eyahlukeneyo; uluhlu lwazo lunokufumaneka ngokulula kwi-Intanethi. Kwaye ungalibali ukuba imiqondiso NGUMqondiso и YIMISELE ayinakuthintelwa okanye ingahoywa.
ping
Thumela ipakethe ye-ICMP kumamkeli ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
Ukungagqibeki ping isebenza ide ipheliswe ngesandla. Ngoko ke ukhetho lunokuba luncedo -c - inani leepakethi emva kokuthumela ping iya kuzigqibezela ngokwayo. Enye inketho endiyisebenzisa ngamanye amaxesha -i, isithuba phakathi kokuthumela iipakethi.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
ssh
Umxhasi we-OpenSSH we-SSH ikuvumela ukuba uqhagamshele kumamkeli okude.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
Kukho iinuances ezininzi ekusebenziseni i-SSH, kwaye lo mxhasi ukwanenani elikhulu lezakhono, ke ukuba uyanqwenela (okanye ufuna) ungafunda ngayo. .
scp
Khuphela iifayile phakathi kweenginginya (zolu setyenziso ssh).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
Ungasebenzisa kwakhona ukuvumelanisa abalawuli phakathi kweenginginya rsync (-a -imowudi yokugcina, ikuvumela ukuba ukope yonke imixholo yoluhlu "njengoko injalo", -v — isiphumo kwiconsole yolwazi olongezelelweyo):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
Bhala
Bonisa umgca wokubhaliweyo.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Iinketho ezifanele ukuqwalaselwa apha -n - ungafaki umgca kunye nekhefu lomgca ekupheleni, kwaye -e — yenza ukubaleka ukutolika usebenzisa "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
Ungabonisa amaxabiso eenguqu usebenzisa lo myalelo. Umzekelo, kwi-Linux ikhowudi yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela ogqityiweyo igcinwa kuguquko olukhethekileyo $?, kwaye ngale ndlela ungafumanisa kanye ukuba yeyiphi impazamo eyenzekayo kwisicelo sokugqibela esisebenzayo:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
Telnet
Umxhasi weprotocol ye-TELNET. Isetyenziselwa ukunxibelelana nomnye umamkeli.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Ukuba ufuna ukusebenzisa i-TLS protocol (mandikukhumbuze ukuba i-SSL kudala iphelelwe lixesha), ngoko Telnet ayizifanelanga ezi njongo. Kodwa umxhasi uya kuza kuvulwa:
Umzekelo wokusebenzisa i-openssl ngokukhupha impendulo kwisicelo seGET
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIHQDCCBiigAwIBAgIQD9B43Ujxor1NDyupa2A4/jANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFADBN
MQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzEVMBMGA1UEChMMRGlnaUNlcnQgSW5jMScwJQYDVQQDEx5E
aWdpQ2VydCBTSEEyIFNlY3VyZSBTZXJ2ZXIgQ0EwHhcNMTgxMTI4MDAwMDAwWhcN
MjAxMjAyMTIwMDAwWjCBpTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxEzARBgNVBAgTCkNhbGlmb3Ju
aWExFDASBgNVBAcTC0xvcyBBbmdlbGVzMTwwOgYDVQQKEzNJbnRlcm5ldCBDb3Jw
