Ukuphononongwa kohlalutyo lwezoyikiso ze-cybersecurity kwiinkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango ezifanelekileyo kwixesha elivela kwi-2007 ukuya kwi-2017.
Olu hlaziyo luphawulwe ngeleta yombulelo evela kwiSebe lezeMpilo le-Russian Federation (jonga umfanekiso weskrini phantsi komphangi).
Zixhaphake kangakanani iinkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango eRashiya?
- Ngo-2006, i-Informatics yaseSiberia (inkampani ye-IT ejongene nophuhliso lweenkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango) yabika [38]: "I-MIT Technology Review ngamaxesha ipapasha uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lweteknoloji yolwazi oluthembisayo kunye nonxibelelwano oluya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kubomi bomntu. kwikamva elingekude. Ngo-2006, izikhundla ezi-6 kwezili-10 kolu luhlu zazibanjwe ngobuchwepheshe obunxulumene neyeza ngendlela enye okanye enye. Unyaka we-2007 wabhengezwa eRashiya "njengonyaka wolwazi lwezempilo". Ukususela kwi-2007 ukuya kwi-2017, ukuguquguquka kokuxhomekeka kwezempilo kulwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe bonxibelelwano bukhula rhoqo. "
- NgoSeptemba 10, i-2012, ulwazi kunye neziko lokuhlalutya "Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo" zibike [41] ukuba kwi-2012, ii-polyclinics ze-350 zaseMoscow zixhunywe kwi-EMIAS (uLwazi lwezoNyango oluManyeneyo kunye neNkqubo yokuHlalutya). Kancinane kamva, ngo-Oktobha 24, 2012, umthombo ofanayo wabika [42] ukuba okwangoku i-3,8 amawaka oogqirha baneendawo zokusebenza ezizenzekelayo, kwaye abemi be-1,8 yezigidi sele bezama inkonzo ye-EMIAS. NgoMeyi 12, i-2015, umthombo ofanayo wabika [40] ukuba i-UMIAS isebenza kuzo zonke ii-polyclinics ze-660 zaseMoscow, kwaye iqulethe idatha evela kwizigulane ezingaphezu kwe-7 yezigidi.
- NgoJuni 25, i-2016, iphephancwadi iProfayili yapapasha [43] uluvo lwengcali ye-PwC yeziko lohlalutyo lwamazwe ngamazwe: "IMoscow kuphela kwedolophu apho inkqubo edibeneyo yokulawula iipolyclinics zedolophu iphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo, ngelixa isisombululo esifanayo kwezinye izixeko ihlabathi, kuquka iNew York neLondon, liphantsi kweengxoxo kuphelaβ. Iprofayili iphinde yabika ukuba ukususela ngoJulayi 25, i-2016, i-75% ye-Muscovites (malunga ne-9 yezigidi zabantu) ibhaliswe kunye ne-EMIAS, ngaphezu kwe-20 amawaka oogqirha basebenza kwinkqubo; ukusukela oko kwasungulwa le nkqubo, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-240 zoqeshwa noogqirha; ngaphezu kwama-500 amawaka emisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eyenziwa mihla le kwinkqubo. NgoFebruwari 10, 2017, u-Ekho Moskvy wabika [39] ukuba okwangoku eMoscow ngaphezu kwe-97% yokuqeshwa kwezonyango kwenziwa ngokuqeshwa nge-EMIAS.
- NgoJulayi 19, 2016, uVeronika Skvortsova, uMphathiswa wezeMpilo weRussian Federation, wathi [11] ekupheleni kwe-2018, i-95% yamaziko ezonyango eli lizwe iya kudibaniswa neNkqubo yoLwazi lwezeMpilo yeSizwe (EGISZ) - ngo ukwazisa irekhodi yonyango edibeneyo yombane (EMC). Umthetho ofanelekileyo, obophelela imimandla yaseRashiya ukuba idibanise kwinkqubo, ixoxwe esidlangalaleni, ivumelane nazo zonke ii-arhente ze-federal ezinomdla kwaye ngokukhawuleza ziya kurhulumente. UVeronika Skvortsova uthe kwimimandla ye-83 baququzelela ukuqeshwa kwe-elektroniki kunye nodokotela; inkqubo yokuthunyelwa kwe-ambulensi yengingqi edibeneyo yaziswa kwizifundo ze-66; iinkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango zisebenza kwimimandla ye-81 yelizwe, apho i-57% yoogqirha baye baqhagamshela iindawo zokusebenza. [Shumi elinanye]
Ngaba ungasixelela ngakumbi malunga neNkqubo yoLwazi lwezeMpilo yeSizwe (EGSIZ)?
- I-USSIZ yingcambu yazo zonke ii-HIS zasekhaya (iinkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango). Iqulathe amaqhekeza engingqi - RISUZ (inkqubo yolwazi lolawulo lwezempilo yengingqi). I-EMIAS, esele ikhankanywe ngasentla, yenye yeekopi ze-RISUS (ezona zidumileyo kunye nezithembisayo). [51] Njengoko kuchaziwe [56] ngabahleli bephephancwadi elithi "UMlawuli weNkonzo yoLwazi", i-USSIZ iyisiseko se-IT ye-cloud-network, ukudalwa kwamacandelo ommandla okwenziwa ngamaziko ophando eKaliningrad, eKostroma, Novosibirsk, Orel, Saratov, Tomsk kunye nezinye izixeko Russian Federation.
- Umsebenzi we-USSIZ kukuphelisa "i-patchwork informationatization" yokhathalelo lwempilo; ngokunxibelelanisa i-MIS yamasebe ngamasebe, ngalinye kuwo, phambi kokuqaliswa kwe-USSIZ, lasebenzisa isoftware yalo eyenziwe ngokwesiqhelo, ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na imigangatho edityanisiweyo esembindini. [54] Ukususela kwi-2008, imigangatho ye-IT ye-26 yeshishini elithile ibe sentliziyweni yendawo yolwazi lwezempilo oludibeneyo lwe-Russian Federation [50]. Ezingama-20 kuzo ngamazwe ngamazwe.
- Umsebenzi wamaziko ezonyango uxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-HIS, njenge-OpenEMR okanye i-EMIAS. I-HIS inikeza ukugcinwa kolwazi malunga nesigulane: iziphumo zokuxilonga, idatha kumachiza amiselweyo, imbali yonyango, njl. Amacandelo aqhelekileyo e-HIS (ukususela ngo-Matshi 30, i-2017): I-EHR (Iirekhodi zezeMpilo ze-Electronic) yinkqubo yokulawula iirekhodi zonyango zombane ezigcina idatha yesigulane kwifom ehleliweyo kwaye igcina imbali yakhe yonyango. I-NAS (i-Network Attached Storage) - ukugcinwa kwenethiwekhi. I-DICOM (i-Digital Imaging kunye noNxibelelwano kwi-Medicine) ngumgangatho we-imaging yedijithali kunye nonxibelelwano kumayeza. I-PACS (iNkqubo yoLondolozo lweMifanekiso kunye neNkqubo yoNxibelelwano) yindawo yokugcina umfanekiso kunye nenkqubo yokutshintshiselana esebenza ngokuhambelana nomgangatho we-DICOM. Yenza, igcine kwaye ibone imifanekiso yezonyango kunye namaxwebhu ezigulana ezivavanyiweyo. Ezona zixhaphakileyo kwiinkqubo zeDICOM. [3] Zonke ezi IIA zisemngciphekweni wokuhlaselwa kwe-cyberattacks eyilwe kakuhle, iinkcukacha zazo zifumaneka esidlangalaleni.
- Ngo-2015 Zhilyaev P.S., Goryunova T.I. kunye noVolodin K.I., iingcali zobugcisa beYunivesithi yasePenza State Technological, baxelele [57] kwinqaku labo malunga ne-cybersecurity kwicandelo lezonyango ukuba i-EMIAS ibandakanya: 1) IMEC (ikhadi le-elektroniki lonyango elidibeneyo); 2) irejista yedolophu yezigulane; 3) inkqubo yokulawula ukuhamba kwesigulane; 4) inkqubo yolwazi lwezonyango edibeneyo; 5) inkqubo yocwangciso-mali oludityanisiweyo; 6) inkqubo ye-accounting yobuqu yokhathalelo lwezonyango; 7) inkqubo yolawulo lwerejista yezonyango. Ngokuphathelele i-CPMM, ngokwengxelo [39] yerediyo ye-Ekho Moskvy (ngoFebruwari 10, 2017), le subsystem yakhiwe ngokusekwe kwezona ndlela zilungileyo zomgangatho we-OpenEHR, eyona teknoloji iphezulu kakhulu ukuba amazwe aphuhliswe ngokwetekhnoloji ahamba ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya. .
- Abahleli bephephancwadi i-Computerworld Russia bachaza kwakhona [41] ukuba ngaphezu kokudibanisa zonke ezi nkonzo kunye kunye kunye kunye ne-MIS yamaziko ezonyango, i-UMIAS idityaniswe ne-software yeqhekeza le-federal "EGIS-Zdrav" (EGIS yi. inkqubo yolwazi karhulumente emanyeneyo) kunye neenkqubo zoorhulumente be-elektroniki, kubandakanywa neephothali zenkonzo yoluntu. Kancinci kamva, ngoJulayi 25, 2016, abahleli bemagazini yeProfayili bacacisa [43] ukuba i-UMIAS ngoku idibanisa iinkonzo ezininzi: iziko leemeko, irejista ye-elektroniki, i-EHR, i-electronic prescription, izatifikethi zekhefu lokugula, inkonzo yelabhoratri kunye nobuntu. ingxelo.
- Ngomhla we-7 ka-Epreli, i-2016, abahleli bephephancwadi elithi "UMlawuli weNkonzo yoLwazi" babika [59] ukuba i-EMIAS yafika kwiikhemesti. Kuzo zonke iikhemesti zaseMoscow ezithengisa amachiza kwimimiselo ekhethiweyo, "inkqubo ezenzekelayo yokulawula ukunikezelwa kweziyobisi kubantu" iqaliswe - i-M-Pharmacy.
- NgoJanuwari 19, 2017, umthombo ofanayo wabika [58] ukuba ukususela kwi-2015, ukuphunyezwa kwenkonzo yolwazi lwe-radiological edibeneyo (ERS) ehlanganiswe ne-UMIAS iqalile eMoscow. Oogqirha abakhupha ukuthunyelwa kwizigulane zokuxilongwa, iitshati zokuhamba ziphuhliswe kwizifundo ze-X-ray, i-ultrasound, i-CT kunye ne-MRI, ehlanganiswe ne-EMIAS. Njengoko iprojekthi isanda, kucetywayo ukudibanisa izibhedlele kunye nezixhobo zabo ezininzi kwinkonzo. Izibhedlele ezininzi zine-HIS yazo, kwaye kufuneka zidityaniswe. Abahleli beProfayili baphinda bachaze ukuba, bebona amava amnandi kwi-capital, imimandla iphinda ichaphazeleke ngomdla ekuphunyezweni kwe-UMIAS.
