“Oku kuyafuneka,” watsho ekhwaza, engabhekisanga mntu. - Oku kuyimfuneko! Yile nto kanye ikutshoyo: owona msebenzi uphambili wenkampani kukwenza inzuzo ngokusemdleni wabaninizabelo. Kaloku, khawucinge ngayo! Aboyiki nto!
UYuliy Dubov, "Ububi obuncinci"
Emva kokubona isihloko esinjalo, mhlawumbi sele ugqibe ekubeni inqaku libubudenge okanye linomsindo. Kodwa musa ukukhawuleza ufikelele kwisigqibo: abasebenzi bamashishini amakhulu, ngakumbi amashishini athatha inxaxheba kurhulumente, bahlala bethelekisa amaqonga ahlukeneyo, kuquka ahluke ngokupheleleyo - umzekelo, abo bakwisihloko.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, akukho mntu uthelekisa iiDBMS ngale ndlela, kuba amandla abo kunye nobuthathaka babo baziwa kakuhle. Njengomthetho, iiplatifomu ezisombulula ingxaki ethile yesicelo zixhomekeke ekuthelekisweni. Kwinqaku ndiza kubonisa indlela yokusebenza esetyenziswayo kule meko, usebenzisa umzekelo wogcino-lwazi njengesifundo esiqhelekileyo kubafundi beHabr ngokwabo. Ngoko,
Isizathu
Xa uqala iprojekthi yezemfundo okanye iprojekthi yokuzilibazisa, inkuthazo yokukhetha iqonga inokwahluka kakhulu: "Eli lelona qonga ndilazi kakhulu", "Ndinomdla wokuqonda eli", "nalu amaxwebhu angcono kakhulu" ... Kwimeko yenkampani yorhwebo, inqobo yokukhetha iyafana: ndiza kuhlawula malini kwaye ndiza kufumana ntoni kule mali.
Ngokwemvelo, ufuna ukuhlawula kancinci kwaye ufumane ngaphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka uthathe isigqibo malunga nokuba yintoni ebaluleke kakhulu - ukuhlawula kancinci okanye ukufumana ngaphezulu, kwaye unike ubunzima kwindawo nganye. Makhe sicinge ukuba isisombululo esiphezulu sibaluleke kakhulu kuthi kunexabiso elincinci, kwaye sinikezela ubunzima be-40% kwi-node "yeNdleko", kunye ne-60% kwi-node "Amathuba".
Kwiinkampani ezinkulu, okuchasene ngokuqhelekileyo kuyinyani - ubunzima beendleko abungaphantsi kwe-50%, kwaye mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwe-60%. Kumzekelo womzekelo, yonke into ebalulekileyo kukuba ubunzima obupheleleyo be-nodes yomntwana nayiphi na i-node yomzali kufuneka ibe yi-100%.
Iimeko zokusika
Iwebhusayithi Kukho malunga ne-500 yeenkqubo zolawulo lwedatha eyaziwayo. Ngokwemvelo, ukuba ukhetha iqonga elijoliswe kuyo kwiinketho ezininzi, unokugqiba ngenqaku lokuphonononga, kodwa hayi iprojekthi yorhwebo. Ukuze kuncitshiswe indawo ekhethiweyo, iikhrayitheriya zokunqunyulwa ziqulunqwe, kwaye ukuba iqonga aliyanelisi le migaqo, ngoko ayiqwalaselwa.
Iikhrayitheriya zokusikwa zinokunxulumana neempawu zobuchwepheshe, umzekelo:
- Iziqinisekiso ze-ACID;
- imodeli yedatha enxulumene;
- Inkxaso yolwimi lwe-SQL (qaphela, oku akufani "nemodeli yobudlelwane");
- ukuba nokwenzeka kokukalwa okuthe tye.