b3JhdGlvbiBmb3IgQXNzaWduZWQgTmFtZXMgYW5kIE51bWJlcnMxEzARBgNVBAsT
ClRlY2hub2xvZ3kxGDAWBgNVBAMTD3d3dy5leGFtcGxlLm9yZzCCASIwDQYJKoZI
hvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBANDwEnSgliByCGUZElpdStA6jGaPoCkrp9vV
rAzPpXGSFUIVsAeSdjF11yeOTVBqddF7U14nqu3rpGA68o5FGGtFM1yFEaogEv5g
rJ1MRY/d0w4+dw8JwoVlNMci+3QTuUKf9yH28JxEdG3J37Mfj2C3cREGkGNBnY80
eyRJRqzy8I0LSPTTkhr3okXuzOXXg38ugr1x3SgZWDNuEaE6oGpyYJIBWZ9jF3pJ
QnucP9vTBejMh374qvyd0QVQq3WxHrogy4nUbWw3gihMxT98wRD1oKVma1NTydvt
hcNtBfhkp8kO64/hxLHrLWgOFT/l4tz8IWQt7mkrBHjbd2XLVPkCAwEAAaOCA8Ew
ggO9MB8GA1UdIwQYMBaAFA+AYRyCMWHVLyjnjUY4tCzhxtniMB0GA1UdDgQWBBRm
mGIC4AmRp9njNvt2xrC/oW2nvjCBgQYDVR0RBHoweIIPd3d3LmV4YW1wbGUub3Jn
ggtleGFtcGxlLmNvbYILZXhhbXBsZS5lZHWCC2V4YW1wbGUubmV0ggtleGFtcGxl
Lm9yZ4IPd3d3LmV4YW1wbGUuY29tgg93d3cuZXhhbXBsZS5lZHWCD3d3dy5leGFt
cGxlLm5ldDAOBgNVHQ8BAf8EBAMCBaAwHQYDVR0lBBYwFAYIKwYBBQUHAwEGCCsG
AQUFBwMCMGsGA1UdHwRkMGIwL6AtoCuGKWh0dHA6Ly9jcmwzLmRpZ2ljZXJ0LmNv
bS9zc2NhLXNoYTItZzYuY3JsMC+gLaArhilodHRwOi8vY3JsNC5kaWdpY2VydC5j
b20vc3NjYS1zaGEyLWc2LmNybDBMBgNVHSAERTBDMDcGCWCGSAGG/WwBATAqMCgG
CCsGAQUFBwIBFhxodHRwczovL3d3dy5kaWdpY2VydC5jb20vQ1BTMAgGBmeBDAEC
AjB8BggrBgEFBQcBAQRwMG4wJAYIKwYBBQUHMAGGGGh0dHA6Ly9vY3NwLmRpZ2lj
ZXJ0LmNvbTBGBggrBgEFBQcwAoY6aHR0cDovL2NhY2VydHMuZGlnaWNlcnQuY29t
L0RpZ2lDZXJ0U0hBMlNlY3VyZVNlcnZlckNBLmNydDAMBgNVHRMBAf8EAjAAMIIB
fwYKKwYBBAHWeQIEAgSCAW8EggFrAWkAdwCkuQmQtBhYFIe7E6LMZ3AKPDWYBPkb
37jjd80OyA3cEAAAAWdcMZVGAAAEAwBIMEYCIQCEZIG3IR36Gkj1dq5L6EaGVycX
sHvpO7dKV0JsooTEbAIhALuTtf4wxGTkFkx8blhTV+7sf6pFT78ORo7+cP39jkJC
AHYAh3W/51l8+IxDmV+9827/Vo1HVjb/SrVgwbTq/16ggw8AAAFnXDGWFQAABAMA
RzBFAiBvqnfSHKeUwGMtLrOG3UGLQIoaL3+uZsGTX3MfSJNQEQIhANL5nUiGBR6g
l0QlCzzqzvorGXyB/yd7nttYttzo8EpOAHYAb1N2rDHwMRnYmQCkURX/dxUcEdkC
wQApBo2yCJo32RMAAAFnXDGWnAAABAMARzBFAiEA5Hn7Q4SOyqHkT+kDsHq7ku7z
RDuM7P4UDX2ft2Mpny0CIE13WtxJAUr0aASFYZ/XjSAMMfrB0/RxClvWVss9LHKM
MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQBzcIXvQEGnakPVeJx7VUjmvGuZhrr7DQOLeP4R
8CmgDM1pFAvGBHiyzvCH1QGdxFl6cf7wbp7BoLCRLR/qPVXFMwUMzcE1GLBqaGZM
v1Yh2lvZSLmMNSGRXdx113pGLCInpm/TOhfrvr0TxRImc8BdozWJavsn1N2qdHQu
N+UBO6bQMLCD0KHEdSGFsuX6ZwAworxTg02/1qiDu7zW7RyzHvFYA4IAjpzvkPIa
X6KjBtpdvp/aXabmL95YgBjT8WJ7pqOfrqhpcmOBZa6Cg6O1l4qbIFH/Gj9hQB5I
0Gs4+eH6F9h3SojmPTYkT+8KuZ9w84Mn+M8qBXUQoYoKgIjN
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Ukusombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo kwiLinux
Guqula umnini wefayile
Ungatshintsha umnini wefayile okanye uvimba weefayili usebenzisa umyalelo chown:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Ipharamitha kulo myalelo kufuneka inikwe umnini omtsha kunye neqela (ukhetho), olwahlulwe yikholoni. Kwakhona, xa utshintsha umnini kavimba weefayili, ukhetho lunokuba luncedo -R - ke abanini baya kutshintsha kuyo yonke imixholo yolawulo.