Ngaba ungacacisa ngeempawu zobugcisa zeenkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango lwasekhaya?
- Ulwazi lwalo mhlathi luthathwe kuhlaziyo lokuhlalutya [49] "Informatics yaseSiberia". Malunga ne-70% yeenkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango zakhiwe kuluhlu lweenkcukacha zonxibelelwano. Ngo-1999, ama-47% eenkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango zasebenzisa oovimba beenkcukacha zasekuhlaleni (kwi-desktop), kunye neetheyibhile ze-dBase kuninzi lwamatyala. Le ndlela iqhelekile kwixesha lokuqala lophuhliso lwesoftware yezamayeza kunye nokudalwa kweemveliso ezikhethekileyo.
- Rhoqo ngonyaka inani leenkqubo zasekhaya ezisekelwe koovimba beenkcukacha zekhompuyutha liyancipha. Ngo-2003, eli nani laliyi-4% kuphela. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, phantse akukho mphuhlisi usebenzisa iitafile ze-dBase. Ezinye iimveliso zesoftware zisebenzisa ifomati yazo yedatha; zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiincwadi ze-electronic pharmacological reference. Okwangoku, imarike yasekhaya inenkqubo yolwazi lwezonyango eyakhelweyo nakwi-DBMS yayo yoyilo lwe "client-server": e-Hospital. Kunzima ukucinga izizathu ezicacileyo zezigqibo ezinjalo.
- Xa kuphuhliswa iinkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango lwasekhaya, ezi DBMS zilandelayo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu: iMicrosoft SQL Server (52.18%), iCache (17.4%), iOracle (13%), iBorland Interbase Server (13%), iLotus Notes/Domino (13%) . Ukuthelekisa: ukuba sihlalutya yonke isoftware yezonyango sisebenzisa i-architecture ye-client-server, ngoko ke isabelo seMicrosoft SQL Server DBMS siya kuba yi-64%. Abaphuhlisi abaninzi (17.4%) bavumela ukusetyenziswa kweDBMS ezininzi, amaxesha amaninzi yindibaniselwano yeMicrosoft SQL Server kunye neOracle. Iinkqubo ezimbini (IS Kondopoga [44] kunye neParacelsus-A [45]) zisebenzisa ii-DBMS ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Zonke ii-DBMS ezisetyenzisiweyo zahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ngokusisiseko: ubudlelwane kunye ne-postrelational (ejolise kwinto). Kuze kube ngoku, i-70% yeenkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango lwasekhaya zakhiwe kwi-DBMS yobudlelwane, kunye ne-30% - kwi-postrelational.
- Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokucwangcisa zisetyenziswa ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango. Ngokomzekelo, i-DOKA + [47] ibhalwe kwi-PHP kunye neJavaScript. "E-Hospital" [48] yaphuhliswa kwindawo yeMicrosoft Visual C++. Iamulet ikwimo yeMicrosoft Visual.NET. I-Infomed [46], esebenza phantsi kwe-Windows (98/Me/NT/2000/XP), ine-architecture ye-client-server-yemigangatho emibini; inxalenye yomxhasi iphunyezwa ngolwimi lweprogram yeDelphi; indawo yomncedisi iphantsi kolawulo lwe Oracle DBMS.
- Ngokumalunga ne-40% yabaphuhlisi basebenzisa izixhobo ezakhiwe kwi-DBMS. I-42% isebenzisa uphuhliso lwabo njengomhleli wengxelo; I-23% - izixhobo ezakhiwe kwi-DBMS. Ukwenza uyilo kunye novavanyo lwekhowudi yeprogram, i-50% yabaphuhlisi basebenzisa iVisual Source Safe. Njengesoftware yokudala amaxwebhu, i-85% yabaphuhlisi basebenzisa iimveliso zeMicrosoft - umhleli wombhalo weLizwi okanye, umzekelo, abadali be-e-Hospital, iMicrosoft Help Workshop.
- Kwi-2015 Ageenko T.Yu. kunye Andrianov A.V., iingcali zobugcisa Moscow Institute of Technology, yapapasha inqaku [55], apho bachaza ngokweenkcukacha iinkcukacha zobugcisa esibhedlele automated inkqubo yolwazi (HAIS), kuquka isiseko womnatha eqhelekileyo kwiziko lezonyango kunye noxinzelelo. iingxaki zokuqinisekisa i-cybersecurity yayo. I-GAIS yinethiwekhi ekhuselekileyo apho i-EMIAS isebenza khona, eyona nto ithembisayo ye-MISs yaseRashiya.
- I-Informatics yaseSiberia ithi [53] awona maziko ophando amabini agunyazisiweyo abandakanyeka kuphuhliso lwe-MIS yiZiko leNkqubo yeeNkqubo zeRussian Academy of Sciences (ebekwe kwisixeko samandulo saseRashiya sasePereslavl-Zalessky) kunye nombutho ongenzi nzuzo. Ingxowa-mali yoPhuhliso kunye noBonelelo loNyango oluKhethekileyo lwezoNyango 168" (ese-Akademgorodok, eNovosibirsk). I-Informatics yaseSiberia ngokwayo, enokuthi ifakwe kolu luhlu, ifumaneka kwisixeko saseOmsk.
Ithini imeko nge-cybersecurity yenkqubo ye-EMIAS yasekhaya?
- NgoFebruwari 10, 2017, uVladimir Makarov, umgcini weprojekthi ye-EMIAS, kudliwanondlebe lwakhe lwerediyo ye-Ekho Moskvy wabelane ngombono wakhe [39] wokuba ukhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity alukho: "Kuhlala kukho umngcipheko wokuvuza kwedatha. Kuya kufuneka uqhelane nenyaniso yokuba isiphumo sokusebenzisa nabuphi na ubuchwephesha bale mihla kukuba yonke into ngawe inokwaziwa. Bade bavule neebhokisi ze-imeyile zabantu bokuqala basemazweni.β Kule nkalo, ukukhankanywa kunokwenziwa kwesiganeko samva nje apho ii-imeyile zamalungu angama-90 ePalamente yase-UK ziye zaphazamiseka.
- NgoMeyi 12, i-2015, iSebe leTekhnoloji yoLwazi laseMoscow lathetha [40] malunga neengongoma ezine eziphambili ze-ISIS (iNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweNgcaciso eDityanisiweyo) ye-EMIAS: 1) ukukhuselwa ngokomzimba - idatha igcinwe kwiiseva zanamhlanje ezikumagumbi angaphantsi komhlaba, ukufikelela. apho kulawulwa ngokungqongqo; 2) ukukhuselwa kwesoftware - idatha idluliselwa kwifom efihliweyo kumajelo onxibelelwano akhuselekileyo; ukongezelela, ulwazi lunokufumaneka kuphela kwisigulane esinye ngexesha; 3) ukufikelela okugunyazisiweyo kwidatha - ugqirha uchongwa ngekhadi lomntu siqu; kwisigulane, ukuchongwa kwezinto ezimbini kubonelelwa ngokomgaqo-nkqubo we-MHI kunye nomhla wokuzalwa.
- 4) Idatha yezonyango kunye neyomntu igcinwa ngokwahlukileyo, kwiinkcukacha ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ezongezelelweyo ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabo; Iiseva ze-EMIAS ziqokelela ulwazi lwezonyango ngendlela engaziwa: ukutyelela ugqirha, ukuqeshwa, iziqinisekiso zokukhubazeka, ukuthunyelwa, imimiselo kunye nezinye iinkcukacha; kunye neenkcukacha zomntu - inombolo yomgaqo-nkqubo we-MHI, igama lokugqibela, igama lokuqala, i-patronymic, isini kunye nomhla wokuzalwa - ziqulethwe kwi-database ye-Moscow City Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund; idatha kwezi zimbini zogcino ziqhagamshelwe ngokubonakalayo kuphela esweni likagqirha, emva kokuchongwa kwakhe.
- Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokungakhuseleki okubonakalayo kokhuseleko lwe-EMIAS, itekhnoloji yanamhlanje ye-cyberattack, iinkcukacha zazo ezikwidomeyini yoluntu, zenza kube lula ukwaphula nokhuseleko olunjalo. Umzekelo, jonga inkcazo yokuhlaselwa kwesiphequluli esitsha seMicrosoft Edge - ngokungabikho kweempazamo zesoftware kunye nemeko esebenzayo yazo zonke izikhuselo ezikhoyo. [62] Ukongeza, ukungabikho kweempazamo kwikhowudi yeprogram sele i-utopia ngokwayo. Okungakumbi malunga noku kumboniso "Iimfihlo ezingcolileyo ze-cyberdefenders". [63]
- NgoJuni 27, i-2017, iklinikhi ye-Invitro yamisa ukuqokelela kwe-biomaterial kunye nokukhutshwa kweziphumo zovavanyo eRashiya, eBelarus naseKazakhstan ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwe-cyber enkulu. [64]
- NgoMeyi 12, i-2017, iKaspersky Lab irekhode [60] i-45 yokuhlaselwa kwe-cyber ephumelelayo yi-virus ye-WannaCry ransomware kumazwe angama-74 emhlabeni jikelele; ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwezi hlaselo zenzeke kwintsimi yaseRashiya. Kwiintsuku ezintathu kamva (ngoMeyi 15, 2017), inkampani ye-anti-virus i-Avast irekhode [61] sele sele i-200 yokuhlaselwa kwe-cyber yi-virus ye-WannaCry ransomware kwaye yabika ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sezi hlaselo zenzeke eRashiya. I-arhente yeendaba ye-BBC ibike (ngoMeyi 13, 2017) ukuba eRashiya, phakathi kwabanye, iSebe lezeMpilo, iSebe leMicimbi yangaphakathi, iBhanki Ephakathi kunye neKomiti yoPhando baba ngamaxhoba entsholongwane. [61]
- Nangona kunjalo, amaziko oshicilelo kula namanye amasebe aseRashiya athi ngamxhelo mnye ukuba uhlaselo lwe-cyber lwe-virus ye-WannaCry, nangona lwenzekile, aluzange luphumelele. Inkoliso yeempapasho zolwimi lwesiRashiya ezithetha ngeziganeko ezimanyumnyezi zeWannaCry, ikhankanya omnye okanye omnye umbutho waseRashiya, ngokukhawuleza yongezelela into efana nale: βKodwa ngokweenkcukacha ezisemthethweni, akukho monakalo wenzekayo.β Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Western press iqinisekile ukuba imiphumo yokuhlaselwa kwe-cyber ye-virus ye-WannaCry ibonakala ngakumbi kunokuba iboniswe kwi-press-language press. Umshicileli waseNtshona uqinisekile ngale nto kangangokuba wade wayisusa iRussia ukubandakanyeka kolu hlaselo lwe-cyber. Ngubani onokumthemba ngakumbi - amajelo aseNtshona okanye asekhaya - ngumcimbi wobuqu kumntu wonke. Kwangaxeshanye, kufanelekile ukuba kuqwalaselwe ukuba omabini la macala anezawo iinjongo zokubaxa nokunciphisa iinyani ezinokuthenjwa.