Kusenokubakho iinqobo zokugweba ngokubanzi:
- ukufumaneka kwenkxaso yorhwebo eRashiya;
- Vula Umnikezi;
- ukufumaneka kweqonga kwiRejista yoMphathiswa weTelecom kunye noNxibelelwano lweMisa;
- ubukho beqonga kumlinganiselo othile (umzekelo, kwikhulu lokuqala le-db-engines.com rating);
- ubukho beengcali kwiimarike (umzekelo, ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zokukhangela igama leqonga kwi-resume kwiwebhusayithi hh.ru).
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kusenokubakho iinqobo zokugweba ezithe ngqo kwishishini:
- ukufumaneka kweengcali kubasebenzi;
- ukuhambelana nenkqubo yokubeka iliso X okanye inkqubo yogcino Y, apho yonke inkxaso isekelwe...
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba kukho uluhlu lweendlela zokunqunyulwa. Ngaphandle koko, ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubakho ingcali (okanye "ingcali") eyonwabela ukuthenjwa okukhethekileyo kubaphathi abaya kuthi "kutheni ungakhethanga iqonga Z, ndiyazi ukuba lelona lilungileyo."
Uqikelelo lweendleko
Iindleko zesisombululo ngokucacileyo ziquka iindleko zeelayisensi, iindleko zenkxaso kunye neendleko zezixhobo.
Ukuba iisistim zimalunga neklasi enye (umzekelo, iMicrosoft SQL Server kunye nePostgreSQL), ngoko ukuze kube lula sinokucinga ukuba isixa sezixhobo kuzo zombini izisombululo siya kufana ngokufanayo. Oku kuya kukuvumela ukuba ungavavanyi izixhobo, ngaloo ndlela ulondoloze ixesha elininzi kunye nomzamo. Ukuba kufuneka uqhathanise iinkqubo ezihluke ngokupheleleyo (zithi, Oracle vs. Redis), ngoko kuyacaca ukuba uvavanyo oluchanekileyo luyimfuneko ukwenza ubungakanani (ukubalwa kobungakanani bezixhobo). Ukulinganisa inkqubo engekhoyo ngumsebenzi ongenambulelo kakhulu, ngoko ke basazama ukuphepha ukuthelekisa okunjalo. Oku kulula ukwenza: kwiimeko ezinqamlekileyo, ukulahleka kwedatha ye-zero kunye nemodeli yobudlelwane ibhaliwe, okanye ngokuphambene - umthwalo we-50 amawaka eentengiselwano ngesibini.
Ukuvavanya iilayisenisi, kwanele ukubuza umthengisi okanye amaqabane akhe ngeendleko zelayisenisi kwinani eliqingqiweyo lee-cores kunye nenkxaso yexesha elimiselweyo. Njengomthetho, iinkampani sele zinobudlelwane obuqinileyo kunye nabathengisi besoftware, kwaye ukuba isebe lemisebenzi yedatha alikwazi ukuphendula umbuzo weendleko ngokwalo, ngoko unobumba omnye wanele ukufumana olu lwazi.
Abathengisi abahlukeneyo banokuba neemetrics ezahlukeneyo zelayisensi: ngenani leentsimbi, umthamo wedatha okanye inani leenodi. Isiseko sokulinda sinokukhululeka, okanye sinokunikwa ilayisenisi ngendlela efanayo neyona iphambili. Ukuba kukho naziphi na iiyantlukwano kwiimetrics ezifunyenweyo, kuya kufuneka uchaze imodeli yokuma ngokweenkcukacha kwaye ubale iindleko zeelayisensi zokuma.
Inqaku elibalulekileyo lokuthelekisa ngokuchanekileyo iimeko ezifanayo zenkxaso. Ngokomzekelo, inkxaso ye-Oracle ixabisa i-22% yexabiso lelayisensi ngonyaka, kodwa akudingeki uhlawule inkxaso ye-PostgreSQL. Ngaba kuchanekile ukuthelekisa ngolu hlobo? Hayi, kuba impazamo engenakulungiswa ngokwakho ineziphumo ezihluke ngokupheleleyo: kwimeko yokuqala, iingcali zenkxaso ziya kukunceda ngokukhawuleza ukuyilungisa, kodwa kwimeko yesibini, kukho umngcipheko wokulibazisa iprojekthi okanye ixesha lokuphumla eligqityiweyo. inkqubo ixesha elingenammiselo.