Guqula iimvume zefayile
Le ngxaki ingasonjululwa ngokusebenzisa umyalelo chmod. Njengomzekelo, ndiya kunika imvume yokumisela "umnini uvumelekile ukuba afunde, abhale kwaye enze, iqela livunyelwe ukufunda nokubhala, wonke umntu akavunyelwe nto":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Eyokuqala i-7 (oku ngu-0b111 kwi-bit yokumelwa) kwiparameter ithetha "onke amalungelo omnini", eyesibini i-6 (oku ngu-0b110 kwi-bit representation) ithetha "ukufunda nokubhala", kwaye u-0 akathethi nto kwabanye. . I-bitmask inamasuntswana amathathu: eyona bits ibalulekileyo ("ekunene") inoxanduva lokuphumeza, intwana elandelayo ("ephakathi") yeyokubhala, kwaye eyona ibalulekileyo ("ekhohlo") yeyokufunda.
Ungacwangcisa iimvume usebenzisa abasebenzi abakhethekileyo (isivakalisi semnemonic). Umzekelo, lo mzekelo ulandelayo uqala ngokususa amalungelo okwenziwa kumsebenzisi wangoku kwaye emva koko uwatshintshe kwakhona:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Lo myalelo unosetyenziso oluninzi, ke ndikucebisa ukuba ufunde ngakumbi ngayo (ingakumbi malunga ne-syntax yemnemonic, umzekelo, ).
Shicilela imixholo yefayile yokubini
Oku kunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa usetyenziso hexdump. Ngezantsi yimizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwayo.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
Ukusebenzisa olu ncedo, unokukhupha idatha kwezinye iifomati, kodwa ezi zezona ziluncedo kakhulu iinketho zokuyisebenzisa.
Phendla iifayile
Unokufumana ifayile ngenxalenye yegama layo kumthi wolawulo usebenzisa umyalelo fumana:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Olunye ukhetho lokukhangela kunye nezihluzi zikwakhona. Umzekelo, le yindlela onokufumana ngayo iifayile kwifolda uvavanyoidalwe ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezi-5 ezidlulileyo:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Phendla umbhalo kwiifayile
Iqela liya kukunceda ukuba umelane nalo msebenzi ukubamba. Inosetyenziso oluninzi, eyona ilula inikwe apha njengomzekelo.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
Enye yeendlela ezidumileyo zokusebenzisa umyalelo ukubamba -ukusebenzisa kumbhobho (umbhobho):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Ukhetho -v ikuvumela ukuba wenze isiphumo ukubamba'kunye nomva - imigca kuphela engaqulathanga ipateni egqithiselweyo ukubamba.
Jonga iipakethe ezifakiwe
Akukho myalelo jikelele, kuba yonke into ixhomekeke kunikezelo lweLinux kunye nomphathi wephakheji osetyenzisiweyo. Okunokwenzeka ukuba omnye kule miyalelo ilandelayo uya kukunceda:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Jonga ukuba ingakanani indawo ethathwa ngumthi wolawulo
Enye yeenketho zokusebenzisa umyalelo du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
Ungatshintsha ixabiso leparameter -dukufumana ulwazi oluthe vetshe malunga nolawulo lomthi. Ungasebenzisa kwakhona umyalelo ngokudibanisa ne uhlobo:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Ukhetho -h iqela uhlobo ikuvumela ukuba uhlele ubungakanani obubhalwe kwifomati efundekayo yabantu (umzekelo, 1K, 2G), ukhetho -r ikuvumela ukuba uhlele idatha ngokulandelelana.
"Fumana kwaye ubeke endaweni" kwifayile, kwiifayile kuluhlu
Lo msebenzi wenziwa kusetyenziswa usetyenziso sed (akukho flegi g ekugqibeleni, kuphela kukwenzeka kokuqala "kokubhaliweyo okudala" emgceni kuya kutshintshwa):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
Ungayisebenzisa kwiifayile ezininzi ngexesha elinye:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Zoba ikholamu kwimveliso
Kuya kunceda ukujamelana nalo msebenzi Wowu. Lo mzekelo ubonisa umhlathi wesibini wemveliso yomyalelo `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba Wowu inomsebenzi otyebileyo, ngoko ke ukuba ufuna ukusebenza ngokubhaliweyo kumgca womyalelo, kufuneka ufunde ngakumbi ngalo myalelo.