Ithini imeko ye-cybersecurity yeenkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango - ngamanani?
- NgoJuni 1, i-2017, uRebecca Weintrab (ugqirha oyintloko waseBrigham kunye neSibhedlele sabasetyhini abane-Ph.D.) kunye noJoram Borenstein (injineli ye-cybersecurity) kwinqaku labo elidibeneyo elipapashwe kumaphepha e-Harvard Business Review yathi [18] ukuba idijithali ubudala buye lula kakhulu ukuqokelelwa kwedatha yezonyango kunye notshintshiselwano lweerekhodi zonyango phakathi kwamaziko onyango ahlukeneyo: namhlanje, iirekhodi zonyango lwesigulane ziye zahamba kwaye ziphathwa. Nangona kunjalo, olo ncedo lwedijithali luza kwiindleko kumaziko ezonyango anobungozi obukhulu be-cybersecurity.
- Ngomhla we-3 ka-Matshi i-2017, i-arhente yeendaba ye-SmartBrief ibike [24] ukuba kwiinyanga ezimbini zokuqala ze-2017, kwakukho malunga neziganeko ze-cybersecurity ze-250 ezibangele ukubiwa kweerekhodi ezingaphezulu kwesigidi. I-50% yezi ziganeko ibikumashishini amancinci naphakathi (kungabandakanywa icandelo lezempilo). Malunga ne-30% - iwele kwicandelo lezempilo. Kancinci kamva, ngo-Matshi 16, i-arhente efanayo yabika [22] ukuba inkokeli yeziganeko ze-cybersecurity ngexesha le-2017 yangoku licandelo lezonyango.
- NgoJanuwari 17, 2013, uMichael Greg, i-CEO ye-cybersecurity consulting firm Smart Solutions, ibike [21] ukuba kwi-2012, i-94% yamaziko ezonyango ayengamaxhoba okuvuza kolwazi oluyimfihlo. Oku kungaphezulu kwama-65% kunowama-2010-2011. Okubi nakakhulu, i-45% yamaziko ezonyango achaze ukuba ngokuhamba kwexesha, umlinganiselo wokuvuza kolwazi oluyimfihlo usiba lukhulu kakhulu; kwaye bavumile ukuba bangaphezulu kwesihlanu ukuvuza okumandundu kwithuba lika-2012-2013. Kwaye ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha samaziko ezonyango aqinisekile ukuba ukuvuza okunjalo kunokuthintelwa, okanye ubuncinane unokufumanisa ukuba kwenzeke.
- UMichael Greg uphinde waxela [21] ukuba kwixesha le-2010-2012, kwiminyaka nje emithathu, ngaphezu kwe-20 yezigidi zezigulane zingamaxhoba okubiwa kwe-EHRs equlethe ulwazi oluyimfihlo oluyimfihlo: ukuxilongwa, iinkqubo zonyango, ulwazi lokuhlawula, iinkcukacha ze-inshurensi, intlalontle. I-inshurensi yenombolo yokhuseleko kunye nokunye. Umgebenga osebenza ngekhompyutha oye weba i-EHR unokusebenzisa ulwazi oluqokelelwe kuyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo (jonga umhlathi othi "Ubusela beenombolo zokhuseleko loluntu bunxulumene njani neshishini lokurhwaphiliza lolwaphulo-mthetho?"). Nangona kunjalo, nangona konke oku, ukukhuselwa kwe-EMRs kumaziko ezonyango ngokuqhelekileyo kuncinci kunobuthakathaka kunokukhusela i-imeyile yomntu.
- NgoSeptemba 2, 2014, uMike Orkut, ingcali yobugcisa kwiMIT, wathi [10] ukuba iziganeko zosulelo lwe-ransomware zinyuka minyaka yonke. Kwi-2014, kwakukho iziganeko ze-600% ngaphezu kwe-2013. Ukongeza, i-American FBI yabika [26] ukuba kwi-2016 ngaphezu kweemeko ze-4000 zokuphangwa kwedijithali zenzeke imihla ngemihla - amaxesha amane ngaphezu kwe-2015. Kwangaxeshanye, ayisiyiyo kuphela imeko yokwanda kweziganeko zosulelo lwe-ransomware eyothusayo; ukukhula ngokuthe ngcembe kohlaselo ekujoliswe kulo nako kuyothusa. Iithagethi eziqhelekileyo zokuhlaselwa okunjalo ngamaziko emali, abathengisi kunye namaziko ezonyango.
- NgoMeyi 19, 2017, i-arhente yeendaba ye-BBC yapapasha [23] ingxelo ye-Verizon ka-2017, ngokutsho kwe-72% yeziganeko ze-ransomware zenzeke kwicandelo lezonyango. Ngelo xesha, kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo, inani leziganeko ezinjalo liye landa nge-50%.
- NgoJuni 1, i-2017, i-Harvard Busines Review yapapasha [18] ingxelo enikezelwe liSebe lezeMpilo laseMelika kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu ezichaza ukuba ngaphezu kwe-2015 yezigidi ze-EHRs zibiwe kwi-113. Kwi-2016 - ngaphezu kwe-16 yezigidi. Ngexesha elifanayo, nangona ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa ne-2016, kukho ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kwenani leziganeko, umgangatho jikelele usakhula. Ekuqaleni kuka-2017, itanki yokucinga i-Expirian yathi [27] ukuba ukhathalelo lwempilo yeyona nto ifunwa kakhulu ngabaphuli-mthetho.
- Ukuvuza kwedatha yesigulana kwiinkqubo zonyango ngokuthe ngcembe iba [37] enye yeengxaki ezicinezela kakhulu kukhathalelo lwezempilo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokutsho kwe-InfoWatch, kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo (2005-2006), yonke imibutho yezonyango yesibini yakhupha ulwazi lwesigulana. Ngelo xesha, i-60% yokuvuza kwedatha ayenzeki ngamajelo onxibelelwano, kodwa ngabantu abathile abathatha ulwazi oluyimfihlo ngaphandle kombutho. Kuphela yi-40% yolwazi oluvuzayo ngenxa yezizathu zobugcisa. Ikhonkco elibuthathaka [36] kwi-cybersecurity yeenkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango ngabantu. Unokuchitha imali eninzi ukwenza iinkqubo zokhuseleko, kwaye umqeshwa ohlawulwa kancinci uya kuthengisa ulwazi kwiwaka leendleko.
Ngaba iintsholongwane zekhompyuter zosulela izixhobo zonyango?
- Ngo-Oktobha 17, 2012, uDavid Talbot, i-MIT ingcali yobugcisa, ibike [1] ukuba izixhobo zonyango ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi kumaziko ezonyango ziba zikhompyutheni, ngakumbi "zihlakaniphile" kwaye ziguquguquke ngakumbi kwi-reprogramming; kwaye ngokwandayo inomsebenzi wokuxhasa uthungelwano. Ngenxa yoko, izixhobo zonyango ziya zisiba sesichengeni ngakumbi kwii-cyberattacks kunye neentsholongwane. Ingxaki yandiswa yinto yokuba abavelisi bahlala bengavumeli ukuguqulwa kwezinto zabo, nokuba bazenze zikhuseleke kwi-cyber.
- Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2009, i-network worm ye-Conficker yangena kwiZiko lezoNyango lase-Beth Israel kwaye yasulela ezinye zezixhobo zonyango apho, kubandakanywa indawo yokusebenzela yokunyamekela (ukusuka kwi-Philips) kunye ne-fluoroscopy workstation (ukusuka kwi-General Electric). Ukuze kuthintelwe iziganeko ezifanayo ukuba zenzeke kwixesha elizayo, uJohn Halmac, umlawuli we-IT weli ziko lezonyango - kunye noprofesa wexeshana kwiSikolo sezoNyango saseHarvard kunye nodokotela - wagqiba ukukhubaza umsebenzi wokuxhasa inethiwekhi kwesi sixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, wayejongene nento yokuba izixhobo "azikwazi ukuphuculwa ngenxa yezithintelo zokulawula." Kwamthatha umzamo omkhulu ukulungelelanisa nabavelisi ukuvala amandla othungelwano. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhawula kwinethiwekhi akuyonto ilungileyo. Ngokukodwa kumxholo wokudibanisa okukhulayo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwezinye izixhobo zonyango. [1]
- Oku kumalunga nezixhobo "ezihlakaniphile" ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi kumaziko onyango. Kodwa kukwakho nezixhobo zonyango ezinxitywayo, kubandakanya iimpompo ze-insulin kunye neepacemakers ezifakelweyo. Baye bachanabeka ngakumbi kwii-cyberattacks kunye nokosulelwa ziintsholongwane zekhompyuter. [1] Njengenqaku elisecaleni, ngoMeyi 12, 2017 (umhla woloyiso lwentsholongwane ye-WannaCry ransomware virus), omnye woogqirha bentliziyo wabika [28] ukuba phakathi kotyando lwentliziyo yakhe, iikhompyuter ezininzi zawa, kodwa ngethamsanqa. , usekwazile ukugqiba ngempumelelo olu tyando.
Ziyingozi kangakanani iintsholongwane ze-ransomware kwicandelo lezonyango?
- Ngo-Oktobha 3, i-2016, u-Mohammed Ali, i-CEO ye-cybersecurity firm Carbonite, wachaza [19] kwi-Harvard Business Review ukuba i-ransomware luhlobo lwentsholongwane yekhompyutha evimba umsebenzisi ukuba afikelele kwinkqubo yabo; ide ihlawulwe intlawulelo. I-virus ye-ransomware ifihla i-hard drive-ebangela ukuba umsebenzisi aphulukane nokufikelela kulwazi kwikhompyuter yakhe - kunye nokubonelela ngesitshixo se-decryption, intsholongwane ye-ransomware ifuna intlawulelo. Ukuze ugweme ukudibana nokuthotyelwa komthetho, abahlaseli basebenzisa iindlela zokuhlawula ezingaziwa, ezifana ne-bitcoin. [19]
- U-Muhammad Ali uphinde waxela ukuba abasasazi be-ransomware bafumanise ukuba elona xabiso lilungileyo lentlawulelo xa behlasela abemi abaqhelekileyo kunye nabanini bamashishini amancinci lisuka kwi-19 yeedola ukuya kwi-300 yeedola. Le yimali abaninzi abazimiseleyo ukwahlukana nayo - bajongene nethemba lokuphulukana nalo lonke ugcino lwabo lwedijithali. [500]
- NgoFebruwari 16, 2016, i-arhente yeendaba ye-Guardian yabika [13] ukuba ngenxa yosulelo lwe-ransomware, abasebenzi bezonyango kwi-Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Centre balahlekelwa ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zabo zekhompyutha. Ngenxa yoko, oogqirha baye banyanzeleka ukuba bathumele i-fax, abongikazi babhale iingxelo zonyango kwiirekhodi zonyango zamandulo, kwaye izigulane ziye esibhedlele ukuya kuthatha iziphumo zovavanyo ngokwabo.