Unokulinganisa iimeko zokubala ngeendlela ezintathu:
- Sebenzisa i-Oracle ngaphandle kwenkxaso (enyanisweni oku akwenzeki).
- Thenga inkxaso yePostgreSQL - umzekelo, kwiPostgres Professional.
- Yithathele ingqalelo imingcipheko eyayanyaniswa nokungabikho kwenkxaso.
Ngokomzekelo, ukubalwa komngcipheko kunokubukeka ngolu hlobo: xa kwenzeka ukungaphumeleli kwedatha enobungozi, ixesha lokunciphisa inkqubo liza kuba yimini ye-1 yeshishini. Inzuzo eqikelelwayo ekusebenziseni inkqubo yi-40 yezigidigidi ze-MNT ngonyaka, izinga lengozi liqikelelwa kwi-1/400, ngoko ke umngcipheko wokungabikho kwenkxaso uqikelelwa malunga ne-100 yezigidi ze-MNT ngonyaka. Ngokucacileyo, "inzuzo ecwangcisiweyo" kunye "noqikelelo lwengozi yengozi" ngamaxabiso abonakalayo, kodwa kungcono kakhulu ukuba nemodeli enjalo kunokuba ungabi nayo.
Enyanisweni, inkqubo inokubaluleka kakhulu kwiindleko ezihloniphekileyo zexesha elide ukuba lingamkelekanga, ngoko inkxaso iya kufuneka. Ukuba ixesha lokuphumla livunyelwe, ngoko ukwala inkxaso ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba yindlela efanelekileyo yokugcina imali.
Masicinge ukuba emva kwazo zonke izibalo, iindleko ze-platform yokusebenza ye-A ye-5 iminyaka ijika ibe yi-800 yezigidi ze-MNT, iindleko ze-platform yokusebenza B yi-650 yezigidi ze-MNT, kunye neendleko ze-platform yokusebenza C yi-600 yezigidi ze-MNT. I-Platform C, njengophumeleleyo, ifumana inqaku elipheleleyo kwixabiso, ngelixa i-platforms A kunye ne-B zifumana ngaphantsi kancinci, ngokulingana namaxesha amaninzi abiza kakhulu. Kule meko - i-0.75 kunye ne-0.92 amanqaku, ngokulandelanayo.
UVavanyo lweThuba
Uvavanyo lwamathuba luhlukaniswe ngamaqela amaninzi, inani lawo lilinganiselwe kuphela yingcamango yomntu owenza uvavanyo. Olona khetho lulolona lubonakala lukwahlula izakhono zibe ngamaqela azakusebenzisa obu buchule; kumzekelo wethu, aba ngabaphuhlisi, abalawuli kunye namagosa okhuseleko lolwazi. Masicinge ukuba ubunzima bale misebenzi busasazwa njenge 40:40:20.
Imisebenzi yophuhliso ibandakanya:
- lula ukukhohlisa idatha;
- ukukala;
- ubukho bezalathisi zesibini.
Uluhlu lweekhrayitheriya, kunye neentsimbi zabo, zixhomekeke kakhulu. Naxa usombulula ingxaki efanayo, ezi zintlu, ubunzima bento, kunye neempendulo ziya kwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kukwakheka kweqela lakho. Ngokomzekelo, i-Facebook isebenzisa i-MySQL ukugcina idatha, kwaye i-Instagram yakhiwe kwiCassandra. Akunakwenzeka ukuba abaphuhlisi bezi zicelo bazalise iitafile ezinjalo. Omnye unokuqagela kuphela ukuba uMark Zuckerberg wakhetha imodeli yobudlelwane obupheleleyo, ehlawula kunye nesidingo sokusetyenziswa kwe-sharding, ngelixa uKevin Systrom wakha ukulinganisa usebenzisa iqonga, ukuzincama ngokulula ukufikelela kwidatha.
