Kwimisebenzi emininzi, ukulibaziseka phakathi komxhasi kunye nomncedisi kubaluleke kakhulu, umzekelo kwimidlalo ye-intanethi, ividiyo / inkomfa yezwi, i-IP telephony, i-VPN, njl. Ukuba umncedisi ude kakhulu kumxhasi kwinqanaba lenethiwekhi ye-IP, ngoko ukulibaziseka (okubizwa ngokuba yi "ping", "lag") kuya kuphazamisa umsebenzi.
Ubume bejografi bomncedisi abusoloko bulingana kufutshane kumgangatho we-IP womzila. Ngoko, umzekelo, umncedisi kwelinye ilizwe unokuba "kufutshane" kuwe kunomncedisi kwisixeko sakho. Konke ngenxa yezinto ezikhethekileyo zendlela kunye nokwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi.
Indlela yokukhetha umncedisi osondeleyo kubo bonke abathengi abanakho? Yintoni uqhagamshelwano lwenethiwekhi ye-IP? Indlela yokuqondisa umxhasi kwiseva ekufutshane? Makhe sibone kwinqaku.
Ukulinganisa ukulibaziseka
Okokuqala, makhe sifunde ukulinganisa ukulibaziseka. Lo msebenzi awulula njengoko unokubonakala kuba ulibaziseko lunokwahluka kwiiprothokholi ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu bepakethi. Ungaphinda uphoswe yiminyhadala yexesha elifutshane, efana nedips ehlala imizuzwana embalwa.
I-ICMP - i-ping rhoqo
Siza kusebenzisa usetyenziso lwe-ping ye-Unix; ikuvumela ukuba usete ngokwalo amathuba phakathi kokuthumela iipakethi, apho uguqulelo lweping lweWindows alunakuyenza. Oku kubalulekile kuba ukuba kukho ikhefu elide phakathi kweepakethi, usenokungayiboni into eyenzekayo phakathi kwazo.
Ubungakanani bepakethi (ukhetho -s) - ngokungagqibekanga, i-ping utility ithumela iipakethi ze-64 bytes ngobukhulu. Ngeepakethe ezincinci ezinjalo, izinto ezenzeka kunye neepakethi ezinkulu zisenokungabonakali, ngoko ke siya kumisela ubungakanani bepakethi kwi-bytes ye-1300.
Isithuba phakathi kweepakethi (ukhetho -i) β ixesha phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwedatha. Ngokungagqibekanga, iipakethi zithunyelwa kanye ngesekhondi, oku kude kakhulu, iinkqubo zokwenyani zithumela amakhulu kunye namawaka eepakethe ngesekhondi, ngoko ke siyakuseta isithuba sibe yi-0.1 yesibini. Inkqubo ayivumeli kancinci.
Ngenxa yoko, umyalelo ujongeka ngolu hlobo:
ping -s 1300 -i 0.1 yandex.ru
Olu yilo lukuvumela ukuba ubone umfanekiso wokwenene wolibaziseko.
I-Ping nge-UDP kunye ne-TCP
Kwezinye iimeko, uxhulumaniso lwe-TCP lucutshungulwa ngokwahlukileyo kuneepakethi ze-ICMP, kwaye ngenxa yoko, imilinganiselo ingahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwiprotocol. Kuhlala kusenzeka ukuba umamkeli nje akaphenduli kwi-ICMP, kwaye i-ping eqhelekileyo ayisebenzi. Yile nto eyenziwa ngumamkeli-ndwendwe ubomi bakhe bonke, umzekelo. microsoft.com.
Uncedo ukusuka kubaphuhlisi beskena esidumileyo nmap banokuvelisa naziphi na iipakethi. Isenokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa ukulibaziseka.