- NgoFebruwari 17, 2016, iHollywood Presbyterian Medical Centre yakhupha ingxelo [30] eyayifundeka ngolu hlobo: βNgobusuku bangoFebruwari 5, abasebenzi bethu baye baphulukana nonxibelelwano lwasesibhedlele. I-malware itshixe iikhompyuter zethu kwaye yafihla zonke iifayile zethu. Ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho zaziswe ngoko nangoko. Iingcali zeCybersecurity zincede ukubuyisela ukufikelela kwiikhompyuter zethu. Intlawulelo eyayiceliwe yayingama-bitcoins angama-40 (ii-$17000 XNUMX). Eyona ndlela ikhawulezayo nesebenzayo yokubuyisela iinkqubo zethu kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo yayikukuhlawula intlawulelo, njalo njalo. fumana iqhosha le decryption. Ukuze sibuyisele impilo yeenkqubo zesibhedlele, kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba senze oku. β
- Ngomhla we-12 kaMeyi, i-2017, i-New York Times ibike [28] ukuba ngenxa yesiganeko se-WannaCry, ezinye izibhedlele zazikhubazeke kangangokuba kwaneempawu zamagama ezisanda kuzalwa azikwazanga ukuprintwa. Ezibhedlele, izigulane zaxelelwa, "Asikwazi ukukukhonza ngenxa yokuba iikhomputha zethu zingasebenzi." Kuyinto engaqhelekanga ukuva kwizixeko ezikhulu njengeLondon.
Ukuba iziganeko ze-cyber ziyingozi kakhulu, kutheni abenzi bezixhobo zonyango besebenzisa izixhobo zabo ngekhompyutha?
- Ngomhla we-9 kaJulayi, i-2008, uCristina Grifantini, i-MIT ingcali yezobugcisa, iphawulwe kwinqaku lakhe elithi "Amaziko oNyango: Ubudala bePlug kunye nokuDlala" [2]: Iintlobo ezoyikisayo zezixhobo zonyango "ezihlakaniphile" kwizibhedlele zithembisa ukunakekelwa kwesigulane esingcono. Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki kukuba ezi zixhobo zihlala zingahambelani kunye, nangona ziveliswa ngumenzi ofanayo. Ngoko ke, oogqirha bafumana imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokudibanisa zonke izixhobo zonyango kuthungelwano lwekhompyutha enye.
- NgoJulayi 9, 2009, uDouglas Rosendale, iNgcali ye-IT kwiVeterans Health Administration kunye nonjingalwazi wethutyana eHarvard School of Medicine onePh.D., wathi [2] imfuno engxamisekileyo yokudityaniswa kwezixhobo zonyango ngekhompyutha ngala mazwi alandelayo. : kunye nezakhiwo ezivaliweyo, ezivela kubathengisi abahlukeneyo - kodwa ingxaki kukuba abanako ukusebenzisana omnye nomnye. Kwaye loo nto yenza kube nzima ukukhathalela izigulana. β
- Xa izixhobo zonyango zenza imilinganiselo ezimeleyo kwaye zingatshintshisi omnye nomnye, azikwazi ukuvavanya imeko yesigulane ngendlela ebanzi, kwaye ngoko ke i-alamu ivakalise ngokuphambuka okuncinci kwisiqhelo, okanye ngaphandle kwesizathu. Oku kudala ukuphazamiseka okubalulekileyo kwabongikazi, ngakumbi kwigumbi labagula kakhulu, apho kukho izixhobo ezininzi ezizimeleyo. Ngaphandle kokudibanisa kunye nenkxaso yenethiwekhi, iyunithi yokunyamekela kakhulu iya kuba yindlu ye-madhouse. Ukuhlanganiswa kunye nenkxaso yenethiwekhi yendawo yenza kube lula ukulungelelanisa umsebenzi wezixhobo zonyango kunye neenkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango (ingakumbi ukusebenzisana kwezi zixhobo kunye ne-EHR yezigulane), okukhokelela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwenani lee-alamu zobuxoki. [2]
- Izibhedlele zinezixhobo ezininzi ezibiza imali eninzi ezingaxhasi uthungelwano. Kwimfuno engxamisekileyo yokudibanisa, izibhedlele zitshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe ezi zixhobo ngezitsha, okanye ziguqule ukuze zifakwe kwinethiwekhi jikelele. Ngexesha elifanayo, kunye nezixhobo ezitsha, eziphuhliswe ngokuqwalasela ukudibanisa, le ngxaki ayizange isombululwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngenxa yokuba wonke umenzi wezixhobo zonyango, oqhutywa lukhuphiswano olungunaphakade, uzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zayo zinokudibanisa kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, amasebe amaninzi angxamisekileyo adinga isethi ethile yezixhobo ezingenayo umenzi wedwa. Ngoko ke, ukukhetha umenzi omnye akayi kusombulula ingxaki yokuhambelana. Le yenye ingxaki emi kwindlela yokudibanisa okuntsonkothileyo. Kwaye izibhedlele zityala imali eninzi kwisisombululo sayo. Ngenxa yokuba izixhobo ezingahambelaniyo ngenye indlela ziya kusijika isibhedlele, kunye nezilumkiso zaso zobuxoki, zibe yindawo yokufihla intloko. [2]
- NgoJuni 13, 2017, uPeter Pronowost, ugqirha ogqirha kunye nomlawuli odibeneyo wokhuseleko lwesigulane kwi-Johns Hopkins Medicine, wabelane [17] kwi-Harvard Business Review iingcamango zakhe malunga nesidingo sekhompyutheni yezixhobo zonyango: "Thatha, umzekelo, Breathe. -umatshini wokunceda. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokungena komoya kwimiphunga yesigulane ixhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kubude besigulane. Ubude besigulane bugcinwa kwi-EHR. Njengomthetho, izixhobo zokuphefumla azisebenzi kunye ne-EHR, ngoko oogqirha kufuneka bafumane olu lwazi ngesandla, benze izibalo ephepheni, kwaye babeke ngesandla iiparitha zezixhobo zokuphefumla. Ukuba izixhobo zokuphefumla kunye ne-EHR ziqhagamshelwe ngenethiwekhi yekhompyuter, ke lo msebenzi unokuzenzekela. Inkqubo efanayo yogcino lwezixhobo zonyango lukhona phakathi kwezinye izixhobo zonyango ezininzi. Ngoko ke, oogqirha kufuneka benze utyando oluninzi mihla le; ekhatshwa ziimpazamo - nangona inqabile, kodwa ingenakuphepheka.
- Iibhedi ezitsha zesibhedlele zekhompyutha zixhotyiswe ngeseti ye-high-tech sensors enokubeka iliso kwiiparitha ezahlukeneyo zesigulane esilele kuyo. Ngokomzekelo, ezi bhedi, ngokulandelela ukuguquguquka kweentshukumo zesigulana ebhedini, kunokugqiba ukuba ngaba usemngciphekweni wokufumana izilonda zoxinzelelo. Ezi zinzwa eziphezulu zeteknoloji zigubungela i-30% yeendleko zebhedi yonke. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwekhompyutheni, le "smart bed" ayisebenzi kangako - emva koko, ayiyi kukwazi ukufumana ulwimi oluqhelekileyo kunye nezinye izixhobo zonyango. Imeko efanayo ibonwa "ngeemonitha ezingenazingcingo" ezikala izinga lentliziyo, i-MPC, uxinzelelo lwegazi, njl. Ngaphandle kokudityaniswa kwazo zonke ezi zixhobo kuthungelwano lwekhompyutha enye, kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana ngokuthe ngqo ne-EHR yezigulana, ayisebenzi kangako. [17]
Kutheni i-cybercriminals itshintshe ukusuka kwicandelo lezemali kunye neevenkile ezithengisayo ukuya kumaziko ezonyango?
- NgoFebruwari 16, 2016, uJulia Cherry, uMbhali oKhethekileyo weThe Guardian, wabelane ngembono yakhe yokuba amaziko ezempilo athandeka ngakumbi kubaphuli-mthetho ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo zabo zolwazi-ngenxa yelizwe lonke ukuqhuba amaziko ezempilo ukwenza iirekhodi zempilo-ziqulethe ulwazi oluninzi. Kubandakanya iinombolo zekhadi letyala, iinkcukacha zobuqu malunga nezigulana kunye nedatha yezonyango ebuthathaka. [13]
- Ngomhla we-23 ku-Epreli 2014, uJim Finkle, umhlalutyi we-cybersecurity kwi-Reuters news agency, wachaza [12] ukuba abaphuli be-intanethi bavame ukuthatha indlela yokuchasana. Iinkqubo ze-cybersecurity zamaziko ezonyango zibuthathaka kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namanye amacandelo asele eqaphele le ngxaki kwaye athathe amanyathelo asebenzayo. Ke ngoko, abaphuli-mthetho be-intanethi banomdla kubo.