Imisebenzi yolawulo ibandakanya:
- amandla enkqubo yogcino;
- lula ukubeka iliso;
- lula ukulawula umthamo - iidiski kunye nodi;
- izakhono zokuphindaphinda idatha.
Nceda uqaphele ukuba imibuzo kufuneka ibhalwe ngendlela yobungakanani. Ungade uvumelane malunga nendlela yokuvavanya umsebenzi othile. Makhe, umzekelo, sizame ukulinganisa izixhobo zokulondoloza usebenzisa umzekelo wezixhobo ezibonelelwe nge-Oracle DBMS:
Isixhobo
Inkcazo
novavanyo
imp/exp
Ukulayisha kunye nokulayisha idatha
0.1
qala/ugqibezela ugcino
Ukukopa iifayile
0.3
RMAN
Ukonyuka kwesakhono sokukhuphela
0.7
ZDLRA
Kuphela kukukopa okongeziweyo, ukuchacha ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwindawo
1.0
Ukuba akukho migaqo yovavanyo ecacileyo, kuyavakala ukucela iingcali ezininzi ukuba zinike iireyithingi kwaye emva koko zibe yi-avareji.
Okokugqibela, sidwelisa ngokulula imisebenzi yokhuseleko lolwazi:
- ukufumaneka kwemigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo lwegama lokugqitha;
- ukukwazi ukudibanisa izixhobo zokuqinisekisa zangaphandle (LDAP, Kerberos);
- umzekelo wokufikelela;
- ubuchule bophicotho-zincwadi;
- uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo lwedatha kwidiski;
- uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo ngexesha logqithiso kwinethiwekhi (TLS);
- ukhuseleko lwedatha kumlawuli.
Uvavanyo lokuSebenza
Ngokwahlukileyo, ndingathanda ukulumkisa ngokuchasene nokusebenzisa iziphumo zalo naluphi na uvavanyo lomthwalo olungenziwanga nguwe njengeengxabano.
Okokuqala, ubume bedatha kunye neprofayile yomthwalo wezicelo ezivavanywayo zinokwahluka kakhulu kwingxaki oza kuyicombulula. Malunga neminyaka eyi-10-15 eyadlulayo, abathengisi bedatha bathanda ukubonisa iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwiimvavanyo ze-TPC, kodwa ngoku, kubonakala ngathi, akukho mntu uthatha ezi ziphumo ngokungathí sina.
Okwesibini, ukusebenza kwenkqubo kuxhomekeke ngamandla kweliphi iqonga ikhowudi yayibhalelwe kwasekuqaleni kunye nokuba sesiphi isixhobo olwenziwayo uvavanyo. Ndibone iimvavanyo ezininzi apho i-Oracle yafaniswa nePostgreSQL. Iziphumo zisusela ekuphakameni okungenamiqathango kwenkqubo enye ukuya kophezulu ngokulinganayo okungenamiqathango kwenye.
Kwaye okokugqibela, okwesithathu, awazi nto malunga nokuba ngubani owenze uvavanyo. Zombini iziqinisekiso zibalulekile, ziphembelela umgangatho wokumisela i-OS kunye neqonga, kunye nokukhuthaza, okuchaphazela iziphumo zovavanyo ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto ezidibeneyo.
Ukuba intsebenzo yinto ebalulekileyo, yenza uvavanyo ngokwakho, ngokukhethekileyo ngoncedo lwabantu abaza kuqulunqa kwaye bagcine inkqubo yokuvelisa.
Isiphumo
Okokugqibela, isiphumo sawo wonke umsebenzi owenziweyo kufuneka sibe sispredishithi apho lonke uqikelelo ludityanisiwe, luphindaphindwe kwaye lushwankathelwe:
Njengoko uqonda, ngokutshintsha izikali kunye nokulungelelanisa ukulinganisa unokufezekisa nayiphi na isiphumo esifunwayo, kodwa libali elahluke ngokupheleleyo ...
umthombo: www.habr.com