Ekubeni i-UDP kunye ne-TCP zisebenza kwizinto ezithile, kufuneka "sifake" i-port ethile. Makhe sizame ukubethelela i-TCP 80, oko kukuthi, izibuko leseva yewebhu:
$ sudo nping --tcp -p 80 --delay 0.1 -c 0 microsoft.com
Starting Nping 0.7.80 ( https://nmap.org/nping ) at 2020-04-30 13:07 MSK
SENT (0.0078s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
SENT (0.1099s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.2068s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=43 id=0 iplen=44 seq=1480267007 win=64240 <mss 1440>
SENT (0.2107s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.3046s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=43 id=0 iplen=44 seq=1480267007 win=64240 <mss 1440>
SENT (0.3122s) TCP 10.0.0.1:63236 > 13.77.161.179:80 S ttl=64 id=49156 iplen=40 seq=3401731188 win=1480
RCVD (0.4247s) TCP 13.77.161.179:80 > 10.0.0.1:63236 SA ttl=42 id=0 iplen=44 seq=2876862274 win=64240 <mss 1398>
Max rtt: 112.572ms | Min rtt: 93.866ms | Avg rtt: 101.093ms
Raw packets sent: 4 (160B) | Rcvd: 3 (132B) | Lost: 1 (25.00%)
Nping done: 1 IP address pinged in 0.43 seconds
Ngokungagqibekanga, i-nping ithumela iipakethi ezi-4 kunye nokumisa. Ukhetho -c 0 yenza uthumelo olungenasiphelo lweepakethi; ukumisa inkqubo, kufuneka ucinezele Ctrl+C. Izibalo ziya kuboniswa ekugqibeleni. Siyabona ukuba umyinge we-rtt (ixesha lokuya nokubuya) ixabiso yi-101ms.
MTR - traceroute kwi steroids
Inkqubo I-Traceroute yam sisixhobo esiluncedo esiqhubela phambili sokulandela iindlela ukuya kumamkeli okude. Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yesiqhelo eluncedo yetraceroute (kwi-Windows le luncedo lwetracert), ingabonisa ulibaziseko kumamkeli ngamnye kwikhonkco lepakethe. Iyakwazi ukulandelela iindlela kungekuphela nje nge-ICMP, kodwa nange-UDP kunye ne-TCP.
$ sudo mtr microsoft.com
(Ukucofa) ujongano lwenkqubo ye-MTR. Ukulandela umkhondo kwiMicrosoft.com kuqalile
I-MTR ngokukhawuleza ibonisa i-ping kumphathi ngamnye kwikhonkco, kwaye idatha ihlaziywa rhoqo ngelixa inkqubo iqhuba kwaye utshintsho lwexesha elifutshane lunokubonwa.
Umfanekiso wekhusi ubonisa ukuba i-node #6 ineelahleko zepakethi, kodwa enyanisweni oku akuyonyani ngokupheleleyo, kuba ezinye ii-routers zinokulahla ngokulula iipakethi kunye ne-TTL ephelelwe lixesha kwaye zingabuyiseli impendulo yempazamo, ngoko ke idatha yokulahleka kwepakethi inokuhoywa apha.
WiFi vs intambo
Esi sihloko asifanelekanga ngokupheleleyo kwinqaku, kodwa ngokombono wam kubaluleke kakhulu kumxholo wokulibaziseka. Ndiyithanda kakhulu iWiFi, kodwa ukuba ndinethuba elincinane lokuqhagamshela kwi-Intanethi ngentambo, ndiya kuyisebenzisa. Ndikwasoloko ndikhuthaza abantu ekusebenziseni iikhamera zeWiFi.
Ukuba udlala abadubuli abanzulu be-intanethi, usasaza ividiyo, okanye urhwebo kutshintshiselwano lwesitokhwe: nceda usebenzise i-Intanethi ngentambo.
Nalu uvavanyo olubonakalayo lokuthelekisa i-WiFi kunye noqhagamshelo lwentambo. Le yi-ping kwirutha yeWiFi, oko kukuthi, hayi ne-Intanethi okwangoku.