- Ngomhla we-18 kaFebruwari, i-2016, uMike Orkut, i-MIT ingcali yezobugcisa, yabika ukuba umdla wabaphuli be-cybercriminal kwicandelo lezonyango kungenxa yezizathu ezihlanu ezilandelayo: 1) Uninzi lwamaziko ezonyango sele ludlulisele onke amaxwebhu kunye namakhadi kwifomu yedijithali; abanye bakwinkqubo yodluliselo olunjalo. Iinkcukacha zala makhadi ziqulethe ulwazi lomntu oluxabiswa kakhulu kwimarike emnyama yewebhu. 2) Ukhuseleko lwe-Cyber ββββkumaziko ezonyango aluyona nto iphambili; bahlala besebenzisa iinkqubo eziphelelwe lixesha kwaye abazixhasi ngokufanelekileyo. I-3) Isidingo sokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kwedatha kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zihlala zigqithisa imfuneko yokhuseleko, ezikhokelela izibhedlele ukuba zingayinaki i-cybersecurity nangona ziyazi imiphumo enokubakho. I-4) Izibhedlele zongeza izixhobo ezininzi kwinethiwekhi yazo, zinika abantu ababi ukhetho olungakumbi lokungena kwinethiwekhi yesibhedlele. 5) Intsingiselo ebhekiselele kumayeza obuqu ngakumbi - ngakumbi imfuno yokuba izigulane zibe nofikelelo olubanzi kwii-EHRs zazo - yenza i-MIS ibe yeyona nto kujoliswe kuyo efikeleleka ngakumbi. [14]
- Amacandelo okuthengisa kunye nezezimali sele kudala kujoliswe kuwo odumileyo kuma-cybercriminals. Njengoko ulwazi olubiweyo kula maziko lukhukula kwimarike emnyama yewebhu, iba yixabiso eliphantsi kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, akukho nzuzo kubantu ababi ukuba bayibe kwaye bayithengise. Ke ngoko, abantu ababi ngoku balawula icandelo elitsha, elinengeniso ngakumbi. [12]
- Kwimarike emnyama yewebhu, amakhadi ezonyango abiza kakhulu kunamanani ekhadi letyala. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba zinokusetyenziselwa ukufikelela kwiiakhawunti zebhanki kunye nokufumana imigqaliselo yamachiza alawulwayo. Okwesibini, ngenxa yokuba ubusela bekhadi lezonyango kunye nenyaniso yokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokungekho mthethweni kunzima kakhulu ukuyibona, kwaye ixesha elininzi lidlula ukusuka kwixesha lokuxhatshazwa ukuya kwixesha lokubhaqwa kunokuba kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwekhadi letyala. [12]
- NgokukaDell, ezinye ii-cybercriminals ezishishinayo zidibanisa amasuntswana olwazi lwezempilo olukhutshwe kwiirekhodi zonyango ezibiweyo kunye nezinye iinkcukacha ezibuthathaka, njalo njalo. qokelela iphakheji yamaxwebhu omgunyathi. Iiphakheji ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuba yi "fullz" kunye ne "kitz" kwi-Darknet black market jargon. Ixabiso lephakheji nganye enjalo lidlula i-$ 1000. [12]
- Ngomhla we-1 ku-Epreli, i-2016, uTom Simont, ingcali yezobugcisa kwi-MIT, wathi [4] ukuba umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwezoyikiso ze-cyber kwicandelo lezonyango lixhomekeke kubunzima beziphumo abazithembisayo. Umzekelo, ukuba uyaphulukana nokufikelela kwi-imeyile yomsebenzi wakho, uya kucaphuka ngokwendalo; nangona kunjalo, ukulahlekelwa ukufikelela kwiirekhodi zonyango eziqulethe ulwazi olufunekayo ukunyanga izigulane ngomnye umcimbi ngokupheleleyo.
- Ngoko ke, kubazi-cybercriminals - abaqonda ukuba olu lwazi lubaluleke kakhulu koogqirha - icandelo lezonyango liyinjongo ekhangayo kakhulu. Inomtsalane kangangokuba bahlala betyala imali eninzi ekwenzeni iransomware yabo ibengcono; ukuze bahlale inyathelo elinye phambili kumzabalazo wabo ongunaphakade kunye neenkqubo zokulwa nentsholongwane. Iimali ezintle abazinyusayo nge-ransomware zibanika ithuba lokuba nesisa ngotyalo-mali olunjalo, kwaye ezi ndleko zingaphezulu kunokuhlawula. [4]
Kutheni usulelo lwe-ransomware luye lwanda kwaye luqhubeka nokwanda kwicandelo lezonyango?
- NgoJuni 1, i-2017, uRebecca Weintrab (ugqirha oyintloko kwisibhedlele saseBrigham kunye neSibhedlele sabasetyhini abane-PhD) kunye noJoram Borenstein (injineli ye-cybersecurity) epapashwe [18] kwi-Harvard Business Review iziphumo zophando lwabo oluhlangeneyo malunga nokhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity kwicandelo lezonyango. Iithisisi eziphambili zophando lwabo zinikwe ngezantsi.
- Akukho mbutho ukhuselekile ekuqhekezeni. Le yinyani esiphila kuyo, kwaye le nyaniso yenziwa yacaca ngakumbi xa i-virus ye-WannaCry ransomware yaqhuma phakathi koMeyi 2017, ichaphazela amaziko ezonyango kunye neminye imibutho emhlabeni jikelele. [18]
- Kwi-2016, abalawuli be-Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Centre, iklinikhi enkulu yokugula ngaphandle, ngokukhawuleza bafumanisa ukuba balahlekelwe ukufikelela kwiinkcukacha kwiikhomputha zabo. Oogqirha abakwazanga ukufikelela kwii-EHR zezigulane zabo; nakwiingxelo zabo. Lonke ulwazi kwiikhompyuter zabo lufihliwe ngentsholongwane ye-ransomware. Nangona lonke ulwazi lwe-polyclinic lubanjwe ngabangeneleli, oogqirha baphoqeleka ukuba bathumele abathengi kwezinye izibhedlele. Kwiiveki ezimbini babhala yonke into ephepheni, de bagqiba ukuhlawula intlawulelo efunwa ngabahlaseli - $ 17000 (40 bitcoins). Kwakungenakwenzeka ukulandelela intlawulo ngenxa yokuba intlawulelo yahlawulwa ngenkqubo yentlawulo yeBitcoin engaziwa. Ukuba iingcali ze-cybersecurity zazivile kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo ukuba abenzi bezigqibo baya kubhideka ngokuguqula imali kwi-cryptocurrency ukuze kuhlawulwe intlawulelo kubaphuhlisi bentsholongwane, ngebengazange bayikholelwe. Noko ke, yiloo nto kanye eyenzekayo namhlanje. Abantu abaqhelekileyo, abanini bamashishini amancinci, kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zonke zijoliswe kwi-ransomware. [19]
- Ngokobunjineli basekuhlaleni, ii-imeyile zokukhohlisa eziqulethe amakhonkco akhohlakeleyo kunye nezincamatheliso azisathunyelwa egameni lezizalwane zaphesheya kwezilwandle ezifuna ukunikela ngobutyebi bazo kuwe ukuze ufumane inkcazelo eyimfihlo. Namhlanje, ii-imeyile ze-phishing ziyimiyalezo elungiselelwe kakuhle, ngaphandle kweetypos; ahlala eguqulwe njengamaxwebhu asemthethweni anelogo kunye nemisayino. Ezinye zazo azibonakali kwimbalelwano yeshishini eqhelekileyo okanye izaziso ezisemthethweni zohlaziyo lwesicelo. Ngamanye amaxesha abenzi bezigqibo ababandakanyekayo ekuqeshweni bafumana iileta ezivela kumgqatswa othembisayo kunye ne-resume eqhotyoshelwe kwileta, apho intsholongwane ye-ransomware ifakwe khona. [19]
- Nangona kunjalo, ubunjineli bentlalontle abukho bubi kangako. Okubi nakakhulu kukuba ukuqaliswa kwentsholongwane ye-ransomware kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo komsebenzisi. Iintsholongwane zeRansomware zinokusasazeka ngemingxuma yokhuseleko; okanye ngezicelo ezindala ezingakhuselekanga. Ubuncinci veki nganye uhlobo olutsha lwe-ransomware luvela; kwaye inani leendlela ezinokuthi iintsholongwane ze-ransomware zingene kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha zihlala zikhula. [19]
- Ngoko, umzekelo, ngokubhekiselele kwi-virus ye-WannaCry ransomware ... Ekuqaleni (ngoMeyi 15, 2017), iingcali zokhuseleko zagqiba [25] ukuba isizathu esona sizathu sokusuleleka kwenkqubo yezempilo yelizwe lase-UK kukuba izibhedlele zisebenzisa inguqu ephelelwe yisikhathi. inkqubo yokusebenza yeWindows - XP (izibhedlele zisebenzisa le nkqubo kuba izixhobo ezininzi zasesibhedlele ezibiza kakhulu azihambelani neenguqulelo ezintsha zeWindows). Nangona kunjalo, emva kwexesha elifutshane (ngoMeyi 22, 2017) kwavela [29] ukuba inzame yokuqhuba i-WannaCry kwi-Windows XP idla ngokukhokelela kwingozi yekhompyutheni, ngaphandle kokusuleleka; kwaye uninzi koomatshini abosulelekileyo basebenza Windows 7. Ukongezelela, ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuba i-virus ye-WannaCry isasazeka nge-phishing, kodwa kamva kwavela ukuba le ntsholongwane yasasazeka ngokwayo, njengembungu yenethiwekhi, ngaphandle koncedo lomsebenzisi.
- Ukongeza, kukho iinjini zokukhangela ezikhethekileyo ezingajongi iziza kwinethiwekhi, kodwa izixhobo ezibonakalayo. Ngabo unokufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi indawo, esibhedlele, zeziphi izixhobo ezixhunyiwe kwinethiwekhi. [3]
- Enye into ebalulekileyo ekuxhaphakeni kweentsholongwane ze-ransomware kukufikelela kwi-cryptocurrency ye-Bitcoin. Ukukhululeka kokuqokelela iintlawulo ngokungaziwa kwihlabathi jikelele kubangela ukukhula kolwaphulo-mthetho kwi-cyber. Ukongeza, ngokuthumela imali kubaphangi, ngaloo ndlela uvuselela ukuphangwa okuphindaphindiweyo ngokuchasene nawe. [19]
- Kwangaxeshanye, abakwa-cybercriminals baye bafunda ukubamba nkqu nezo nkqubo apho ukhuseleko lwanamhlanje lusetyenziswa khona, kunye nohlaziyo lwamva nje lwesoftware; kunye neendlela zokufumanisa kunye nokucima (apho iinkqubo zokukhusela zibhenela khona) azisoloko zisebenza; ngakumbi ukuba uhlaselo lujoliswe kwaye lulodwa. [19]
- Nangona kunjalo, kusekho ukulinganisa okusebenzayo ngokuchasene ne-ransomware: ukuxhasa idatha ebalulekileyo. Ukuze xa kukho ingxaki, idatha inokubuyiselwa ngokulula. [19]
Oogqirha, abongikazi kunye nezigulana ezichatshazelwe yi-WannaCry- ingaba yenzeke njani kubo?