Fumana idilesi ye-IP ngegama lomamkeli
Omnye wale miyalelo ilandelayo uya kunceda koku:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Ulwazi lweNethiwekhi
Ingasebenzisa ifconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Okanye mhlawumbi ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Ngaphezu koko, ukuba, umzekelo, unomdla kuphela kwi-IPv4, ngoko unokongeza ukhetho -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Jonga amazibuko avulekileyo
Ukwenza oku, sebenzisa usetyenziso netstat. Umzekelo, ukujonga zonke izibuko ze-TCP kunye ne-UDP zokumamela kunye nomboniso we-PID yenkqubo yokumamela kwizibuko kunye nomelo lwamanani lwezibuko, kufuneka uyisebenzise ngolu khetho lulandelayo:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Ulwazi lwenkqubo
Ungalufumana olu lwazi usebenzisa umyalelo Uname.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi ifomathi imveliso eveliswa ngayo, ungabhekisa kuyo Nceda'kulo myalelo:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Ulwazi lwenkumbulo
Ukuqonda ukuba ingakanani i-RAM ehleliyo okanye esimahla, ungasebenzisa lo myalelo khulula.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Ulwazi malunga neenkqubo zefayile (isithuba sasimahla sedisk)
Iqela df ikuvumela ukuba ubone ukuba singakanani na isithuba esisimahla kwaye sihlala kwiindlela zefayile ezinyusiweyo.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Ukhetho -T ixela ukuba uhlobo lwesixokelelwano sefayile kufuneka luthelekiswe.
Ulwazi malunga nemisebenzi kunye neenkcukacha-manani ezahlukeneyo kwisistim
Ukwenza oku, sebenzisa umyalelo umphezulu. Iyakwazi ukubonisa ulwazi olwahlukeneyo: umzekelo, iinkqubo eziphezulu ngokusetyenziswa kwe-RAM okanye iinkqubo eziphezulu ngokusetyenziswa kwexesha le-CPU. Ikwabonisa ulwazi malunga nememori, i-CPU, ixesha lokuphumla kunye ne-LA (umyinge womthwalo).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
Olu ncedo lunomsebenzi otyebileyo, ngoko ke ukuba ufuna ukulisebenzisa rhoqo, kungcono ukufunda amaxwebhu alo.
Ukulahlwa kwetrafikhi yenethiwekhi
Ukuthintela itrafikhi yenethiwekhi kwiLinux, into eluncedo iyasetyenziswa wcpdump. Ukulahla itrafikhi kwizibuko 12345, ungasebenzisa lo myalelo ulandelayo:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Ukhetho -A ithi sifuna ukubona imveliso kwi-ASCII (ngoko ilungile kwiiprothokholi zombhalo), -ndiyayiphi na ibonisa ukuba asinamdla kujongano lwenethiwekhi, izibuko - yeyiphi i-port traffic ukulahla. Ngaphandle kwe izibuko unokusebenzisa umkhosi, okanye indibaniselwano umkhosi и izibuko (umamkeli A kunye nezibuko X). Olunye ukhetho oluluncedo lunokuba -n — sukuguqula iidilesi kumagama abamkeli kwimveliso.
Kuthekani ukuba itrafikhi ibini? Emva koko ukhetho luya kusinceda -X -idatha yemveliso kwi-hex kunye ne-ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba kuzo zombini iimeko zokusetyenziswa iipakethi ze-IP ziya kuphuma, ngoko ke ekuqaleni nganye kuzo kuya kuba neentloko ze-IP kunye ne-TCP. Nanku umzekelo wemveliso yombuzo "123" ithunyelwe kumncedisi umamele kwizibuko 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Endaweni yokuvelisa
Ewe kunjalo, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinomdla kwiLinux onokufunda ngazo kwiHabré, StackOverflow kunye nezinye iisayithi (ndiya kukunika umzekelo , okukwanjalo ). Abalawuli beSistim kunye neeDevOps basebenzisa imiyalelo emininzi kunye nezinto eziluncedo ukuqwalasela iiseva, kodwa nabavavanyi basenokunganeli kwimiyalelo edwelisiweyo. Kusenokufuneka ujonge ukuchaneka kwexesha elithile elikhohlisayo phakathi komxhasi kunye nomncedisi, okanye usebenziso lomncedisi xa kungekho ndawo yasimahla kwidisk. Andithethi nokuba, umzekelo, i-Docker, esetyenziswa ngokusebenzayo ziinkampani ezininzi. Kuya kuba nomdla, njengenxalenye yokuqhubeka kweli nqaku lereferensi, ukujonga imizekelo emininzi yokusebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-Linux console kwinkqubo yovavanyo lweenkonzo? Yabelana namaqela akho aphezulu kwizimvo :)
umthombo: www.habr.com