(Ukucofa) Ukuthelekisa i-ping kwirutha yeWiFi ngentambo nangeWiFi
Ingabonwa ukuba nge-WiFi ukulibaziseka kuku-1ms ubude kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kukho iipakethi ezinolibaziseko oluphindwe kalishumi! Kwaye eli lixesha elifutshane kuphela. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-router efanayo ivelisa ukulibaziseka okuzinzile kwe-<1ms.
Kulo mzekelo ungentla, i-WiFi 802.11n kwi-2.4GHz isetyenzisiweyo, kuphela i-laptop kunye nefowuni ixhunyiwe kwindawo yokufikelela kwi-WiFi. Ukuba bekukho abathengi abaninzi kwindawo yokufikelela, iziphumo ziya kuba zibi kakhulu. Kungenxa yoko le nto ndichasene nokutshintsha zonke iikhompyuter zeofisi kwi-WiFi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukufikelela kuzo ngentambo.
Uqhagamshelwano lwe-IP
Ke, sifunde ukulinganisa ukulibaziseka kumncedisi, makhe sizame ukufumana oyena mncedisi usondeleyo kuthi. Ukwenza oku, sinokujonga indlela umzila womnikezeli wethu osebenza ngayo. Kukulungele ukusebenzisa inkonzo kule nto
Xa sifikelela kwisiza, sibona ukuba idilesi yethu ye-IP yeyenkqubo yokuzimela .
Ngokujonga igrafu yoqhagamshelo lweenkqubo ezizimeleyo, sinokubona apho ababoneleli benqanaba eliphezulu ababoneleli bethu baqhagamshelwe kwihlabathi liphela. Ichaphaza ngalinye licofa, ungangena kwaye ufunde ukuba luhlobo luni lomboneleli.
Igrafu yoqhagamshelwano yeenkqubo ezizimeleyo zomboneleli
Ukusebenzisa esi sixhobo, unokufunda indlela amajelo awo nawuphi na umnikezeli, kuquka ukusingathwa, akhiwe. Bona ukuba ngabaphi ababoneleli eqhagamshelwe ngqo kubo. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka ufake idilesi ye-IP yomncedisi kwi-bgp.he.net kwaye ujonge igrafu yenkqubo yayo yokuzimela. Unokuqonda kwakhona indlela enye isikhungo sedatha okanye umboneleli wokubamba uqhagamshelwe kwelinye.
Uninzi lwamanqaku otshintshiselwano lwetrafikhi lubonelela ngesixhobo esikhethekileyo esibizwa ngokuba yiglasi yokujonga, ekuvumela ukuba u-ping kwaye ulandele umkhondo kwi-router ethile kwindawo yokutshintshiselana.
Umzekelo, ukusuka MGTS
Ngoko, xa ukhetha umncedisi, sinokubona kwangaphambili ukuba kuya kubonakala njani kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshiselana kwezithuthi. Kwaye ukuba abathengi bethu abanokubakho babekwe kwindawo ethile yejografi, sinokufumana eyona ndawo ilungileyo yomncedisi.
Khetha iseva ekufutshane
Sigqibe kwelokuba senze lula inkqubo yokufumana eyona iseva kubathengi bethu kwaye senze iphepha elinovavanyo oluzenzekelayo lweendawo ezikufutshane: .
Xa undwendwela iphepha, iskripthi silinganisa ukulibaziseka ukusuka kwisikhangeli sakho ukuya kwiseva nganye kwaye sibabonise kwimephu esebenzisanayo. Xa ucofa kwiziko ledatha, ulwazi oluneziphumo zovavanyo luyaboniswa.
Iqhosha likuthatha likuse kwiphepha lovavanyo lwexesha elide kuwo onke amaziko ethu edatha. Ukujonga iziphumo zovavanyo, cofa kwindawo yedatha kwimephu
umthombo: www.habr.com