- NgoMeyi 13, 2017, uSarah Marsh weThe Guardian udliwano-ndlebe namaxhoba amaninzi e-WannaCry ransomware virus ukuze aqonde ukuba esi siganeko [5] savela njani kumaxhoba (amagama atshintshiwe ngenxa yezizathu zangasese):
- USergey Petrovich, ugqirha: Andikwazanga ukunika inkathalo efanelekileyo kwizigulana. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba iinkokeli ziqinisekisa njani uluntu ukuba iziganeko ze-cyber azichaphazeli ukhuseleko lwezigulane zokuphela, oku akunjalo. Asikwazanga nokuthatha ii-x-reyi xa iisistim zethu zekhompyutha zisilele. Kwaye phantse akukho nkqubo yonyango enokuyenza ngaphandle kwale mifanekiso. Ngokomzekelo, ngolu rhatya lubi, ndandibona isigulana yaye kwafuneka ndisithumele kwiX-reyi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yethu yekhompyutha yayingasebenzi, andizange ndikwazi ukuyenza loo nto. [5]
- UVera Mikhailovna, isigulana esinomhlaza wamabele: Emva kokuba ndifumene unyango lwechemotherapy, ndandisele ndiphakathi esibhedlele, kodwa ngelo xesha kwakukho uhlaselo lwekhompyutha. Kwaye nangona iseshoni yayisele igqityiwe, kwafuneka ndichithe iiyure ezininzi esibhedlele - ndilindele ukuba iyeza linikezelwe kum ekugqibeleni. Ukuphazamiseka kwakungenxa yokuba ngaphambi kokuba amayeza anikwe, abasebenzi bezonyango bayawajonga ukuba ayayithobela na namayeza, kwaye olu vavanyo lwenziwa ngeenkqubo zekhompyutha. Izigulana ezindilandela emgceni zazisele zisewodini kwiseshoni yechemotherapy; amayeza abo sele ezisiwe. Kodwa ekubeni kwakungenakwenzeka ukujonga ukuthotyelwa kwabo kwiiresiphi, inkqubo yahlehliswa. Unyango lwezinye izigulana luhlehliselwe usuku olulandelayo. [5]
- UTatyana Ivanovna, umongikazi: NgoMvulo, asikwazanga ukujonga i-EHR yesigulana kunye noluhlu lwezithuba ezicwangcisiweyo namhlanje. Bendifowunelwa kule mpelaveki, ngoko ngoMvulo, xa isibhedlele sethu sasilixhoba lohlaselo lwekhompyutha, kwafuneka ndikhumbule ukuba ngubani omele eze kwidinga. Iinkqubo zolwazi zesibhedlele sethu zivaliwe. Asikwazanga ukujonga imbali yezonyango, asikwazanga ukujonga imimiselo yamachiza; ayikwazanga ukujonga iidilesi kunye neenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano zezigulane; amaxwebhu okugcwalisa; khangela iziphumo zovavanyo. [5]
- Evgeny Sergeevich, umlawuli wenkqubo: Sidla ngokuba neendwendwe ezininzi ngeemva kwemini ngoLwesihlanu. Bekungolwesihlanu ke. Isibhedlele besigcwele abantu, abasebenzi besibhedlele bebeyi5 besemsebenzini besamkela izicelo zomnxeba, iminxeba yabo ibikhala ingayeki. Zonke iinkqubo zethu zekhompyuter zisebenze ngokugqibeleleyo, kodwa malunga nentsimbi yesi-15:00 emva kwemini, zonke izikrini zekhompyuter zaba mnyama. Oogqirha bethu kunye nabongikazi baphulukana nokufikelela kwii-EMRs zezigulane, kwaye abasebenzi ababesemsebenzini xa besamkela iifowuni abakwazanga ukufaka izicelo kwikhompyutha. [5]
Abaphuli-mthetho be-cyber bangonakalisa njani ikliniki yotyando lweplastiki?
- Ngokutsho kwe-Guardian [6], ngoMeyi 30, 2017, iqela lolwaphulo-mthetho laseTsarskaya Guard lipapashe idatha eyimfihlo yezigulane ze-25 zekliniki yaseLithuania yotyando lweplastiki iGrozio Chirurgija. Kubandakanya iifoto ezifihlakeleyo eziyimfihlo ezithathwe ngaphambi, ngexesha nangemva kokusebenza (ukugcinwa kwazo kuyimfuneko ngokujonga iinkcukacha zeklinikhi); kunye nokuskena iincwadana zokundwendwela kunye neenombolo zokhuseleko loluntu. Ekubeni ikliniki inegama elihle kunye namaxabiso afikelelekayo, abahlali bamazwe angama-60, kuquka abantu abadumileyo behlabathi, basebenzisa iinkonzo zayo [7]. Bonke baba ngamaxhoba esi sehlo se-cyber.
- Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambili, emva kokuqhekeza iiseva zeklinikhi kunye nokuba idatha kubo, "abalindi" bafuna intlawulelo ye-bitcoins ye-300 (malunga ne-$ 800). Abaphathi bekliniki benqaba ukusebenzisana "nabaGcini", kwaye bahlala beqinile nangona "Abalindi" banciphisa ixabiso lentlawulelo kwi-bitcoins ye-50 (malunga ne-$ 120). [6]
- Ekubeni belahlekelwe lithemba lokufumana intlawulelo ekliniki, "abalindi" bagqiba ekubeni batshintshele kubathengi bakhe. Ngo-Matshi, bapapashe iifoto zezigulane zekliniki ze-150 kwiWebhu emnyama [8] ukuze boyike abanye ukuba bahlawule. "Abalindi" bacela intlawulelo ukusuka kwi-50 ukuya kwi-euro ye-2000, kunye nentlawulo kwi-bitcoin, kuxhomekeke kudumo lwexhoba kunye nokusondelana kolwazi olubiweyo. Elona nani lichanekileyo labaguli abatyholwa kakubi alaziwa, kodwa amaxhoba aliqela abhenela emapoliseni. Ngoku, kwiinyanga ezintathu kamva, abaLindi bakhuphe iinkcukacha eziyimfihlo zabanye abathengi be-25. [6]
I-cybercriminal yeba ikhadi lezonyango - oku kusongela njani umniniyo ofanelekileyo?
- Ngo-Oktobha 19, 2016, uAdam Levine, ingcali yokhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity ophethe iziko lophando lweCyberScout, waphawula [9] ukuba siphila kwixesha apho iirekhodi zonyango ziye zaqala ukubandakanya inani elothusayo lolwazi olusondele kakhulu: malunga nezifo, ukuxilongwa, unyango. , kunye neengxaki zempilo. Kwizandla ezingalunganga, olu lwazi lunokusetyenziselwa inzuzo kwimarike emnyama yewebhu, yiyo loo nto ama-cybercriminals ahlala ejolise kumaziko ezonyango.
- NgoSeptemba 2, 2014, uMike Orkut, ingcali yezobugcisa eMIT, wathi [10]: "Ngelixa amanani ekhadi letyala elibiweyo kunye neenombolo zokhuseleko loluntu ngokwazo ziyancipha kwaye ziyancipha kwimarike emnyama yewebhu - amakhadi ezonyango, kunye nezityebi. iseti yolwazi lomntu, apho ngexabiso elihle. Ngokuyinxenye kungenxa yokuba banika abantu abangakhuselekanga ithuba lokufumana unyango ebebengenakukwazi ukulufikelela.β
- Ikhadi likagqirha elibiweyo lingasetyenziselwa ukufumana unyango egameni lomnini welo khadi. Ngenxa yoko, idatha yonyango yomnini wayo ofanelekileyo kunye nedatha yezokwelapha yesela iya kuxutywa kwikhadi lezonyango. Ukongeza, ukuba isela lithengisa amakhadi ezonyango abiweyo kubantu besithathu, ke ikhadi lingangcoliswa ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, xa esiza esibhedlele, umnini-khadi osemthethweni uzibeka esichengeni sokufumana unyango olusekelwe kudidi lwegazi lomnye umntu, imbali yempilo yomnye umntu, uludwe lomnye umntu lokungaguquki komzimba, njl. [9]
- Ukongezelela, isela linokuphelisa umda we-inshorensi yomnini ofanelekileyo wekhadi lezonyango, eliya kuthintela lowo wokugqibela ithuba lokufumana unyango oluyimfuneko xa lufuneka. Ngelona xesha lingafanelekanga. Ngapha koko, izicwangciso ezininzi ze-inshorensi zinemida yonyaka kwiintlobo ezithile zeenkqubo nonyango. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akukho nkampani yeinshurensi iya kukuhlawula ngotyando olubini lwe-appendicitis. [9]
- Esebenzisa ikhadi lezonyango elibiweyo, isela lisenokusebenzisa kakubi imiyalelo yamayeza. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuvalela umniniyo ithuba lokufumana iyeza elifunekayo xa elifuna. Ngapha koko, imiyalelo yamayeza idla ngokulinganiselwe. [9]
- Ukuphelisa uhlaselo olukhulu lwe-cyber kumakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kunye nawebhanki akuyongxaki kangako. Ukukhusela kuhlaselo olujoliswe kuko yingxaki kancinane. Nangona kunjalo, xa kuziwa ekubiweni nasekusebenziseni kakubi ii-EHRs, ulwaphulo-mthetho luphantse lungabonakali. Ukuba inyaniso yolwaphulo-mthetho ifunyenwe, ngoko, njengomthetho, kuphela kwimeko engxamisekileyo, xa iziphumo zingasongela ubomi ngokoqobo. [9]
Kutheni kuxhaphake kangaka ubusela bekhadi likagqirha?
- Ngo-Matshi 2017, iZiko loBusela be-Identity libike ukuba ngaphezu kwe-25% yokuvuza kwedatha eyimfihlo kumaziko ezonyango. Oku kuvuza kuxabisa iibhiliyoni ezi-5,6 zeerandi ngonyaka.Nazi izizathu ezimbalwa zokuba kutheni ubusela beengxelo zonyango bufuneka ngamandla. [18]
- Amakhadi ezonyango yeyona nto ishushu kwimarike emnyama yewebhu. Amakhadi ezonyango athengiswa apho ngeedola ezingama-50 lilinye. Xa kuthelekiswa, amanani ekhadi letyala athengiswa kwiWebhu Emnyama nge-$1 nganyeβixabiso eliphindwe ngama-50 kunamakhadi ezonyango. Imfuno yamakhadi ezonyango ikwaqhutywa yinyaniso yokuba ayinxalenye yeenkonzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezintsonkothileyo. [18]
- Ukuba umthengi wamakhadi zonyango akafumanekanga, umhlaseli unokusebenzisa ikhadi lonyango ngokwakhe kwaye enze ubusela bendabuko: iirekhodi zonyango ziqulethe ulwazi olwaneleyo lokufumana ikhadi letyala, ukuvula i-akhawunti yebhanki okanye ukuthatha imali mboleko egameni ixhoba. [18]
- Ephethe ikhadi likagqirha elibiweyo esandleni, umaphuli-mthetho, ngokomzekelo, angenza uhlaselo oluntsonkothileyo olujolise kuko (ngokufuziselayo, alole umkhonto), ezenza ibhanki: βMolo emva kwemini, siyazi ukuba uza kwenziwa uqhaqho. . Ungalibali ukuhlawula iinkonzo ezinxulumeneyo ngokunqakraza kweli khonkco. Kwaye emva koko ucinga: "Ewe, kuba besazi ukuba ndinoqhaqho ngomso, kufuneka ibe yileta evela ebhankini." Ukuba umhlaseli usehluleka ukuqonda ukubanakho kwamakhadi onyango abiweyo, unokusebenzisa intsholongwane ye-ransomware ukukhupha imali kwiziko lezonyango ukwenzela ukubuyisela ukufikelela kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo kunye nedatha. [18]
- Amaziko onyango acotha kakhulu ukuphumeza iindlela zokhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity - esele ziphuhlisiwe kwamanye amashishini - into ehlekisayo, kuba luxanduva lwamaziko ezonyango ukuqinisekisa ukuba yimfihlo kwezonyango. Ukongeza, amaziko ezonyango athanda ukuba nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olusezantsi kakhulu lwe-cybersecurity kunye neengcali ezikumgangatho ophantsi kakhulu we-cybersecurity kunokuba, umzekelo, amaziko emali. [18]
- Iinkqubo ze-IT zonyango zibotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo kwiinkonzo zemali. Ngokomzekelo, amaziko ezempilo anokuba nezicwangciso zokulondoloza eziguquguqukayo zeemeko ezingalindelekanga, kunye namakhadi abo okuhlawula okanye ii-akhawunti zokulondoloza - ezigcina izixa-mali ezintandathu. [18]
- Imibutho emininzi isebenzisana namaziko ezonyango kwaye ibonelela abasebenzi babo ngenkqubo yezempilo yomntu ngamnye. Oku kunika umhlaseli ithuba, ngokugqekeza kumaziko ezonyango, ukufumana ukufikelela kulwazi oluyimfihlo lwabaxumi beenkampani kwiziko lezonyango. Singasathethi ke into yokuba umqeshi ngokwakhe unokwenza njengomhlaseli - ngokuthula ukuthengisa idatha yezonyango zabasebenzi bakhe kubantu besithathu. [18]
- Amaziko onyango anamakhonkco amaninzi okubonelela kunye noluhlu olukhulu lwababoneleli abanonxibelelwano lwedijithali nabo. Ngokuqhekeza kwiinkqubo ze-IT zeziko lezonyango, umhlaseli unokuthatha kwakhona iinkqubo zababoneleli. Ukongezelela, ababoneleli abaqhagamshelwe kwiziko lezonyango ngonxibelelwano lwedijithali ngokwabo ngendawo yokulinga yokungena kumhlaseli kwiinkqubo ze-IT zeziko lezonyango. [18]
- Kweminye imimandla, ukukhuselwa kuye kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kwaye ke abahlaseli kuye kwafuneka balawule icandelo elitsha - apho uthengiselwano lwenziwa nge-hardware esengozini kunye nesoftware esengozini. [18]
Ngaba ukubiwa kweenombolo zokhuseleko loluntu kunxulumene njani neshishini lolwaphulo-mthetho lomgunyathi?
- NgoJanuwari 30, 2015, i-arhente yeendaba ye-Tom's Guide yachaza [31] indlela amaxwebhu aqhelekileyo ahluke ngayo kumgunyathi odibeneyo. Kweyona nto ilula, ubuqhophololo bamaxwebhu bubandakanya umkhohlisi ngokulula azenze omnye umntu esebenzisa igama lakhe, iNombolo yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo (SSN), kunye nolunye ulwazi lomntu. Inyaniso efanayo yorhwaphilizo ibonakala ngokukhawuleza kwaye kulula. Ngendlela edibeneyo, abantu ababi benza isazisi esitsha. Ngokwenza uxwebhu, bathatha iSSN yokwenyani kwaye bongeza amaqhekeza olwazi lomntu oluvela kubantu abaninzi abahlukeneyo kuwo. Esi silo saseFrankenstein, sidityaniswe kunye kulwazi lobuqu lwabantu abohlukeneyo, sele kunzima kakhulu ukubhaqa kunolona xwebhu lomgunyathi olulula. Ekubeni i-scammer isebenzisa kuphela ulwazi oluthile lwexhoba ngalinye, amaqhinga akhe okukhwabanisa akayi kuqhagamshelana nabanini abafanelekileyo bezi ziqwenga zolwazi lomntu. Umzekelo, xa bejonga umsebenzi we-SSN yabo, umnini wayo osemthethweni akayi kufumana nantoni na ekrokrisayo apho.
- Abantu ababi banokusebenzisa i-monster yabo yaseFrankenstein ukuze bafumane umsebenzi okanye bathathe imali-mboleko [31], kunye nokuvula iinkampani ezingeyonyani [32]; ukwenza ukuthenga, ukufumana iimpepha-mvume zokuqhuba kunye neencwadana zokundwendwela [34]. Kwangaxeshanye, nakwimeko yokuthatha imali-mboleko, kunzima kakhulu ukukhangela ubunyani bamaxwebhu omgunyathi, kwaye ke ukuba iibhanki ziqala ukuphanda, ngoko ke umnini wezomthetho wale nto okanye eso siqwenga solwazi lobuqu uya kwenza kakhulu. kusenokwenzeka ukuba babizelwe uxanduva, hayi umdali we-monster yaseFrankenstein.
- Abarhwebi abanganyanisekanga bangasebenzisa amaxwebhu omgunyathi ukuze bakhohlise ababolekisi-ngokudala into ebizwa. isangweji yeshishini. Undoqo wesandwich yeshishini kukuba oosomashishini abanganyanisekanga banokwenza izazisi ezininzi zobuxoki kwaye bazibonise njengabathengi beshishini labo - ngaloo ndlela bedala ukubonakala kweshishini eliphumelelayo. Ngoko baba nomtsalane ngakumbi kubabolekisi babo kwaye bafumane ithuba lokonwabela iimeko ezivumayo zokuboleka imali. [33]
- Ubusela kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kolwazi lobuqu luhlala lungaqatshelwa ngumnini walo ofanelekileyo ixesha elide, kodwa kunokumbangela inkxwaleko enkulu ngelona xesha lingafanelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, umnini we-SSN osemthethweni unokufaka isicelo seenkonzo zentlalo kwaye anqatshelwe ngenxa yengeniso engaphezulu evela kwisandwich yeshishini elenziweyo esebenzisa i-SSN yabo. [33]
- Ukusukela ngo-2007 ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ishishini lolwaphulo-mthetho lebhiliyoni lezigidi zeerandi zokukhohlisa amaxwebhu asekelwe kwi-SSN lifumana ukuthandwa ngakumbi [34]. Ngelo xesha, abakhohlisi bakhetha ezo SSN ezingasetyenziswanga ngokusebenzayo ngabanini bazo abafanelekileyo, njenge-SSN yabantwana kunye nomfi. Kwi-2014, iziganeko zenyanga zibalwa kumawaka, ngokutsho kwe-CBC news agency, ngelixa i-2009 yayingekho ngaphezu kwe-100 ngenyanga. Ukukhula okubonakalayo kolu hlobo lobuqhophololo - kwaye ngakumbi impembelelo yalo kwidatha yobuqu yabantwana - kuya kuba nemiphumo emibi kubantu abatsha kwixesha elizayo. [34]
- Ii-SSNs zabantwana zinamathuba angama-50 ngaphezulu kokusetyenziswa kobu buqhophololo kuneeSSN zabantu abadala. Lo mdla kwii-SSNs zabantwana kungenxa yokuba ii-SSNs zabantwana zidla ngokungasebenzi kude kube neminyaka eyi-18 ubudala. Oko. ukuba abazali babantwana abancinci abagcini ngokuhambelana ne-SSN yabo, ngoko umntwana wabo unokuvinjwa ilayisenisi yokuqhuba okanye imali mboleko yabafundi kwixesha elizayo. Isenokuwenza nzima umsebenzi ukuba ulwazi malunga nomsebenzi we-SSN othandabuzekayo luyafumaneka kumntu onokuba ngumqeshi. [34]
Namhlanje kukho intetho eninzi malunga nethemba kunye nokhuseleko lweenkqubo zobuntlola ezenziweyo. Ingaba oku kuhamba njani kwicandelo lezonyango?
- NgoJuni 2017, umhleli we-MIT Technology Review, umhleli-oyintloko wejenali okhethekileyo kwi-technologies ye-intelligence technologies, wapapasha inqaku lakhe elithi "Icala elimnyama le-Artificial Intelligence", apho waphendula lo mbuzo ngokubanzi. Amanqaku aphambili kwinqaku lakhe [35]:
- Iinkqubo zanamhlanje zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa (AI) zintsonkothile kangangokuba neenjineli eziziyilileyo azikwazi kuyichaza indlela i-AI esenza ngayo isigqibo. Namhlanje nakwixesha elizayo elibonakalayo, akunakwenzeka ukuphuhlisa inkqubo ye-AI enokuhlala ichaza izenzo zayo. Itekhnoloji "yokufunda ngokunzulu" ibonakalise ukuba iyasebenza kakhulu ekusombululeni iingxaki ezicinezelayo zeminyaka yakutshanje: ukuqondwa komfanekiso kunye nelizwi, ukuguqulelwa kweelwimi, izicelo zonyango. [35]
- Kukho amathemba abalulekileyo kwi-AI ekufumaneni izifo ezibulalayo, ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinzima zezoqoqosho; kwaye i-AI kulindeleke ukuba ibe yeyona nto iphambili kwamanye amashishini amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuyi kwenzeka - okanye ubuncinane akufanele kwenzeke - de sifumane indlela yokwenza inkqubo yokufunda enzulu enokuthi ichaze izigqibo ezenzayo. Kungenjalo, asiyi kukwazi ukuqikelela ukuba le nkqubo iya kusilela nini kanye kanye - kwaye kungekudala okanye kamva iya kusilela. [35]
- Le ngxaki iye yangxamiseka ngoku, yaye kwixesha elizayo iza kuba mbi ngakumbi. Ingaba izigqibo zezoqoqosho, zomkhosi okanye zonyango. Iikhomputha eziqhuba iinkqubo ze-AI ezihambelanayo ziye zacwangcisa ngokwazo, kwaye ngendlela yokuba singenayo indlela yokuqonda "into esengqondweni yabo." Singathini malunga nabasebenzisi bokugqibela, xa iinjineli eziyila ezi nkqubo zingakwazi ukuqonda nokucacisa ukuziphatha kwazo. Njengoko iinkqubo ze-AI ziguquka, sinokuwela ngokukhawuleza umgca-ukuba asikafiki-xa ukuthembela kwi-AI kufuna ukuba sithathe "ukuxhuma kokholo." Ngokuqinisekileyo, ekubeni singabantu, thina ngokwethu asikwazi ukuhlala sichaza izigqibo zethu, kwaye kaninzi sithembele kwi-intuition. Kodwa ngaba sinokuvumela oomatshini ukuba bacinge ngendlela efanayo - engalindelekanga kwaye engaqondakaliyo? [35]
- Ngo-2015, iNtaba yeSinayi, iziko lezonyango kwisiXeko saseNew York, yaphefumlelwa ukuba isebenzise umbono wokufunda nzulu kwidathabheyisi yayo enkulu yeembali zamatyala. Ulwakhiwo lwedatha olusetyenziselwa ukuqeqesha inkqubo ye-AI lubandakanya amakhulu eeparamitha ezibekwe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo, ukuxilongwa, iimvavanyo kunye neerekhodi zonyango. Inkqubo eyenze ezi rekhodi yayibizwa ngokuba yi "Deep Patient". Waye waqeqeshwa esebenzisa iirekhodi zezigulane ezingama-700. Xa kuvavanywa iirekhodi ezintsha, kwabonakala kuluncedo kakhulu ekuqikeleleni izifo. Ngaphandle naluphi na ukusebenzisana kunye neengcali, iSigulana esinzulu sifumene iimpawu ezifihliweyo kwiirekhodi zonyango - ezithi, ngokutsho kwe-AI, zibonise ukuba isigulane sasisemngciphekweni weengxaki ezinzulu, kuquka umhlaza wesibindi. Siye sazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqikelela ngaphambili, ezazisebenzisa iirekhodi zonyango zezigulane ezininzi njengedatha yokufaka, kodwa iziphumo ze "Deep Patient" azinakuthelekiswa nazo. Ukongeza, kukho impumelelo engalindelekanga ngokupheleleyo: Isigulana esinzulu sihle kakhulu ekuqikeleleni ukuqala kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo njenge-schizophrenia. Kodwa ekubeni iyeza lanamhlanje lingenazo izixhobo zokuyichaza kwangaphambili, umbuzo uvela ukuba i-AI yakwazi ukwenza njani oku. Nangona kunjalo, i-Deep Patient iyasilela ukuchaza indlela akwenza ngayo oku. [35]
- Ngokufanelekileyo, izixhobo ezinjalo kufuneka zichaze oogqirha ukuba bafikelela njani kwisigqibo esithile - ukuze, bathi, ukuthethelela ukusetyenziswa kweyeza elithile. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo zanamhlanje zobuntlola, yeha, azinakukwenza oku. Singenza iinkqubo ezifanayo, kodwa asiyazi ukuba zisebenza njani. Ukufunda ngokunzulu kukhokelele kwiinkqubo ze-AI kwimpumelelo eqhumayo. Okwangoku, ezo nkqubo ze-AI zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izigqibo eziphambili kumashishini afana neyeza, imali, imveliso, njl. Kodwa kuya kukhokelela entwenini xa sivumela iinkqubo ezinjalo ukuba zichonge umhlaza kwaye zenze izinto zomkhosi? [35]
Ngaba icandelo lezonyango liye lafunda kwimeko ye-WannaCry?
- Ngomhla we-25 kaMeyi, i-2017, i-arhente yeendaba ye-BBC ibike [16] ukuba esinye sezizathu ezibalulekileyo zokungahoywa kwe-cybersecurity kwizixhobo zonyango ezinxitywayo yi-computing yamandla abo aphantsi ngenxa yeemfuno eziqinileyo zobukhulu bazo. Ezinye izizathu ezibini ezibalulekileyo ngokulinganayo: ukunqongophala kolwazi lwendlela yokubhala ikhowudi ekhuselekileyo kunye nokutyhala ixesha elibekiweyo lokukhutshwa kwemveliso yokugqibela.
- Kwingxelo efanayo, i-BBC yaphawula [16] ukuba ngenxa yophando kwikhowudi yeprogram yomnye we-pacemakers, ngaphezu kwe-8000 yobuthathaka ifunyenwe kuyo; kwaye nangona imiba ye-cybersecurity ephezulu echongiweyo ngenxa yesiganeko se-WannaCry, kuphela i-17% yabenzi bezixhobo zonyango baye bathatha amanyathelo abambekayo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwe-cybersecurity lwezixhobo zabo. Ngokuphathelele amaziko ezonyango akwazile ukuphepha ukungqubana ne-WannaCry, kuphela i-5% yabo yayididekile ngokuxilonga i-cybersecurity yezixhobo zabo. Ezi ngxelo ziza kamsinya emva kokuba imibutho yokhathalelo lwempilo engaphezu kwama-60 e-UK ibe ngamaxhoba ohlaselo lwe-cyberattack.
- NgoJuni 13, i-2017, inyanga enye emva kwesiganeko se-WannaCry, uPeter Pronowost, ugqirha we-PhD kunye nomlawuli onxulumene nokhuseleko lwesigulane kwi-Johns Hopkins Medicine, uxoxa [17] kwi-Harvard Business Review imingeni ecinezelayo yokuhlanganiswa kwezonyango kwikhompyutha. ungakhankanyi negama malunga nokhuseleko lwe-cyber.
- NgoJuni 15, i-2017, inyanga emva kwesiganeko se-WannaCry, uRobert Perl, ugqirha onobugqirha kunye nentloko yamaziko amabini ezonyango, exoxa [15] kwi-Harvard Business Review imingeni ekhoyo ejongene nabaphuhlisi kunye nabasebenzisi beenkqubo zolawulo lwe-EHR - Khange athethe nelimdaka malunga nokhuseleko lonxibelelwano.
- NgoJuni 20, i-2017, inyanga emva kwesiganeko se-WannaCry, iqela leenzululwazi ze-PhD ezivela kwi-Harvard School of Medicine, ekhonza njengeentloko zamasebe aphambili eBrigham kunye neSibhedlele sabasetyhini, epapashwe [20] iziphumo kwi-Harvard Business Review. Ingxoxo yetafile engqukuva ngesidingo sokuphucula izixhobo zonyango ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wokhathalelo lwezigulane. Itheyibhile ejikelezayo ixoxe ngamathuba okunciphisa umthwalo koogqirha kunye nokunciphisa iindleko ngokulungiswa kweenkqubo zobuchwepheshe kunye ne-automation edibeneyo. Abameli be-34 abahamba phambili kumaziko ezonyango ase-US bathathe inxaxheba kwitafile ejikelezayo. Ukuxoxa ngokulungiswa kwezixhobo zonyango, abathathi-nxaxheba babeka ithemba eliphezulu kwizixhobo zokuxela kwangaphambili kunye nezixhobo ezihlakaniphile. Akukho nelinye igama elithethiweyo malunga ne-cybersecurity.
Amaziko onyango anokuqinisekisa njani ukhuseleko lwe-cyber?
- Ngo-2006, uLieutenant General Nikolai Ilyin, intloko yeSpecial Communications Information Systems Department of the Federal Security Service of Russia, wathi [52]: βUmbandela wokhuseleko lwenkcazelo ubalulekile namhlanje kunangaphambili. Ubungakanani bobugcisa obusetyenziswayo buyanda kakhulu. Ngelishwa, namhlanje imiba yokhuseleko lolwazi ayisoloko ithathelwa ingqalelo kwinqanaba loyilo. Kucacile ukuba ixabiso lokusombulula le ngxaki livela kwi-10 ukuya kwi-20 ekhulwini yeendleko zenkqubo ngokwayo, kwaye umthengi akasoloko efuna ukuhlawula imali eyongezelelweyo. Okwangoku, kufuneka uqonde ukuba ukukhuselwa kolwazi oluthembekileyo kunokuphunyezwa kuphela kwimeko yendlela edibeneyo, xa amanyathelo ombutho adityaniswa nokuqaliswa kweendlela zobugcisa zokukhusela.
- Ngo-Okthobha 3, 2016, u-Mohammed Ali, owayengumqeshwa ophambili we-IBM kunye noHewlett Packard, kwaye ngoku intloko yenkampani "iCarbonite", ejongene nezisombululo ze-cybersecurity, wabelane [19] kumaphepha e-Harvard Business Review yakhe malunga ne imeko ye-cybersecurity kwicandelo lezonyango: "Ngenxa yokuba i-ransomware ixhaphake kwaye umonakalo unokubiza kakhulu, ndihlala ndimangaliswa xa ndithetha nabaphathi be-CEO ukuba abakhathali. Okona kulungileyo, i-CEO ithumela iinkxalabo zokhuseleko kwi-cybersecurity kwisebe le-IT. Nangona kunjalo, oku akwanelanga ukunika ukhuseleko olusebenzayo. Ngoko ke, ndihlala ndibongoza ii-CEO ukuba: 1) zibeke amanyathelo okuthintela impembelelo yeentsholongwane ze-ransomware kuluhlu lwezinto eziphambili zophuhliso lombutho; 2) ukuphonononga isicwangciso esifanelekileyo se-cybersecurity ubuncinane ngonyaka; 3) bandakanya umbutho wakho wonke kwimfundo efanelekileyo. "
- Ungaboleka izisombululo ezisekiweyo kwicandelo lezemali. Esona sigqibo siphambili [18] elenziwe licandelo lezemali kwisiphithiphithi ngokhuseleko lonxibelelwano sithi: βEyona nto isebenzayo yokhuseleko lonxibelelwano luqeqesho lwabasebenzi. Kuba namhlanje oyena nobangela weziganeko ze-cybersecurity yinto yabantu, ngakumbi ukuvezwa kwabantu kuhlaselo lobuqhetseba. Ngelixa uguqulelo oluluqilima, i-inshurensi yomngcipheko we-cyber, ungqinisiso lwezinto ezininzi, ukwenziwa kwethokheni, ukutshipha amakhadi, ibhloko kunye nebhayometriki zizinto eziluncedo, kodwa ubukhulu becala zisesekondari.
- Ngo-Meyi 19, i-2017, i-arhente yeendaba ye-BBC ibike [23] ukuba ukuthengiswa kwesoftware yokhuseleko kwanda nge-25% e-UK emva kwesiganeko se-WannaCry. Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kweVerizon, ukoyika ukuthengwa kwesoftware yokhuseleko ayisiyiyo into efunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwe-cyber; ukuze uyiqinisekise, kufuneka ulandele ukhuseleko olusebenzayo, hayi ukusebenza.
PS Ulithandile inqaku? Ukuba ewe, nceda uthande. Ukuba ngenani lokuthandwa (masifumane i-70) ndiyabona ukuba abafundi bakaHabr banomdla kwesi sihloko, emva kwexesha ndiza kulungiselela ukuqhubela phambili, kunye nombono wezoyikiso zamva nje kwiinkqubo zolwazi lwezonyango.
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